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Name: Siitò
Type: Inflected/Agglutinative Alignment: Accusative Head Direction: Variable Number of genders: Three Declensions: Yes Conjugations: Yes
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Gender | Cases | Numbers | Tenses | Persons | Moods | Voices | Aspects | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Verb | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Nouns | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Adjectives | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Numbers | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Participles | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No |
Adverb | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Pronouns | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No |
Adpositions | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Article | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Particle | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Setting[]
Phonology[]
Consonants[]
The phonology of Siitò is very complex, with 16 vowels and 41 consonants (this is not including the possible affricates, which are phonemically distinct). There are also gradations of vowel length and a qualitative pitch accent that have both morphological and sometimes lexical implications. The phoneme inventory is as follows:
Bilabial | Labiodental | Labio-Velar | Dental | Alveolar | Post-Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | p b | t d | c ɟ | k ɡ | q ɢ | |||||
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ɴ | |||||
Trill | r | ʀ | ||||||||
Trilled Affricate | rʃ rʒ | |||||||||
Tap or Flap | ɾ | |||||||||
Fricative | f v | ʍ | θ ð | s z | ʃ ʒ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | χ ʁ | h | |
Affricate | tθ dð | ts dz | tʃ dʒ | cç ɟʝ | kx ɡɣ | |||||
Lateral Fricative | ɬ ɮ | |||||||||
Lateral Affricate | tɬ dɮ | kɬ ɡɮ | ||||||||
Approximant | w | ɹ | j | |||||||
Lateral Approximant | l | ʎ |
- In cells with two symbols (or combinations), the first is voiceless, and the second its voiced counterpart.
- Shaded cells indicate unused points of articulation.
Vowels[]
Vowels
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i y | ɨ | u |
Low Close | ɪ ʏ | ||
Close-mid | e ø | o | |
Low Close-mid | ə | ||
Open-mid | ɛ œ | ɔ | |
Low Open-mid | æ | ||
Open | a | ɑ |
- In cells with two symbols, the first is unrounded and the second its rounded counterpart.
- Shaded cells indicate unused points of articulation.
- The only diphthongs to exist in Siitò are those that represent a shift from unrounded to rounded vowel, or vice versa. (Example: eø̀ - so/therefore)
- All vowels can be nasalized. This is indicated by the use of a tilde (~) over the noun in question. These are phonemically relevant, and therefore can change the morphological case of a word. They never affect a lexical change, however, because the nasalization does not carry down through the declension, and therefore even if two words were different in the nominative, they would be identical through the rest of the declension.
- There are also gradations of vowel length, which are indicated two ways in the orthography:
- A vowel is long if its syllable bears a marked pitch accent or
- If it is doubled in the orthography of an unmarked syllable.
- Short vowels are always unmarked and written only once.
Phonotactics[]
a | æ | ɛ | œ | e | ø | ɪ | ʏ | i | y | ə | ɨ | ɑ | ɔ | o | u | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
p | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
b | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
t | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
d | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
c | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | + | + | + | + |
ɟ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | + | + | + | + |
k | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | + | - | + | + |
g | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | + | - | + | + |
q | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | + | + | + | + | + |
ɢ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | + | + | + | + | + |
m | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
n | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
ɲ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | + | + | + | + |
ŋ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | + | - | + | + |
ɴ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | + | + | + | + | + | + |
r | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
ʀ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
ɾ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
f | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
v | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
θ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
ð | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
s | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
z | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
ʃ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
ʒ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
ç | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | + | + | + | + | + |
ʝ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | + | + | + | + | + |
x | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | + | + | - | + | + |
ɣ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | + | + | - | + | + |
χ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | + | + | + | + | + |
ʁ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | + | + | + | + | + |
h | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
ɬ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
ɮ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
ɹ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | + | + | + | + | + |
j | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
l | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
ʎ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | + | + | + | + | + |
ʍ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | + | + | + | + | + |
w | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
rʃ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
rʒ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
tθ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
dð | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
ts | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
dz | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
tʃ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
dʒ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
cç | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | + | + | + | + | + |
ɟʝ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | + | + | + | + | + |
kx | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | + | + | - | + | + |
ɡɣ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | - | + | + | - | + | + |
tɬ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
dɮ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
kɬ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
ɡɮ | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Phonotactic Rules[]
- Any vowel can precede any consonant.
- Consonant clusters may be three phonemes long, and affricates do count as two sounds.
- All words must end in a vowel or one of the two semivowels ([j] or [w]).
- The phoneme [ɾ] can only follow a vowel or a fricative (non-lateral).
- Any vowel can follow labials, labiodentals, dentals, alveolars, postalveolars, taps, trills, glottals, lateral fricatives, and [l]. This rule also applies to any affricate that includes these phonemes.
- Palatals, uvular fricatives, [ɹ], and [ʍ] cannot be followed by [ɨ]. This rule also applies to any affricate that includes these phonemes.
- Velars cannot be followed by [ɨ] or [ɔ]. This rule also applies to any affricates that includes these phonemes.
- Uvular stops cannot be followed by front vowels.
- When a morphological suffix that begins with a consonant or a semivowel is attached to a root which ends in more than one consonant, then a combining morpheme {ɪ} is added in between. If the root ends in the phoneme [ɾ], then the combining morpheme must be used. If the suffix begins with the phoneme [ɾ], then the combining morpheme is only used if the root ends in a non-fricative, pulmonic consonant. This suffix can never carry stress under any circumstances. (Example: The third person present forms of the verb "to be" - sesivù - are sesiχɾè and sesivɾè in the imperfective and perfective aspects, respectively. Since the personal ending -ɾè is preceded by a fricative in both cases, no combining morpheme is necessary. However when the progressive aspect is formed, it produces sesiɬɪɾè. Since the personal ending is this time preceded by a lateral fricative, the combining morpheme must be used.)
Pitch Accent and Tone[]
- The Siitò language has a system of pitch accents and tonal differences that it uses to a great extent morphologically and sytactically. There are three levels of pitch, which sound like a musical triad (C, E, and G, for instance). The pitches are indicated through the use of two accent markings in the orthography.
- The base pitch is in the middle. Orthographically, it is unmarked, as most syllables exist on this pitch. The base pitch is also the only one to have both short and long vowels. Any unaccented syllable with only one vowel is always short, and it is long if the vowel is doubled.
- The low pitch is marked with a grave accent ( ` ), and is always long.
- The high pitch is marked with an acute accent ( ´ ), and is always long.
- There is also a third accent mark, but it marks a tonal difference. The use of the circumflex ( ˆ ) indicates that the pitch of the syllable starts high, but by its end it has fallen to base pitch. While technically this indicates a tone, and not a shift, the three accents operate together closely and inseparably in the morphology.
- Note: When the letter and phoneme [ɪ] is marked orthographically as carrying the pitch accent, in hand writing it is marked with the same accents as any other letter. However, since often in type it appears identical to the phoneme [i] (e.g. í vs.ɪ́), it is often represented with different markings. High pitch is shown as ɪ̋, low pitch as ɪ̏, and the falling tone as ɪ̂̂. This makes it easily contrasted. It should be kept in mind that on some computers this will not be an issue, and the accent differences will simply be redundant.
Morphology[]
- The morphology of Siitò is very complex, though extraordinarily regular. While there are many forms of any word to learn, once the rules are known, declension and conjugation is very easy.
Nouns[]
- Nouns in Siito decline in fifteen cases, in three numbers, and in three genders. Each gender is determined by the final vowel in a word:
- Masculine nouns end in a back vowel or [w].
- Feminine nouns end in a front vowel or [j].
- Neuter nouns end in a central vowel.
- Each of these genders is split into two paradigms, based on the characteristics of the vowel that ends the word in the nominative case.
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
---|---|---|---|
Paradigm 1 | Ends in [ɑ] or [ɔ] | Ends in an unrounded vowel or [j] | Ends in [ə] |
Paradigm 2 | Ends in [o], [u], or [w] | Ends in a rounded vowel | Ends in [ɨ] |
Noun Cases[]
- Siitò is fully declined in fifteen cases, each of which performs a specific syntactic function.
Case | Function |
---|---|
Nominative | This is the basic case, giving the true, undeclined name of a noun. |
Accusative | This case is used to indicate the direct object of a sentence. |
Genitive | This case is used to indicate origins or possession. |
Dative | This case is used to show the indirect object of a sentence. |
Instrumental | This case is used to indicate the instrument of an action, or cooperation. |
Locative | This case is used to show the location of the subject relative to others, things, etc. |
Vocative | This case is used when addressing someone or something. |
Interrogative | This case is special in that it changes the subject of an interrogative sentence. |
Comparative | This case is used when comparing the subject to something or someone else. |
Ablative | This case is used to indicate movement away from someone, something, a location, etc. |
Allative | This case is used to indicate movement toward someone, something, a location, etc |
Temporal | This case is used only with time constructions. |
Causal | This case is used to indicate the cause of a certain outcome or action. |
Semblative | This case is used to indicate that two things and/or people are similar or alike. |
Partitive | This case is used to indicate a part of a whole, or a group. |
Declension Paradigms[]
- (Note: Wherever a morpheme is in parentheses, it is only used to decline single syllable words. All words in brackets are translations of the nominative.)
Masculine Declension[]
Case | Ending Singular/Plural | Ending Dual | Example 1 Singular | Example 1 Dual | Example 1 Plural | Example 2 Singular | Example 2 Dual | Example 2 Plural |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | -ɑ or -ɔ | -(n)ɑrʃi | bɑ́ [shirt] | bɑ́nɑrʃi [two shirts] | bɑ̀ [shirts] | beɾêvɔ [ocean] | beɾêvɑrʃi [two oceans] | bêɾevɔ [oceans] |
Accusative | -(j)õ | -(n)ɑxu | bɑ́jõ | bɑ́nɑxu | bɑ̀jõ | beɾêvõ | beɾêvɑxu | bêɾevõ |
Genitive | -(j)jɛ | -(n)ẽ | bɑ́jjɛ | bɑ́nẽ | bɑ̀jjɛ | beɾêvjɛ | beɾêvẽ | bêɾevjɛ |
Dative | -(j)œ̃ | -(n)ɛsə | bɑ́jœ̃ | bɑ́nɛsə | bɑ̀jœ̃ | beɾêvœ̃ | beɾêvɛsə | bêɾevœ̃ |
Instrumental | -(j)ynɪ | -(n)alo | bɑ́jynɪ | bɑ́nalo | bɑ̀jynɪ | beɾêvynɪ | beɾêvalo | bêɾevynɪ |
Locative | -(j)ə̃ | -(n)œʒũ | bɑ́jə̃ | bɑ́nœʒũ | bɑ̀jə̃ | beɾêvə̃ | beɾêvœʒũ | bêɾevə̃ |
Vocative | -(j)ɪ | -(n)ɑʁɛ | bɑ́jɪ | bɑ́nɑʁɛ | bɑ̀jɪ | beɾêvɪ | beɾêvɑʁɛ | bêɾevɪ |
Interrogative | (change in pitch accent) | -(n)ony | bɑ̂ | bɑ́nony | bɑ́ | beɾèvɔ | beɾêvony | bèɾevɔ |
Comparative | -(j)uŋa | -(n)ũ | bɑ́juŋa | bɑ́nũ | bɑ̀juŋa | beɾêvuŋa | beɾêvũ | bêɾevuŋa |
Ablative | -(j)ɨ | -(n)ɨnɑ | bɑ́jɨ | bɑ́nɨnɑ | bɑ̀jɨ | beɾêvɨ | beɾêvɨnɑ | bêɾevɨ |
Allative | -(j)uθõ | -(n)otɪ | bɑ́juθõ | bɑ́notɪ | bɑ̀juθõ | beɾêvuθõ | beɾêvotɪ | bêɾevuθõ |
Temporal | -(j)õnə | -(n)oŋu | bɑ́jõnə | bɑ́noŋu | bɑ̀jõnə | beɾêvõnə | beɾêvoŋu | bêɾevõnə |
Causal | -(j)eɬu | -(n)ɪznə | bɑ́jeɬu | bɑ́nɪznə | bɑ̀jeɬu | beɾêveɬu | beɾêvɪznə | bêɾeveɬu |
Semblative | -(j)iɲa | -(n)æɬu | bɑ́jiɲa | bɑ́næɬu | bɑ̀jiɲa | beɾêviɲa | beɾêvæɬu | bêɾeviɲa |
Partitive | (change in pitch accent) | -(n)upɑ | bɑ̀ | bɑ́nupɑ | bɑ̂ | beɾévɔ | beɾêvupɑ | béɾevɔ |
Case | Ending Singular/Plural | Ending Dual | Example 1 Singular | Example 1 Dual | Example 1 Plural | Example 2 Singular | Example 2 Dual | Example 2 Plural |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | -o or -u | -(n)ɑrʃi | hinò [man] | hinɑ̀rʃi [two men] | hìno [men] | lû [tree] | lûnɑrʃi [two trees] | lú [trees] |
Accusative | -(j)ɑ | -(n)ɑxu | hinɑ̀ | hinɑ̀xu | hìnɑ | lûjɑ | lûnɑxu | lújɑ |
Genitive | -(j)i | -(n)ẽ | hinì | hinẽ̀ | hìni | lûji | lûnẽ | lúji |
Dative | -(j)ɛ | -(n)ɛsə | hinɛ̀ | hinɛ̀sə | hìnɛ | lûjɛ | lûnɛsə | lújɛ |
Instrumental | -(j)ɪtsə | -(n)alo | hinɪ̏tsə | hinàlo | hìnɪtsə | lûjɪtsə | lûnalo | lújɪtsə |
Locative | -(j)æ | -(n)œʒũ | hinæ̀ | hinœ̀ʒũ | hìnæ | lûjæ | lûnœʒũ | lújæ |
Vocative | -(j)ɪ | -(n)ɑʁɛ | hinɪ̏ | hinɑ̀ʁɛ | hìnɪ | lûjɪ | lûnɑʁɛ | lújɪ |
Interrogative | (change in pitch accent) | -(n)ony | hinó | hinòny | híno | lù | lûnony | lû |
Comparative | -(j)ɪku | -(n)ũ | hinɪ̏ku | hinũ̀ | hìnɪku | lûjɪku | lûnũ | lújiku |
Ablative | -(j)ni | -(n)ɨnɑ | hinnì | hinɨ̀nɑ | hìnni | lûjni | lûnɨnɑ | lújni |
Allative | -(j)ø | -(n)otɪ | hinø̀ | hinòtɪ | hìnø | lûjø | lûnotɪ | lújø |
Temporal | -(j)ũkə | -(n)oŋu | hinũ̀kə | hinòŋu | hìnũkə | lûjũkə | lûnoŋu | lújũkə |
Causal | -(j)iɣy | -(n)ɪznə | hinìɣy | hinɪ̀znə | hìniɣy | lûjiɣy | lûnɪznə | lújiɣy |
Semblative | -(j)oɢɨ | -(n)æɬu | hinòɢɨ | hinæ̀ɬu | hìnoɢɨ | lûjoɢɨ | lûnæɬu | lújoɢɨ |
Partitive | (change in pitch accent) | -(n)upɑ | hinô | hinùpɑ | hîno | lú | lûnupɑ | lù |
Feminine Declension[]
Case | Ending Singular/Plural | Ending Dual | Example 1 Singular | Example 1 Dual | Example 1 Plural | Example 2 Singular | Example 2 Dual | Example 2 Plural |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | -a, -æ, -ɛ, -e, -ɪ, or -i | -(n)uhi | ɑvɾé [woman] | ɑvɾúhi [two women] | ɑ́vɾe [women] | ʃtí [stage] | ʃtínuhi [two stages] | ʃtì [stages] |
Accusative | -(w)u | -(n)e | ɑvɾú | ɑvɾé | ɑ́vɾu | ʃtíwu | ʃtíne | ʃtìwu |
Genitive | -(w)ẽ | -(n)ɪʃɪ | ɑvɾẽ́ | ɑvɾɪ̋ʃɪ | ɑ́vɾẽ | ʃtíwẽ | ʃtínɪʃɪ | ʃtìwẽ |
Dative | -(w)onə | -(n)ɛnu | ɑvɾónə | ɑvɾɛ́nu | ɑ́vɾonə | ʃtíwonə | ʃtínɛnu | ʃtìwonə |
Instrumental | -(w)iʃu | -(n)awy | ɑvɾíʃu | ɑvɾáwy | ɑ́vɾiʃu | ʃtíwiʃu | ʃtínawy | ʃtìwiʃu |
Locative | -(w)jɛ | -(n)ølo | ɑvɾɪjɛ́ | ɑvɾǿlo | ɑ́vɾɪjɛ | ʃtíwjɛ | ʃtínølo | ʃtìwjɛ |
Vocative | -(w)ɛdzo | -(n)ɛʃə | ɑvɾɛ́dzo | ɑvɾɛ́ʃə | ɑ́vɾɛdzo | ʃtíwɛdzo | ʃtínɛʃə | ʃtìwɛdzo |
Interrogative | (change in pitch accent) | -(n)ũ | ɑvɾê | ɑvɾṹ | ɑ̂vɾe | ʃtî | ʃtínũ | ʃtí |
Comparative | -(w)aʃi | -(n)ɔ | ɑvɾáʃi | ɑvɾɔ́ | ɑ́vɾaʃi | ʃtíwaʃi | ʃtínɔ | ʃtìwaʃi |
Ablative | -(w)eto | -(n)eɹe | ɑvɾéto | ɑvɾéɹe | ɑ́vɾeto | ʃtíweto | ʃtíneɹe | ʃtìweto |
Allative | -(w)ɑcy | -(n)æçi | ɑvɾɑ́cy | ɑvɾǽçi | ɑ́vɾɑcy | ʃtíwɑcy | ʃtínæçi | ʃtìwacy |
Temporal | -(w)ɪɴə | -(n)ɛɴə | ɑvɾɪ̋ɴə | ɑvɾɛ́ɴə | ɑ́vɾɪɴə | ʃtíwɪɴə | ʃtínɛɴə | ʃtìwɪɴə |
Causal | -(w)uwæ | -(n)aʍo | ɑvɾúwæ | ɑvɾáʍo | ɑ́vɾuwæ | ʃtíwuwæ | ʃtínaʍo | ʃtìwuwæ |
Semblative | -(w)ɛtʃɑ | -(n)idɮu | ɑvɾɛ́tʃɑ | ɑvɾídɮu | ɑ́vɾɛtʃɑ | ʃtíwɛtʃɑ | ʃtínidɮu | ʃtìwɛtʃɑ |
Partitive | (change in pitch accent) | -(n)ɛ̃ | ɑvɾè | ɑvɾɛ̃́ | ɑ̀vɾe | ʃtì | ʃtínẽ | ʃtî |
Case | Ending Singular/Plural | Ending Dual | Example 1 Singular | Example 1 Dual | Example 1 Plural | Example 2 Singular | Example 2 Dual | Example 2 Plural |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | -œ, -ø, -ʏ, or -y | -(n)uhi | ròky [bird] | ròkuhi [two birds] | rokỳ [birds] | pø̀ [feather] | pø̀nuhi [two feathers] | pø̂ [feathers] |
Accusative | -(w)i | -(n)e | ròki | ròke | rokì | pø̀wi | pø̀ne | pø̂wi |
Genitive | -(w)eʀe | -(n)ɪʃɪ | ròkeʀe | ròkɪʃɪ | rokèʀe | pø̀weʀe | pø̀nɪʃɪ | pø̂weʀe |
Dative | -(w)ərʒi | -(n)ɛnu | ròkərʒi | ròkɛnu | rokə̀rʒi | pø̀wərʒi | pø̀nɛnu | pø̂wərʒi |
Instrumental | -(w)ifo | -(n)awy | ròkifo | ròkawy | rokìfo | pø̀wifo | pø̀nawy | pø̂wifo |
Locative | -(w)urə̃ | -(n)ølo | ròkurə̃ | ròkølo | rokùrə̃ | pø̀wurə̃ | pø̀nølo | pø̂wurə̃ |
Vocative | -(w)ɪju | -(n)ɛʃə | ròkɪju | ròkɛʃə | rokɪ̏ju | pø̀wɪju | pø̀nɛʃə | pø̂wɪju |
Interrogative | (change in pitch accent) | -(n)ũ | róky | ròkũ | roký | pǿ | pø̀nũ | pø̀ |
Comparative | -(w)õnɪ | -(n)ɔ | ròkõnɪ | ròkɔ | rokõnɪ | pø̀wõnɪ | pø̀nɔ | pø̂wõnɪ |
Ablative | -(w)inu | -(n)eɹe | ròkinu | ròkeɹe | rokìnu | pø̀winu | pø̀neɹe | pø̂winu |
Allative | -(w)ʏhɛ | -(n)æçi | ròkʏhɛ | ròkæçi | rokʏ̀hɛ | pø̀wʏhɛ | pø̀næçi | pø̂wʏhɛ |
Temporal | -(w)oɾõ | -(n)ɛɴə | ròkoɾõ | ròkɛɴə | rokòɾõ | pø̀woɾõ | pø̀nɛɴə | pø̂woɾõ |
Causal | -(w)adʒy | -(n)aʍo | ròkadʒy | ròkaʍo | rokàdʒy | pø̀wadʒy | pø̀naʍo | pø̂wadʒy |
Semblative | -(w)ɪtɬo | -(n)idɮu | ròkɪtɬo | ròkidɮu | rokɪ̏tɬo | pø̀wɪtɬo | pø̀nidɮu | pø̂wɪtɬo |
Partitive | (change in pitch accent) | -(n)ɛ̃ | rôky | ròkɛ̃ | rokŷ | pø̂ | pø̀nɛ̃ | pǿ |
Neuter Declension[]
Case | Ending Singular/Plural | Ending Dual | Example 1 Singular | Example 1 Dual | Example 1 Plural | Example 2 Singular | Example 2 Dual | Example 2 Plural |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | -ə | -(n)y | cótə [heaven] | cóty [two heavens] | cotə́ [heavens] | ʃə̂ [clock] | ʃə̂ny [two clocks] | ʃə́ [clocks] |
Accusative | -(ʃ)õ | -(n)ɪka | cótõ | cótɪka | cotṍ | ʃə̂ʃõ | ʃə̂nɪka | ʃə́ʃõ |
Genitive | -(ŋ)ɛnɪ | -(n)æ | cótɛnɪ | cótæ | cotɛ́nɪ | ʃə̂ŋɛnɪ | ʃə̂næ | ʃə́ŋɛnɪ |
Dative | -(v)ũ | -(n)iɹo | cótũ | cótiɹo | cotṹ | ʃə̂vũ | ʃə̂niɹo | ʃə́vũ |
Instrumental | -(b)ɑɑ | -(n)ø | cótɑɑ | cótø | cotɑ́ɑ | ʃə̂bɑɑ | ʃə̂nø | ʃə́bɑɑ |
Locative | -(k)ɛʒy | -(n)eχu | cótɛʒy | cóteχu | cotɛ́ʒy | ʃə̂keʒy | ʃə̂neχu | ʃə́keʒy |
Vocative | (same as nominative) | (same as nominative) | cótə | cóty | cotə́ | ʃə̂ | ʃə̂ny | ʃə́ |
Interrogative | (change in pitch accent) | -(n)etʃə | côtə | cótetʃə | cotə̂ | ʃə̀ | ʃə̂netʃə | ʃə̂ |
Comparative | -(ɟ)oɾõ | -(n)ɪmo | cótoɾõ | cótɪmo | cotóɾõ | ʃə̂ɟoɾõ | ʃə̂nɪmo | ʃə́ɟoɾõ |
Ablative | -(ɡ)iʁɑ | -(n)œxɪ | cótiʁɑ | cótœxɪ | cotíʁɑ | ʃə̂ɡiʁɑ | ʃə̂nœxɪ | ʃə́ɡiʁɑ |
Allative | -(tɬ)ɪfø | -(n)ɪvɑ | cótɪfø | cótɪvɑ | cotɪ̋fø | ʃə̂tɬɪfø | ʃə̂nɪvɑ | ʃə́tɬɪfø |
Temporal | -(ʃt)eqɨ | -(n)ipɨ | cóteqɨ | cótipɨ | cotéqɨ | ʃə̂ʃteqɨ | ʃə̂nipɨ | ʃə́ʃteqɨ |
Causal | -(s)æki | -(n)ɔ | cótæki | cótɔ | cotǽki | ʃə̂sæki | ʃə̂nɔ | ʃə́sæki |
Semblative | -(v)ʏɢo | -(n)omə | cótʏɢo | cótomə | cotʏ́ɢo | ʃə̂vʏɢo | ʃə̂nomə | ʃə́vʏɢo |
Partitive | (change in pitch accent) | -(n)adɮo | còtə | cótadɮo | cotə̀ | ʃə́ | ʃə̂nadɮo | ʃə̀ |
Case | Ending Singular/Plural | Ending Dual | Example 1 Singular | Example 1 Dual | Example 1 Plural | Example 2 Singular | Example 2 Dual | Example 2 Plural |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | -ɨ | -(n)ɑ | dɮípɑɾɨ [light] | dɮípɑɾɑ [two lights] | dɮipɑɾɨ́ [lights] | tɨ̂ [mountain] | tɨ̂nɑ [two mountains] | tɨ́ [mountains] |
Accusative | -(ʃ)i | -(n)o | dɮípɑɾi | dɮípɑɾo | dɮipɑɾí | tɨ̂ʃi | tɨ̂no | tɨ́ʃi |
Genitive | -(ŋ)u | -(n)ø | dɮípɑɾu | dɮípɑɾø | dɮipɑɾú | tɨ̂ŋu | tɨ̂nø | tɨ́ŋu |
Dative | -(v)e | -(n)ɪ | dɮípɑɾe | dɮípɑɾɪ | dɮipɑɾé | tɨ̂ve | tɨ̂nɪ | tɨ́ve |
Instrumental | -(b)œ | -(n)oɾo | dɮípɑɾœ | dɮípɑɾoɾo | dɮipɑɾœ́ | tɨ̂bœ | tɨ̂noɾo | tɨ́bœ |
Locative | -(k)æ | -(n)azə | dɮípɑɾæ | dɮípɑɾazə | dɮipɑɾǽ | tɨ̂kæ | tɨ̂nazə | tɨ́kæ |
Vocative | (same as nominative) | (same as nominative) | dɮípɑɾɨ | dɮípɑɾɑ | dɮipɑɾɨ́ | tɨ̂ | tɨ̂nɑ | tɨ́ |
Interrogative | (change in pitch accent) | -(n)œ | dɮîpɑɾɨ | dɮípɑɾœ | dɮipɑɾɨ̂ | tɨ̀ | tɨ̂nœ | tɨ̂ |
Comparative | -(ɟ)ɛ | -(n)ɪku | dɮípɑɾɛ | dɮípɑɾɪku | dɮipɑɾɛ́ | tɨ̂ɟɛ | tɨ̂nɪku | tɨ́ɟɛ |
Ablative | -(ɡ)oɲɪ | -(n)æbɔ | dɮípɑɾoɲɪ | dɮípɑɾæbɔ | dɮipɑɾóɲɪ | tɨ̂ɡoɲɪ | tɨ̂næbɔ | tɨ́ɡoɲɪ |
Allative | -(tɬ)a | -(n)ive | dɮípɑɾa | dɮípɑɾive | dɮipɑɾá | tɨ̂tɬa | tɨ̂nive | tɨ́tɬa |
Temporal | -(ʃt)ũ | -(n)yɡa | dɮípɑɾũ | dɮípɑɾyɡa | dɮipɑɾṹ | tɨ̂ʃtũ | tɨ̂nyɡa | tɨ́ʃtũ |
Causal | -(s)ɑ̃ | -(n)oʀe | dɮípɑɾɑ̃ | dɮípɑɾoʀe | dɮipɑɾɑ̃́ | tɨ̂sɑ̃ | tɨ̂noʀe | tɨ́sɑ̃ |
Semblative | -(v)enɔ | -(n)uzɛ | dɮípɑɾenɔ | dɮípɑɾuzɛ | dɮipɑɾénɔ | tɨ̂venɔ | tɨ̂nuzɛ | tɨ́venɔ |
Partitive | (change in pitch accent) | -(n)õ | dɮìpɑɾɨ | dɮípɑɾõ | dɮipɑɾɨ̀ | tɨ́ | tɨ̂nõ | tɨ̀ |
Notes on Nominal Morphology[]
Formation of the Plural[]
In polysyllabic words, the plural is formed by means of a stress shift to another syllable. If the word has two syllables, the stress simply shifts to the other syllable. If the word has three or more syllables, then the stress shifts back one syllable, unless it is initial, in which case it shifts to the final syllable.
- Example: Since the stress in the word beɾêvɔ [ocean] is in the middle syllable, when the plural is formed it shifts back to the initial syllable, becoming bêɾevɔ [oceans]. Dɮípɑɾɨ [light] has initial stress, so to form the plural the stress is shifted to the final syllable, which provides dɮipɑɾɨ́ [lights]. The word cótə [heaven] has two syllables, so in the plural the stress is shifted to the other syllable, and it becomes cotə́ [heavens].
Monosyllabic words form the plural through a mutation of the pitch accent along a certain pattern, which is as follows: ( ^ ) --> ( ´ ), ( ´ ) --> ( ` ), ( ` ) --> ( ^ ).
- Example: To form the plural of the word tɨ̂ [mountain], the pitch accent mutates from high falling tone to high pitch, which gives tɨ́ [mountains].
- (Note: Since this pitch mutation is also used to form the partitive case in nouns, the partitive singular and nominative plural of monosyllabic are always identical.)
Formation of the Dual[]
The dual number is generally more regular in formation than the singular and plural. In the masculine and feminine genders, there exists only one set of dual endings for each gender. However, the neuter dual endings are different between the two paradigms.
In order to form the dual of monosyllabic words, a combining morpheme {n} is used in every gender and in every case.
On the Interrogative and Partitive Cases[]
The interrogative and partitive cases are formed by means of mutations of the pitch accent, which is invariable from gender to gender.
- Interrogative:( ^ ) --> ( ` ), ( ` ) --> ( ´ ), ( ´ ) --> ( ^ )
- Partitive: ( ^ ) --> ( ´ ), ( ´ ) --> ( ` ), ( ` ) --> ( ^ )
Declension of Monosyllabic Words[]
All monosyllabic words take the same endings as any polysyllabic word when declined into another case. However, they must make use of a combining morpheme in the singular and plural, which varies from gender to gender. Masculine nouns utilize {j}, and feminine nouns utilize {w}. The neuter gender combining morphemes are irregular, varying from case to case, and they must simply be learned.
Pronouns[]
Personal Pronouns[]
There are thirteen personal pronous in the Siitò language. In the singular, there are first, second, and third person pronouns. There are actually three third person singular pronouns, one for each gender. In the dual, it is the first person which has more than one pronoun, as there is an inclusive/exclusive distinction present (e.g. the inclusive pronoun refers to the both the speaker and the one being addressed, whereas the exclusive one refers to the speaker along with someone other than the addressee). Second and third person dual only have one pronoun each. The plural operates in the same fashion as the dual, with two first person pronouns indicating an inclusive/exclusive distinction, along with second and third person pronouns.
As with nouns, the final vowel of the nominative indicates along what paradigm the pronouns will be declined. Unlike nouns though, these do not actually indicate gender (excepting, of course, the third person singular pronouns). Any adjective combined with a pronoun will describe the true grammatical gender of the subject, not that indicated by the ending of the pronoun.
Declension of Personal Pronouns[]
Case | 1st Person Singular | 2nd Person Singular | 3rd Person Singular Male | 3rd Person Singular Female | 3rd Person Singular Neuter |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | ʀõ̀ | vésɪ | kiðɾò | kiðɾì | kiðɾə̀ |
Accusative | ʀõ̀jɑ | vésu | kiðɾɑ̀ | kiðɾù | kiðɾõ̀ |
Genitive | ʀõ̀ji | vésẽ | kiðɾì | kiðɾẽ̀ | kiðɾɛ̀nɪ |
Dative | ʀõ̀jɛ | vésonə | kiðɾɛ̀ | kiðɾònə | kiðɾũ̀ |
Instrumental | ʀõ̀jɪtsə | vésiʃu | kiðɾɪ̏tsə | kiðɾìʃu | kiðɾɑ̀ɑ |
Locative | ʀõ̀jæ | vésjɛ | kiðɾæ̀ | kiðɾɪjɛ̀ | kiðɾɛ̀ʒy |
Vocative | ʀõ̀jɪ | vésɛdzo | kiðɾɪ̏ | kiðɾɛ̀dzo | kiðɾɪ̏* |
Interrogative | ʀṍ | vêsɪ | kiðɾó | kiðɾí | kiðɾə́ |
Comparative | ʀõ̀jɪku | vésaʃi | kiðɾɪ̏ku | kiðɾàʃi | kiðɾòɾõ |
Ablative | ʀõ̀jni | véseto | kiðɾɪnì | kiðɾèto | kiðɾìʁɑ |
Allative | ʀõ̀jø | vésɑcy | kiðɾø̀ | kiðɾɑ̀cy | kiðɾɪ̏fø |
Temporal | ʀõ̀jũkə | vésɪɴə | kiðɾũ̀kə | kiðɾɪ̏ɴə | kiðɾèqɨ |
Causal | ʀõ̀jiɣy | vésuwæ | kiðɾìɣy | kiðɾùwæ | kiðɾæ̀ki |
Semblative | ʀõ̀joɢɨ | vésɛtʃɑ | kiðɾòɢɨ | kiðɾɛ̀tʃɑ | kiðɾʏ̀ɢo |
Partitive | ʀõ̂ | vèsɪ | kiðɾô | kiðɾî | kiðɾə̂ |
*Irregular form
Case | 1st Person Dual Inclusive | 1st Person Dual Exclusive | 2nd Person Dual | 3rd Person Dual |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | mɛntɑ̀jɑ | mentìjo | ɮûɡɪna | bɔ́jɛʃo |
Accusative | mɛntɑ̀jõ | mentìjɑ | ɮûɡɪnu | bɔ́jɛʃɑ |
Genitive | mɛntɑ̀jjɛ | mentìji | ɮûɡɪnẽ | bɔ́jɛʃi |
Dative | mɛntɑ̀jœ̃ | mentìjɛ | ɮûɡɪnonə | bɔ́jɛʃɛ |
Instrumental | mɛntɑ̀jynɪ | mentìjɪtsə | ɮûɡɪniʃu | bɔ́jɛʃɪtsə |
Locative | mɛntɑ̀jə̃ | mentìjæ | ɮûɡɪnjɛ | bɔ́jɛʃæ |
Vocative | mɛntɑ̀jɪ | mentìjɪ | ɮûɡɪnɛdzo | bɔ́jɛʃɪ |
Interrogative | mɛntɑ́jɑ | mentíjo | ɮùɡɪna | bɔ̂jɛʃo |
Comparative | mɛntɑ̀juŋa | mentìjɪku | ɮûɡɪnaʃi | bɔ́jɛʃɪku |
Ablative | mɛntɑ̀jɨ | mentìjni | ɮûɡɪneto | bɔ́jɛʃni |
Allative | mɛntɑ̀juθõ | mentìjø | ɮûɡɪnɑcy | bɔ́jɛʃø |
Temporal | mɛntɑ̀jõnə | mentìjũkə | ɮûɡɪnɪɴə | bɔ́jɛʃũkə |
Causal | mɛntɑ̀jeɬu | mentìjiɣy | ɮûɡɪnuwæ | bɔ́jɛʃiɣy |
Semblative | mɛntɑ̀jiɲa | mentìjoɢɨ | ɮûɡɪnɛtʃɑ | bɔ́jɛʃoɢɨ |
Partitive | mɛntɑ̂jɑ | mentîjo | ɮúɡɪna | bɔ̀jɛʃo |
Case | 1st Person Plural Inclusive | 1st Person Plural Exclusive | 2nd Person Plural | 3rd Person Plural |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | ɲǽ | oŋõ̀ | zɛnôvə | xìdoɾo |
Accusative | ɲǽwu | oŋɑ̀ | zɛnôvõ | xìdoɾɑ |
Genitive | ɲǽwẽ | oŋì | zɛnôvɛnɪ | xìdoɾi |
Dative | ɲǽwonə | oŋɛ̀ | zɛnôvũ | xìdoɾɛ |
Instrumental | ɲǽwɪʃu | oŋɪ̏tsə | zɛnôvɑɑ | xìdoɾɪtsə |
Locative | ɲǽwjɛ | oŋæ̀ | zɛnôvɛʒy | xìdoɾæ |
Vocative | ɲǽwɛdzo | oŋɪ̏ | zɛnôvɪ* | xìdoɾɪ |
Interrogative | ɲæ̂ | oŋṍ | zɛnòvə | xídoɾo |
Comparative | ɲǽwaʃi | oŋɪ̏ku | zɛnôvoɾõ | xìdoɾɪku |
Ablative | ɲǽweto | oŋnì | zɛnôviʁɑ | xìdoɾoni* |
Allative | ɲǽwɑcy | oŋø̀ | zɛnôvɪfø | xìdoɾø |
Temporal | ɲǽwɪɴə | oŋũ̀kə | zɛnôveqɨ | xìdoɾũkə |
Causal | ɲǽwuwæ | oŋìɣy | zɛnôvæki | xìdoɾiɣy |
Semblative | ɲǽwɛtʃɑ | oŋòɢɨ | zɛnôvʏɢo | xìdoɾoɢɨ |
Partitive | ɲæ̀ | oŋõ̂ | zɛnóvə | xîdoɾo |
*Irregular form
Notes on Personal Pronouns[]
There are a few irregularities in the declension of personal pronouns. The first is the vocative case forms of the neuter third person singular pronoun kiðɾə̀ and the second person plural pronoun zɛnôvə. Since both of these follow a neuter declension paradigm, one would expect the vocative case forms to be identical with the nominative, as in all neuter nouns. However, these pronouns take the vocative morpheme {ɪ}, borrowed from the masculine gender, producing the forms kiðɾɪ̏ and zɛnôvɪ.
The other is the ablative case form of the third person plural pronoun xìdoɾo. Instead of taking the expected form of *xìdoɾɪni, it simply attaches the ablative morpheme {ni} to the end of the nominative of the word.
Dummy Pronoun[]
The Siitò language also utilizes a dummy pronoun, kiðɾɑ̀. This is used when a pronoun is needed grammatically, but no real subject is semantically required for understanding. The English language makes use of a similar device in the sentence "It is raining." The subject it does not actually take the place of a noun as the subject of the sentence, but it is required for the sentence to sound correct.
Siitò makes use of the dummy pronoun in a few different cases. The first is similar to the English usage, in that there are several ways to say that it is raining. The first two ways do not require the dummy pronoun, as they translate as, "Rain is falling (kɛ̂lnɔʁiɬɪɾe ɡɑ̀ɲo.)," and, "The sky is raining (ɡɑɲóviɬɪɾe χiʒõ.)." However, there is a third way to say this that does use the dummy pronoun. It would translate simply as, "It is raining (ɡɑɲóviɬɪɾe kiðɾɑ̀.)," and is essentially a one-to-one correspondence with English. Another major way that the dummy pronoun is used is with the causal case. On the occasion that the explanation of a causal relationship requires an entire clause to lay out, then the dummy pronoun, along with the conjunction mɛpò, is used in the causal case (kiðɾèɬu) to introduce the causal clause. Example: From Genesis 11:9 - "eø̀, sesivɾè stɛ́ni ɑ̃trèsi Bɑ́bɛlɪ, kiðɾèɬu, mɛpò zɛ̀tɑ rɑ̀ɡuʒɑvɾe míθonu lóɾɪ zìɾiji Vɛtɑ́ɾino;..." ("Therefore its name is called Babel, because there the Lord confused the language of all the earth;..."). The closest translation into English would be "because of it, that."
Declension of the Dummy Pronoun[]
Case | Declension |
---|---|
Nominative | kiðɾɑ̀ |
Accusative | kiðɾò |
Genitive | kiðɾɪjɛ̀ |
Dative | kiðɾœ̃̀ |
Instrumental | kiðɾỳnɪ |
Locative | kiðɾə̃̀ |
Vocative | kiðɾɪ̏ |
Interrogative | kiðɾɑ́ |
Comparative | kiðɾùŋa |
Ablative | kiðɾɨ̀ |
Allative | kiðɾùθõ |
Temporal | kiðɾõ̀nə |
Causal | kiðɾèɬu |
Semblative | kiðɾìɲa |
Partitive | kiðɾɑ̂ |
Demostrative Pronouns[]
Siitò utilizes two demonstrative pronouns, which are used syntactically in much the same fashion as their English counterparts "this" and "that." However, there is, of course, a gender distinction present in the declension of both pronouns. These words also hold the strange distinctions of also being adjectives as well. The nominal and adjectival forms are only identical in the nominative, however, and the way the duals and plurals are formed depend on what part of speech they are functioning as.
The Siitò equivalent of "this" is fɑɾó in the masculine nominative (feminine fɑɾí and neuter fɑɾə́). . The Siitò equivalent of "that" is dɛ́sko in the masculine nominative (feminine dɛ́ski and neuter dɛ́skə). Since the masculine endings in the nominative are -o, when these are used as an adjective it provides as rare exception, as one would expect the ending to be -u. When they are used as pronouns they must always match the gender of the noun for which they are standing in.
Declension of Demonstrative Pronouns[]
Case | Masculine 1 | Feminine 1 | Neuter 1 | Masculine 2 | Feminine 2 | Neuter 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | fɑɾó | fɑɾí | fɑɾə́ | dɛ́sko | dɛ́ski | dɛ́skə |
Accusative | fɑɾɑ́ | fɑɾú | fɑɾṍ | dɛ́skɑ | dɛ́sku | dɛ́skõ |
Genitive | fɑɾí | fɑɾẽ́ | fɑɾɛ́nɪ | dɛ́ski | dɛ́skẽ | dɛ́skɛnɪ |
Dative | fɑɾɛ́ | fɑɾónə | fɑɾṹ | dɛ́skɛ | dɛ́skonə | dɛ́skũ |
Instrumental | fɑɾɪ̋tsə | fɑɾíʃu | fɑɾɑ́ɑ | dɛ́skɪtsə | dɛ́skiʃu | dɛ́skɑɑ |
Locative | fɑɾǽ | fɑɾɪjɛ́ | fɑɾɛ́ʒy | dɛ́skæ | dɛ́skɪjɛ | dɛ́skɛʒy |
Vocative | fɑɾɪ̋ | fɑɾɛ́dzo | fɑɾɪ̋ | dɛ́skɪ | dɛ́skɛdzo | dɛ́skɪ |
Interrogative | fɑɾô | fɑɾî | fɑɾə̂ | dɛ̂sko | dɛ̂ski | dɛ̂skə |
Comparative | fɑɾɪ̋ku | fɑɾáʃi | fɑɾóɾõ | dɛ́skɪku | dɛ́skaʃi | dɛ́skoɾõ |
Ablative | fɑɾɪní | fɑɾéto | fɑɾíʁɑ | dɛ́skɪni | dɛ́sketo | dɛ́skiʁɑ |
Allative | fɑɾǿ | fɑɾɑ́cy | fɑɾɪ̋fø | dɛ́skɪni | dɛ́skɑcy | dɛ́skɪfø |
Temporal | fɑɾṹkə | fɑɾɪ̋ɴə | fɑɾéqɨ | dɛ́skũkə | dɛ́skɪɴə | dɛ́skeqɨ |
Causal | fɑɾíɣy | fɑɾúwæ | fɑɾǽki | dɛ́skiɣy | dɛ́skuwæ | dɛ́skæki |
Semblative | fɑɾóɢɨ | fɑɾɛ́tʃɑ | fɑɾʏ́ɢo | dɛ́skoɢɨ | dɛ́skɛtʃɑ | dɛ́skʏɢo |
Partitive | fɑɾò | fɑɾì | fɑɾə̀ | dɛ̀sko | dɛ̀ski | dɛ̀skə |
Case | Masculine 1 | Feminine 1 | Neuter 1 | Masculine 2 | Feminine 2 | Neuter 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | fɑɾɑ́rʃi | fɑɾúhi | fɑɾý | dɛ́skɑrʃi | dɛ́skuhi | dɛ́sky |
Accusative | fɑɾɑ́xu | fɑɾé | fɑɾɪ̋ka | dɛ́skɑxu | dɛ́ske | dɛ́skɪka |
Genitive | fɑɾẽ́ | fɑɾɪ̋ʃɪ | fɑɾǽ | dɛ́skẽ | dɛ́skɪʃɪ | dɛ́skæ |
Dative | fɑɾɛ́sə | fɑɾɛ́nu | fɑɾíɹo | dɛ́skɛsə | dɛ́skɛnu | dɛ́skiɹo |
Instrumental | fɑɾálo | fɑɾáwy | fɑɾǿ | dɛ́skalo | dɛ́skawy | dɛ́skø |
Locative | fɑɾœ́ʒũ | fɑɾǿlo | fɑɾéχu | dɛ́skœʒũ | dɛ́skølo | dɛ́skeχu |
Vocative | fɑɾɑ́ʁɛ | fɑɾɛ́ʃə | fɑɾý | dɛ́skɑʁɛ | dɛ́skɛʃə | dɛ́skɪ |
Interrogative | fɑɾóny | fɑɾṹ | fɑɾétʃə | dɛ́skony | dɛ́skũ | dɛ́sketʃə |
Comparative | fɑɾṹ | fɑɾɔ́ | fɑɾɪ̋mo | dɛ́skũ | dɛ́skɔ | dɛ́skɪmo |
Ablative | fɑɾɪnɨ́nɑ | fɑɾéɹe | fɑɾœ́xɪ | dɛ́skɨnɑ | dɛ́skeɹe | dɛ́skœxɪ |
Allative | fɑɾótɪ | fɑɾǽçi | fɑɾɪ̋vɑ | dɛ́skotɪ | dɛ́skæçi | dɛ́skɪvɑ |
Temporal | fɑɾóŋu | fɑɾɛ́ɴə | fɑɾípɨ | dɛ́skoŋu | dɛ́skɛɴə | dɛ́skipɨ |
Causal | fɑɾɪ̋znə | fɑɾáʍo | fɑɾɔ́ | dɛ́skɪznə | dɛ́skaʍo | dɛ́skɔ |
Semblative | fɑɾǽɬu | fɑɾídɮu | fɑɾómə | dɛ́skæɬu | dɛ́skidɮu | dɛ́skomə |
Partitive | fɑɾúpɑ | fɑɾɛ̃́ | fɑɾỳ | dɛ́skupɑ | dɛ́skɛ̃ | dɛ́skadɮo |
Case | Masculine 1 | Feminine 1 | Neuter 1 | Masculine 2 | Feminine 2 | Neuter 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | fɑ́ɾo | fɑ́ɾi | fɑ́ɾə | dɛskó | dɛskí | dɛskə́ |
Accusative | fɑ́ɾɑ | fɑ́ɾu | fɑ́ɾõ | dɛskɑ́ | dɛskú | dɛskṍ |
Genitive | fɑ́ɾi | fɑ́ɾẽ | fɑ́ɾɛnɪ | dɛskí | dɛskẽ́ | dɛskɛ́nɪ |
Dative | fɑ́ɾɛ | fɑ́ɾonə | fɑ́ɾũ | dɛskɛ́ | dɛskónə | dɛskṹ |
Instrumental | fɑ́ɾɪtsə | fɑ́ɾiʃu | fɑ́ɾɑɑ | dɛskɪ̋tsə | dɛskíʃu | dɛskɑ́ɑ |
Locative | fɑ́ɾæ | fɑ́ɾɪjɛ | fɑ́ɾɛʒy | dɛskǽ | dɛskɪjɛ́ | dɛskɛ́ʒy |
Vocative | fɑ́ɾɪ | fɑ́ɾɛdzo | fɑ́ɾɪ | dɛskɪ̋ | dɛskɛ́dzo | dɛskɪ̋ |
Interrogative | fɑ̂ɾo | fɑ̂ɾi | fɑ̂ɾə | dɛskô | dɛskî | dɛskə̂ |
Comparative | fɑ́ɾɪku | fɑ́ɾaʃi | fɑ́ɾoɾõ | dɛskɪ̋ku | dɛskáʃi | dɛskóɾõ |
Ablative | fɑ́ɾɪni | fɑ́ɾeto | fɑ́ɾiʁɑ | dɛskɪní | dɛskéto | dɛskíʁɑ |
Allative | fɑ́ɾø | fɑ́ɾɑcy | fɑ́ɾɪfø | dɛskǿ | dɛskɑ́cy | dɛskɪ̋fø |
Temporal | fɑ́ɾũkə | fɑ́ɾɪɴə | fɑ́ɾeqɨ | dɛskṹkə | dɛskɪ̋ɴə | dɛskéqɨ |
Causal | fɑ́ɾiɣy | fɑ́ɾuwæ | fɑ́ɾæki | dɛskíɣy | dɛskúwæ | dɛskǽki |
Semblative | fɑ́ɾoɢɨ | fɑ́ɾɛtʃɑ | fɑ́ɾʏɢo | dɛskóɢɨ | dɛskɛ́tʃɑ | dɛskʏ́ɢo |
Partitive | fɑ̀ɾo | fɑ̀ɾi | fɑ̀ɾə | dɛskò | dɛskì | dɛskə̀ |