Swamp Gothic

Swamp Gothic
Type	Fusional
Alignment	SVO
Head direction	Initial
Tonal	No
Declensions	Yes
Conjugations	Yes
Genders	3
Nouns decline according to...
Case	Number
Definiteness	Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect
Meta-information
Progress	6%
Statistics Nouns 0% Verbs 0% Adjectives 0% Syntax 0% Words 2000 of 1500
Creator	IHCOYC

Swamp Gothic is, together with the closely related Crimean Gothic, one of the few remaining remnants of the Ostrogothic language. It is spoken in a few villages in the marshy areas of Volhynia around the Pripyat and Bug rivers, in territory in contemporary Belarus and Ukraine.

Classification and Dialects

The area between the Pripyat and the Berezina rivers is the home of Swamp Gothic.

Swamp Gothic is an East Germanic language, descended from the language spoken by the Ostrogoths (Eastern Goths) who settled in Eastern Europe north of the Black Sea. There are two major dialects of the language; the western Pripyat dialect and the eastern Berezina dialect. The two dialects are mutually intelligible, and the standard orthography serves for both of them. They differ mostly in the realization of nasal vowels.

Historical phonology

Swamp Gothic is an East Germanic language, and like its sister language Crimean Gothic it preserves a number of specifically East Germanic sound changes. *vallaz > Bible Gothic waddjus > vađovs "wall"; *triwwiz > triggws > trinžovs "true"; *ajja > *addja > jožo "egg"; cf. Crimean Gothic ada.

1. Graphic ai, au > e, o. I am assuming that Ulfila, who assembled his own alphabet and was free to draw distinctions, spelled them all the same way because they sounded alike to him. airþa > *erto > jereto "earth"
2. a/o, ā/ō > o/a
3. θ, ð > t, d; þliuhan > teljuchõ "flee"
4. q > k; hw > v; w > v hwaila > vjelo "while"; *bliwa > blivo "lead"
5. Open syllable rule: Closed syllables are reduced, in the following stages:
   1. Nasals: *N indicating either *n or *m not immediately followed by a vowel: aN, eN, iN, oN, uN → õ, ẽ, ẽ, õ, ỹ; swinþs > svẽts "strong"
   2. In a cluster of stops or fricatives + another consonant, the obstruent is deleted unless the cluster can occur word-initially; nahts > nochs "night"
   3. Liquids: eR, oR > eRe, oRo (see below)
   4. But final -s is preserved where it has grammatical significance, without regard to the nature of the resulting cluster. However, final -s will be lost after a palatized consonant: fisks > višč "fish" (nominative case).
6. Consonants are palatalized by an immediately following *j:
   • sj, zj > ʃ, ʒ
   • nj, lj, rj > ň, ľ, ř
   • tj, dj > ʧ, ʤ
   • bj, pj, mj, wj > bl, pl, ml, wl; *betists > blešč "best"
7. Prothesis: Before a word-initial vowel, j or w is usually inserted, depending on the vowel: je, ji wo, wu, but either ja or wa. Grammatical particles such as prepositions are not always affected: asans > josons "harvest, crop"
8. Palatalization. k, g, x > ts, *dz, *ʃ before or occasionally after e, i. This leads to regular alterations in the morphology.
9. Vowel quality shifts: All pairs of long/short vowels become differentiated as well by vowel quality:
   • a, ā > o, a
   • e, ē > je (with palatizations)
   • i, u > ɪ, ʊ
   • *ī, *ū, *ȳ > i, u, y
10. Breakup of liquid-final syllables: or, ol, er, el > oro, olo, ere, ele; gards > horods "town, enclosure"; fairþs > vereds "world"; wairstwo > vorostva "husband". This also holds true before semivowels; *farwa > forovo "color"
11. ur, ul, ir, il > syllabic r, l, ř, ľ
12. Word final stops are devoiced.
13. g > h; dags > dohs "day"
    1. Except in cases of VgC, in which g > j: bagms > bojms "tree"; fugls > vujls "bird"
    2. ŋg > ŋ, written ng.
14. hj > j
15. Word-initial h is often lost. Elsewhere, it becomes ch.
16. Word-initial f often becomes v.
17. VhV > VchV, and occasionally elsewhere; hiuhma > juchmo "heap, pile"
18. CwS, CuS > Covs; fotus > fatovs "foot"; triggws > trinžovs "true"
19. VfV > VvV

Phonology

While umlaut is not a feature of the inflectional system of Swamp Gothic, palatization does figure prominently and tends to be strongly regular. The following table indicates the palatized forms of the stops and sibilants. These are the palatizations that are marked specifically by diacriticals in the orthography. Other consonants are subject to palatization besides these; for these, a following j in the orthography indicates the consonant quality.

Velar	Palatal
t	č
k	č / š
d	đ
h	ž
(g)	ž
z	ž
s	š
sk	šč
st	šč

Consonants

	Labial		Coronal		Palatal		Velar
Nasal	m		n		ɲ		ŋ
Plosive	pʲ pˠ	bʲ bˠ	tˠ (tʲ > ʧ)	dˠ (dʲ > ʤ)	ʧ	ʤ	kˠ (kʲ > ʧ)	(*gˠ > ɦ; *gʲ > ʒ)
Affricate			ts	dz	ʃtʃ
Fricative			s	z	ʃ	ʒ	x	ɦ
Trill			r		r̴
Lateral			l		ʎ
Approximant	ʋ				j

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i ɪ	ɨ	ʊ u y
Mid	e ɛ		o ɔ
Open		ʌ	ɑ

	Front	Central	Back
Close			ỹ
Mid	ɛ̃		ɔ̃
Open			ɑ̃

Phonotactics

The maximal size of a syllable in Swamp Gothic is SCCVCS, where S is either s or š. While Swamp Gothic exhibits a large number of consonant clusters, generally only those clusters that can begin a word can begin a syllable, and there is a historic preference for open syllables. The exception is for grammatical -s when it appears in noun paradigms, and is generally preserved.

The stressed syllable is rather unpredictable. It is almost always the first syllable of the "historic root". This means that various inflectional features, such as the imperfective prefixes of the verb, do not affect the accent; nor do modifying particles such as on-, bi-, or vỹ-. It is complicated, however, by the large number of epenthetic syllables added during the history of the language. The many words in which formerly syllabic l and r sounds attract epenthetic vowels are affected. One or another of the resulting vowels is stressed and the other reduced. This is also a dialect difference; the western dialects favor the first vowel - volofs /'ʋɔ.ɫʌfs/ "wolf" - while the eastern dialects favor the second: /ʋʌ.'ɫɔfs/.

Writing System

For most of its history, Swamp Gothic was a purely oral language. The standard orthography was devised by the missionary Fjodor Polešuk in the late nineteenth century, and is meant to create a written norm that applies equally to the eastern and western dialects.

The two dialects differ in their realization of the historically nasal vowel sounds, written Ã, Ẽ, Õ, and Ỹ. In the more conservative, western Pripyat dialect, these sounds are realized as short nasal vowels. In the eastern Berezina dialect, the nasal feature of the vowels is dropped and the underlying vowels are lengthened, making Ã, Ẽ, and Õ identical in realization to Á, É, and Ó. The historic nasal feature is retained in the orthography. The dialect spoken in the Pinsk area varies in the adoption of this sound change, although the substitution of /o:/ for /ɔ̃/ is usual in when Õ appears as the infinitive ending of the verb. In ordinary speech the majority of speakers drop the nasal quality in closed syllables, and preserve it in open syllables.

The two dialects also differ in their realization of the sound represented by the character F, which in the western dialects is /f/ and in the eastern dialects /ɸ/. The westernmost dialects also realize L as /w/ unless it appears between two high vowels; this is considered extremely basilectal and rustic.

A number of digraphs are used: ch represents /x/, and lj and nj will be realized as /ʎ/ and /ɲ/ respectively, and /i:/ is represented by ij.

The letter G was formerly used as a sort of an opposite to J; where j was written to indicate a palatized pronunciation, g would be used with a non-palatal consonant. This written convention is obsolete except in the digraph ng representing /ŋ/.

Letter	Sound	Letter	Sound
A a	[ɑ],	Á á	[ɑ:]
à ã	[ɑ̃] ~ [ɑ:]	B b	[b]
C c	[ʦ]	Č č	[ʧ]
D d	[d]	Ď đ	[ʤ]
E e	[ɛ]	É é	[e:]
Ẽ ẽ	[ɛ̃] ~ [e:]	F f	[f] ~ [ɸ]
G g	see text	H h	[ɦ]
I i	[ɪ] ~ [ɨ]	J j	[j]
K k	[k]	L l	[l]
M m	[m]	N n	[n], [ŋ]
O o	[ɔ] ~ [ʌ]	Õ õ	[ɔ̃] ~ [o:]
Ó ó	[o:]	P p	[p]
R r	[r] ~ [ɾ]	S s	[s]
Š š	[ʃ]	T t	[t]
U u	[u], [u:]	V v	[ʋ]
Y y	[y]	Ỹ ỹ	[ỹ] ~ [y:]
Z z	[z]	Ž ž	[ʒ]

Grammar

Nouns

First declension, type A: non-palatal stems

The first declension contains masculine and neuter consonant stems. Historically, these are a-stems, and o-stems in Indo-European. For stems whose final consonant is subject to palatization changes, several pattens emerge. For roots with non-palatal stems subject to palatization, the genitive singular and plural will be subject to change. For stems whose final consonant is already in the palatized series, it is the dative singular and plural that change. The consonant to which the root changes back is lexical.

As in most Indo-European languages, for neuters the nominatives and accusatives are identical. Masculine nouns of this declension have -s in the nominative.

volofs, "wolf" (m)

	Number
	Singular		Plural
	Written	Phonetic	Written	Phonetic
Nominative	volofs	vɔɫʌfs	volofas	vɔɫʌfɑs
Vocative	volof	vɔɫʌf	volofas	vɔɫʌfɑs
Genitive	volofis	vɔɫʌfɪs	volofje	vɔɫʌfjɛ
Dative	volofo	vɔɫʌfɔ	volofõ	vɔɫʌfɔ̃
Accusative	volof	vɔɫʌf	volofa	vɔɫʌfɑ

Also declined like volofs: vujls "bird", himils "heaven", lebs "bread", ljubs "leaf", vlabs "grease" and many more.

Note also that in this declension, a distinction is drawn that does not entirely map onto gender in Swamp Gothic. Animate nouns that name people or familiar animals, such as volofs and vujls, have -a in the accusative plural, but -as in the nominative and vocative plurals. Inanimate masculine nouns have -as in both. Neuter nouns will have -a in all forms.

Nasal stem

ščẽs, "stone" (m)

	Number
	Singular		Plural
	Written	Phonetic	Written	Phonetic
Nominative	ščẽs	ʃʧɛ̃s	ščenas	ʃʧɛnɑs
Vocative	ščẽ	ʃʧɛ̃n	ščenas	ʃʧɛnɑs
Genitive	ščenis	ʃʧɛnɪs	ščenje	ʃʧɛnjɛ
Dative	ščeno	ʃʧɛnɔ	ščenõ	ʃʧɛnɔ̃
Accusative	ščẽ	ʃʧɛ̃n	ščenas	ʃʧɛnɑs

Also declined like ščens: čudõs "people, folk, nation".

Neuter nasal stems

korõ (n) "grain".

	Number
	Singular		Plural
	Written	Phonetic	Written	Phonetic
Nominative	korõ	kɔrɔ̃	korona	kɔrɔnɑ
Vocative	korõ	kɔrɔ̃	korona	kɔrɔnɑ
Genitive	koronis	koronɪs	koronje	kɔrɔnjɛ
Dative	korono	kɔrɔnɔ	koronõ	kɔrɔnɔ̃
Accusative	korõ	kɔrɔ̃	korona	kɔrɔnɑ

Also declined like korõ: ogorõ (n) "fruit", jezorõ (n) "iron", and many more.

First declension, type B: palatizing stems

vorod "word" (n)

	Number
	Singular		Plural
	Written	Phonetic	Written	Phonetic
Nominative	vorod	vɔrɔt	voroda	vɔrɔdɑ
Vocative	vorod	vɔrɔt	voroda	vɔrɔdɑ
Genitive	vorođis	vɔrɔʤɪs	vorođje	vɔrɔʤɛ
Dative	vorodo	vɔrɔdɔ	vorodõ	vɔrɔdɔ̃
Accusative	vorod	vɔrɔt	voroda	vɔrɔdɑ

Many Swamp Gothic nouns are declined like vorod, including jets "oath" (m), višč "fish" (m), vẽds "wind" (m), vosts "twig" (m). The masculines all lose the -s prefix in the vocative and accusative cases. Masculines also have -as in the nominative and accusative plural.

H-stem

Historically, these nouns have -g as the final vowel of the stem, which regularly changes to -h in Swamp Gothic. This becomes -ž before the palatizing genitive endings.

dohs, "day" (m)

	Number
	Singular		Plural
	Written	Phonetic	Written	Phonetic
Nominative	dohs	dɔs	dohas	dɔɦɑs
Vocative	doh	dɔɦ	dohas	dɔɦɑs
Genitive	dožis	dɔʒɪs	dožje	dɔʒjə
Dative	doho	dɔɦɔ	dohõ	dɔɦɔ̃
Accusative	doh	dɔɦ	dohas	dɔɦɑs

Also declined like dohs: vehs "road" and vihs "soldier".

First declension, type C: pre-palatized stems

herežis, "shepherd" (m)

	Number
	Singular		Plural
	Written	Phonetic	Written	Phonetic
Nominative	herežis	ɦɛrɛʒɪs	herežas	ɦɛrɛʒɑs
Vocative	hereži	ɦɛrɛʒɪ	herežas	ɦɛrɛʒɑs
Genitive	herežis	ɦɛrɛʒɪs	herežij	ɦɛrɛʒi:
Dative	heredo	ɦɛrɛdɔ	heredõ	ɦɛrɛdɔ̃
Accusative	hereži	ɦɛrɛʒɪ	hereža	ɦɛrɛʒɑ

Other nouns declined like herežis include onis "end", vičis "wheat" (dative stem vit-), ličis "doctor, physician" (dative stem lik-)

bođi, "bed" (n)

	Number
	Singular		Plural
	Written	Phonetic	Written	Phonetic
Nominative	bođi	bɔʤɪ	bođja	bɔʤjɑ
Vocative	bođi	bɔʤɪ	bođja	bɔʤjɑ
Genitive	bođis	bɔʤɪs	bođij	bɔʤi:
Dative	bodo	bɔdɔ	bodõ	bɔdɔ̃
Accusative	bođi	bɔʤɪ	bođja	bɔʤjɑ

Other nouns declined like bođi include neči "net", veđi "vow", čẽđi "family".

Second declension, type A: invariant stems

The second declension is historically the 'o' declension, corresponding to the Indo-European h₂ declension. Most nouns of this declension are feminine in gender.

hibo, "gift" (f)

	Number
	Singular		Plural
	Written	Phonetic	Written	Phonetic
Nominative	hibo	ɦɪbɔ	hibos	ɦɪbɔs
Vocative	hibo	ɦɪbɔ	hibos	ɦɪbɔs
Genitive	hibas	ɦɪbɑs	hiba	ɦɪbɑ
Dative	hibje	ɦɪbjɛ	hibẽ	ɦɪbɛ̃
Accusative	hibo	ɦɪbɔ	hibos	ɦɪbɔs

Also declined like hibo: ovo "river", koro "care", njelo "needle", gorovo "ditch", vjelo "time", runo "secret", and many more.

Second declension, type B: palatizing stems

The only place the palatizing stems of this declension alter the root is in the dative singular.

jereto, "earth" (f)

	Number
	Singular		Plural
	Written	Phonetic	Written	Phonetic
Nominative	jereto	jɛrɛtɔ	jeretos	jɛrɛtɔs
Vocative	jereto	jɛrɛtɔ	jeretos	jɛrɛtɔs
Genitive	jeretas	jɛrɛtɑs	jereta	jɛrɛtɑ
Dative	jereče	jɛrɛʧɛ	jeretẽ	jɛrɛtɛ̃
Accusative	jereto	jɛrɛtɔ	jeretos	jɛrɛtɔs

Many nouns are declined like jereto, including bludo "question", böko "book", heredo "herd", soroho "pain", and many more.

Second declension, type C: pre-palatized stems

These technically belong to this declension despite the divergent appearance of their nominatives. Being palatized already, the root does not change.

bõđi, "band" (f)

	Number
	Singular		Plural
	Written	Phonetic	Written	Phonetic
Nominative	bõđi	bɔ̃ʤɪ	bõđas	bɔ̃ʤɑs
Vocative	bõđi	bɔ̃ʤɪ	bõđas	bɔ̃ʤɑs
Genitive	bõđas	bõđɑs	bõđa	bɔ̃ʤɑ
Dative	bõđje	bɔ̃ʤɛ	bõđẽ	bɔ̃ʤɛ̃
Accusative	bõđi	bɔ̃ʤɪ	bõđas	bɔ̃ʤɑs

Many other nouns are declined like bõđi, including heči "field", movi "virgin", vošči "clothes", horođi "city", and many more.

Third declension, type A: invariant or nasal stems

The third declension continues the Proto-Germanic i-stems and u-stems. These are masculine or feminine nouns.

orõs, "arm" (m)

	Number
	Singular		Plural
	Written	Phonetic	Written	Phonetic
Nominative	orõs	ɔrɔ̃s	oromjes	ɔrʌmjɛs
Vocative	orõ	ɔrɔ̃	oromjes	ɔrʌmjɛs
Genitive	oroms	ɔrʌms	oromje	ɔrʌmjɛ
Dative	oromo	ɔrʌmɔ	oromẽ	ɔrʌmɛ̃
Accusative	orõ	ɔrɔ̃	oromẽ	ɔrʌmɛ̃

Many other nouns are declined like orõs, includibg boroms "breast" (f), čẽs (oblique stem čen-) "woman" (f), vẽs (oblique stem ven-) "friend" (c), homỹs (oblique stem homun-) (f) "memory", and mỹs (oblique stem mun-) "thought" (m). Most nouns in -ovs decline under this pattern, such as fatovs (m) "foot".

Third declension, type B: palatizing stems

The palatization here is simple. All plural forms get palatized.

oroblets, "work" (f)

	Number
	Singular		Plural
	Written	Phonetic	Written	Phonetic
Nominative	oroblets	ɔrʌbʎɛts	oroblečes	ɔrʌbʎɛʧɛs
Vocative	oroblet	ɔrʌbʎɛt	oroblečes	ɔrʌbʎɛʧɛs
Genitive	oroblets	ɔrʌbʎɛts	orobleče	ɔrʌbʎɛʧɛ
Dative	orobleto	ɔrʌbʎɛtɔ	oroblečẽ	ɔrʌbʎɛʧɛ̃
Accusative	oroblet	ɔrʌbʎɛt	oroblečẽ	ɔrʌbʎɛʧɛ̃

Many other nouns are declined like oroblets, including bolohs "belly" (m), mots "meat" (m), stods "place" (m), fljuhs (m) "fly", õst "favor" (f), đeds "act, deed", haborots "birth" (f), huds "thought" (f), vorots "root" (f).

Note that there are no pre-palatizing nouns in the third declension, because ancestrally all of these nouns were i-stems.

Fourth declension: N-stems

These are nouns that take a suffix n with a theme vowel in the oblique cases. Since nouns in n are almost always invariant, these nouns do not exhibit palatalization variations. These nouns can be masculine, feminine, or neuter.

Masculine

hono, "chicken" (m)

	Number
	Singular		Plural
	Written	Phonetic	Written	Phonetic
Nominative	hono	ɦɔnʌ	honõs	ɦɔnɔ̃s
Vocative	hono	ɦɔnʌ	honõs	ɦɔnɔ̃s
Genitive	honẽs	ɦɔnɛ̃s	hononje	ɦɔnʌnjɛ
Dative	honẽ	ɦɔnɛ̃	honõ	ɦɔnɔ̃
Accusative	honõ	ɦɔnɔ̃	honõs	ɦɔnɔ̃s

Many nouns are declined like hono, including atta "father", bljumo "flower", mjeno "month", snoho "shirt, tunic", and many others.

Feminine

čunga, "tongue, language" (f)

	Number
	Singular		Plural
	Written	Phonetic	Written	Phonetic
Nominative	čunga	ʧuŋgɑ	čungẽs	ʧuŋgɛ̃s
Vocative	čunga	ʧuŋgɑ	čungẽs	ʧuŋgɛ̃s
Genitive	čungẽs	ʧuŋgɛ̃s	čungana	ʧuŋgɑnʌ
Dative	čungẽ	ʧuŋgɛ̃	čungẽ	ʧuŋgɛ̃
Accusative	čungẽ	ʧuŋgɛ̃	čungẽs	ʧuŋgɛ̃s

monohje, "crowd" (f)

	Number
	Singular		Plural
	Written	Phonetic	Written	Phonetic
Nominative	monohje	mɔnʌɦjɛ	monohjẽs	mɔnʌɦjɛns
Vocative	monohje	mɔnʌɦjɛ	monohjẽs	mɔnʌɦjɛ̃s
Genitive	monohjẽs	mɔnʌɦjɛ̃s	monohjena	mɔnʌɦjɛnɑ
Dative	monohjẽ	mɔnʌɦjɛ̃	monohjẽ	mɔnʌɦjɛ̃
Accusative	monohjẽ	mɔnʌɦjɛ̃	monohjẽs	mɔnʌɦjɛ̃s

Neuter

hereta, "heart" (n)

	Number
	Singular		Plural
	Written	Phonetic	Written	Phonetic
Nominative	hereta	ɦɛrɨtɑ	heretano	ɦɛrɨtɑnɔ
Vocative	hereta	ɦɛrɨtɑ	heretano	ɦɛrɨtɑnɔ
Genitive	heretẽs	ɦɛrɨtɛ̃s	heretonje	ɦɛrɨtʌnjɛ
Dative	heretẽ	ɦɛrɨtɛ̃	heretõ	ɦɛrɨtɔ̃
Accusative	hereta	ɦɛrɨtɑ	heretano	ɦɛrɨtɑnɔ

Adjectives

As in other Germanic languages, adjectives are either strong or weak, depending on the syntax of the noun phrase. Adjectives also agree in case, gender, and number with the nouns they modify. On the other hand, many of the distinctive features of adjective declension have been dropped in Swamp Gothic.

Strong adjectives

Strong adjectives are of two types:

• The first group uses first declension endings in the masculine and neuter forms, and second declension forms in the feminine. These bear inflections identical to the corresponding nouns.
• The second group uses third declension forms corresponding to the gender of the modified noun. In the strong paradigm, these too are identical to the corresponding noun inflections.

Weak adjectives

All weak adjectives are declined in a way similar to fourth declension nouns, and derived by rule from that declension. Where a nasal vowel appears in the noun paradigm, in the adjective paradigm the vowel is denasalised and the nasal consonant appears instead as m in the dative, and n in other cases or when followed by another consonant.

Masculine

bilẽdo, "blind" (m)

	Number
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	bilẽdo	bilẽdons
Vocative	bilẽdo	bilẽdons
Genitive	bilẽdens	bilẽdonje
Dative	bilẽdem	bilẽdom
Accusative	bilẽdon	bilẽdons

Feminine

bilẽda, "blind" (f)

	Number
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	bilẽda	bilẽdans
Vocative	bilẽda	bilẽdans
Genitive	bilẽdans	bilẽdana
Dative	bilẽdam	bilẽdam
Accusative	bilẽdan	bilẽdans

Neuter

bilẽda, "blind" (m)

	Number
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	bilẽda	bilẽdano
Vocative	bilẽda	bilẽdano
Genitive	bilẽdens	bilẽdonje
Dative	bilẽdem	bilẽdom
Accusative	bilẽda	bilẽdano

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Subject pronouns are not routinely dropped in Swamp Gothic, though they can be and frequently are dropped when clarity allows it. In the past tense their use is more mandatory, since the past tense verb forms are declined according to gender and number rather than being conjugated by grammatical person. Here, too, the pronouns can be dropped once the identity of the subject is established.

	I	we	you (singular)	you (plural)	he	she	it	they (m)	they (f)	they (n)
Nominative	jič	viš	tu	jus	jiš	ši	jičo	jéš	jijas	jija
Accusative	mič	vỹčis	tuk	jivis	jino	jijo	jičo	jẽs	jijas	jija
Genitive	ména	vỹsoro	čéna	jivoro	jiš	jižas	jiš	jiže	jižy	jiže
Dative	miš	vỹsis	tus	jivis	jima	jijé	jima	jẽ	jẽ	jẽ

Demonstrative pronouns

In many cases, these have the force of an article.

		Singular			Plural
		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
	Nominative	so	sá	to	té	tos	tá
	Genitive	čis	čiza	čis	čiže	čižá	čiže
	Dative	tam	čiže	tam	čem	čem	čem
	Accusative	ton	tá	to	tõs	tas	tá

Interrogative pronouns

		Singular			Plural
		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
	Nominative	vos	vá	vo	vé	vos	vá
	Genitive	vis	vizas	vis	viže	vižá	viže
	Dative	vam	viže	vam	vem	vem	vem
	Accusative	vono	vá	vo	võs	vas	vá

Verbs

The Swamp Gothic verb is much less well preserved than the noun. The conjugated past tenses have been replaced by a form that does not inflect for person, but rather for the gender and number of the subject; in origin it is a participle. The present tense also serves as a future tense, and can be made explicitly future by adding an adverbial particle. Because of this, the distinction between strong and weak verbs is much less salient, if not entirely gone, in Swamp Gothic.

On the other hand, the past tenses inflect for perfective versus imperfective states via a number of unpredictable variants.

In the present tense, the endings of the strong verbs have generally prevailed. The dual number is lost, as is the Gothic second weak conjugation.

So in essence, the conjugations of Swamp Gothic have been reduced to two: the immutable and the mutable stems. The strong/weak distinction persists in the formation of the preterit and participles.

nimõ, "to take", immutable stem

Present

		Singular			Plural			Both
		First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third	Impersonal
Indicative	Written	nimo	nimiš	nimič	nimõ	nimič	nimõt	nimodo
	Phonetic	nʲɪmɔ	nʲɪmɪʃ	nʲɪmɪʧ	nʲɪmɔ̃	nʲɪmɪʧ	nʲɪmɔ̃t	nʲɪmɔdɔ

		Singular			Plural			Both
		First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third	Impersonal
Subjunctive	Written	nimó	nimješ	nimje	nimjemo	nimječ	nimjeno	nimjedó
	Phonetic	nʲɪmo:	nʲɪmjeʃ	nʲɪmje	nʲɪmjemɔ	nʲɪmjeʧ	nʲɪmjenɔ	nʲɪmjedo:

Past

		Singular			Plural
		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Perfective	Written	nimono	nimonje	nimona	nimonõs	nimonjẽs	nimonano
	Phonetic	nʲɪmɔnɔ	nʲɪmɔnjɛ	nʲɪmɔnɑ	nʲɪmɔnɔ̃s	nʲɪmɔnjɛ̃s	nʲɪmɔnɑnɔ

		Singular			Plural
		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Imperfective	Written	honimono	honimonje	honimona	honimonõs	honimonjẽs	honimonano
	Phonetic	ɦɔnʲɪmɔnɔ	ɦɔnʲɪmɔnjɛ	ɦɔnʲɪmɔnɑ	ɦɔnʲɪmɔnɔ̃s	ɦɔnʲɪmɔnjɛ̃s	ɦɔnʲɪmɔnɑnɔ

jetõ, "to name", mutable stem

Present

		Singular			Plural			Both
		First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third	Impersonal
Indicative	Written	jeto	ječiš	ječič	jetõ	ječič	jetõt	jetodo
	Phonetic	jɛtɔ	jɛʧɪʃ	jɛʧɪʧ	jɛtɔ̃	jɛʧɪʧ	jɛtɔ̃t	jɛtɔdɔ

		Singular			Plural			Both
		First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third	Impersonal
Subjunctive	Written	jetó	ječješ	ječje	ječjemo	ječječ	ječjeno	ječjedó
	Phonetic	jɛto:	jɛʧjeʃ	jɛʧje	jɛʧjemɔ	jɛʧjeʧ	jɛʧjenɔ	jɛʧjedo:

Past

		Singular			Plural
		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Perfective	Written	jetono	jetonje	jetona	jetonõs	jetonjẽs	jetonano
	Phonetic	jɛtɔnɔ	jɛtɔnjɛ	jɛtɔnɑ	jɛtɔnɔ̃s	jɛtɔnjɛ̃s	jɛtɔnɑnɔ

		Singular			Plural
		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Imperfective	Written	bijetono	bijetonje	bijetona	bijetonõs	bijetonjẽs	bijetonano
	Phonetic	bɪjɛtɔnɔ	bɪjɛtɔnjɛ	bɪjɛtɔnɑ	bɪjɛtɔnɔ̃s	bɪjɛtɔnjɛ̃s	bɪjɛtɔnɑnɔ

vjesõ, "to be", irregular

Present

		Singular			Plural			Both
		First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third	Impersonal
Indicative	Written	jẽ	jiš	jišt	šõ	šič	šẽt	šodo
	Phonetic	jɛ̃	jɪʃ	jɪʃt	ʃɔ̃	ʃɪʧ	ʃɛ̃t	ʃɔdɔ

		Singular			Plural			Both
		First	Second	Third	First	Second	Third	Impersonal
Subjunctive	Written	šó	šeš	še	šemo	šeč	šeno	šedó
	Phonetic	ʃo:	ʃeʃ	ʃe	ʃemɔ	ʃeʧ	ʃenɔ	ʃedo:

Past

The past tense of vjesõ is regular, and inflected for gender and number, agreeing with the subject.

• Perfective: vjaro &c.
• Imperfective: bino &c.

Syntax

Vo af chudo čẽs, nivis ši kõ poloh čuchje?

Generally speaking, the syntax of Swamp Gothic is quite free, and the language relies on case markers rather than word order to define the syntactic roles of words and phrases. The default word order is SVO. Adjectives can either precede or follow nouns.

Prepositions

Prepositions can take any of the oblique cases.

Prepositions with the accusative

These prepositions govern the accusative case:

• for "before, in front of"
• inoch "without"
• drech "through, by"
• unnar "under, beneath"
• vidro "against, contrary to, backwards from"

Prepositions with the dative

• af "of, from, composed of"
• du "to"
• olje "except, but for"
• foro "for"
• ferem "from"
• njevo "near to"
• o "of, from"
• us "out of, from"

Prepositions with the genitive

• čil "at, by, with"
• šej "with, at, in the company of"

Prepositions with accusative or dative

• bi "by, around"
• hẽdro "behind, around"
• mit w. acc. "against"; w. dat. "with"
• on - w. acc. "through, towards, along"; w. dat. "on, upon"
• ot "at, by, to"
• ovar "after, according to"
• u "under"
• uvor "over"
• ỹd w. acc. "until, up to, as far as"; w. dat. "for"

Prepositions with accusative, dative, or genitive

• in w. acc. "into, at, towards"; w. dat. "in, inside, among"; w. gen. "because of"

Conjunctions

• u, "and"; u viščas u vujlas "both fish and birds"
• jeto "either, or"; jeto lõdo jeto sevo or jeto lõdo ve sevo "either by land or by sea" (BG aiþþau)
• och "but"
• ók "also, since, because"
• ja "also, too"
• toruch "therefore"
• vỹči "for, since, because"
• toči "so that, in order to"
• jobe "if"
• nibe "but if"
• vis "if"
• nivis "unless"
• své, svo "like, as"
• tõ "then, next"
• tẽ "than"
• vjevo "how" (BG hvaiwa)

The noun phrase

Definiteness and indefiniteness

Swamp Gothic can use the demonstrative adjective so, sá, to as a definite article: so ščẽs "the stone", sá jereto "the earth", to vorod "the word". The same adjective can be used to mean "this": vorod to, "this word". Generally, when used as an article so precedes the word, and when used as a modifier it follows the word.

The definite article is much less used in Swamp Gothic than in English or French, and is usually omitted where the referent is otherwise clear. A text full of definite articles will have a decidedly stuffy and formal feel, like an English text full of "heretofore" and "aforesaid". The core meaning of a definite phrase in Swamp Gothic is closer to "that same...."

The definite article comes into its own when converting an adjective into a noun: reds "brave"; tos redans "the brave women". The adjective will in these phrases be in the strong or weak form depending on the animate or inanimate state of the referent.

Strong and weak adjective phrases

Swamp Gothic preserves the separate strong and weak adjective declensions, as do other Germanic languages. But, with the relatively restricted use of articles in Swamp Gothic, the weak form has other uses.

It is used, as expected, in definite noun phrases.

It is also used as a marker of animacy, and will be used predicatively for adjectives describing animate beings. Animate beings are people, animals, trees (not plants), vehicles, and the names of rivers, countries, mountains, and bodies of water:

• njevo ščenõ mičilõ "near the large stones"

-but-

• njevo bojmõ mičilom "near the large trees"

The weak form is also used predicatively when the subject to be described is animate:

• Meniščas šẽt bilẽdons "The people are blind" (not **Meniščas šẽt bilẽdas)

The accusative case

The accusative case is used with prepositions that take the accusative. It is also used as the predicate of transitive verbs.

Double accusatives are possible when the underlying meaning of a verb takes two objects:

• Jéš jetonõs jino Jesum - "They named him Jesus"
• Ši léšiđe jijas monohjẽ ovar fatovspjeleka. "She taught them a lot about soccer."

The accusative case is also used with impersonal verbs idiomatically. Hungžõ "to be hungry" and torošõ "to be thirsty" typically take accusative subjects, and are conjugated in the impersonal form:

• Hungžodo mič "I am hungry".

The dative case

The accusative case is used with prepositions that take the dative. It is, of course, the case for the beneficiary or topic of bi-transitive verbs.

A number of verbs can take what in English would be direct objects in the dative, such as:

• beregõ "keep, preserve"
• fračõ "understand"
• kučõ "kiss"
• overepõ "discard, throw out, throw away"

The verb onhofjõ "answer" takes both dative and accusative; dative for the person who is answered, and accusative for the reply itself.

Several adjectives require a dative complement. These include:

• borochs "useful for"
• chuds "good, good for"
• kỹds "known, known to"
  • vỹkỹds "unknown to"
  • svékỹds "obvious to"
• mádohs "angry at"
• ožec (stem ožet-) "easy, easy to"
• skolods "guilty of, liable to"

In addition to these specific adjectives, it follows comparatives and translates English "than"

• Svẽtazo tus jišt. "He is stronger than you."

The dative is also used instrumentally to identify means or instrumemts:

• Ši homro slahonje hobit jiš. "She struck his head with a hammer."

The genitive case

Several prepositions govern the genitive. The genitive case is used, as in English, to identify possessors. Unlike some other Germanic languages, the genitive of personal pronouns is an invariant case form rather than an adjective. Genitives can be used cumulatively:

• jižas vorostvẽs hỹds "her husband's dog"

A number of adjectives take a genitive complement:

• fuls "full (of); mjedovs fuls "full of liquor"
• frija "free (of)"
• lazovs "empty of, free from"
• verets "worthy of"
• vons "lacking in, needful of"

The adverb filu "much", and the noun nevechs "no one, nothing" also can take genitive complements. In these constructions, verbs usually agree with the notional number rather than the formal grammatical number: nevechs herežij ljebõt "none of the shepards stayed". The genitive is also used with most numbers greater than two.

The genitive case of the weak neuter adjective is one way to make an adverb from an adjective: bilẽdens "blindly".

Adjectives

Comparison

Adjectives form a comparative with the suffix -azo (for first or second declension adjectives) or -izo (third and fourth declensions), and superlatives in -usto (first/second declensions) and -isto (third and fourth declensions): Third declension adjectives in -ovs drop the -ov before adding the endings.

• svẽts - svẽtazo - svẽtusto "strong, stronger, strongest" (BG swinþs)
• horodovs - horodizo - horodisto "hard, harder, hardest" (BG hardus)

Adverb formation

A number of ways to regularly form adverbs from adjectives exist in Swamp Gothic:

• The adjective may be cast into the genitive case.
• The suffixes -ubo (first/second declension) or -ibo (third/fourth declension) may be added: svẽtubo "strongly", horodibo "with difficulty."

The verb phrase

Modal particles

Swamp Gothic has a number of modal particles that modify verbs with respect to modality, tense, and aspect. Historically, many of these were former verbs, mostly preterit-present verbs, that lost their inflections in the analogical paring down of the Swamp Gothic verb. These include:

• ni - negation. The negative particle functions syntactically like a modal particle. (BG ni)
• mu - futurity. Converts a present indicative or subjunctive into a future statement. Can also be used with the past formation, in which case it means "will have" (< *munnan)

vos uch lóbje on jima ni mu kiščič nje, och liben mu habje on jevẽ

"whoever believes (SUBJ) in him will not ever get lost (IND), but will have (SUBJ) life in eternity"

• vurus - formerly. Adds a past and perfective aspect to any word with which it is used.

Jažõ jišt Britannia in sevo; mẽ vurus jetonõs tẽ Albion.

"Britannia is an island in the sea; but formerly it was called Albion."

• kõ - ability, "can, is able"
• kẽšči - possibility or doubt; "maybe"
• má = obligation; "must, shall" (< *munnan)
• vỹš - hope, desire. (< BG wilja)
• durš - dare
• eč - "even, indeed, anyways"
• jẽhong or hong - "already, finally, just, at last, for once"
• dá - "indeed, after all"

The modal particles typically immediately precede the verb. The verb bears its normal inflections for person and number (if present indicative or subjunctive) or gender and number (if past tense).

These particles may be combined. If mu is one of them, it typically comes last and immediately precedes the verb. Ni precedes any particle it negates:

• Tu má ni durš derenkiš to. - "You must not dare to drink it".
• Jiš ni vỹš mu ljubodo. - "He doesn't hope to ever be loved."

All of the modal particles except mu can be attached to adjectives and adverbs.

The impersonal form

Gothic verbs also have an "impersonal form" in their present indicative and subjunctive forms. This continues the Bible Gothic passive, which exhibited very little variations in its inflections. For example, BG niman' "to take" had the inflections nimada in the first and third person singular, nimaza in the second singular, and nimanda in all persons in the plural. The subjunctive was similar, with nimáidáu, nimáizáu and nimáindáu the three attested forms.

Swamp Gothic simplifies these to invariant nimodo in the indicative, and nimjedó in the subjunctive.

The impersonal form functions as a middle or passive voice. It is used when there is no acting subject in verbs describing weather and the like. It is also used where the nominal subject does not really participate in the action described by the verb:

• Snjevodo "It is snowing".
• Čenodo ja jezas af kuparis. "It produces copper ores...."
• Morjesvinas uffa fachodo hjer. "Porpoises are often caught here."
• Mit tam skerodo vis dohas šẽt filu langas. "By this it is clear that the days are much longer."

Lexicon

Swadesh list

No.	English
1	I	jič
2	you (singular)	tu
3	he	jiš
4	we	viš
5	you (plural)	jus
6	they	jéš
7	this	to
8	that	to di
9	here	hjer
10	there	čer
11	who	vé
12	what	vjet
13	where	vor
14	when	von
15	how	vjevo
16	not	ni
17	all	vols
18	many	monojhe
19	some	sums
20	few	fós
21	other	jalis
22	one	jẽs
23	two	tve
24	three	tri
25	four	fjedvar
26	five	fẽv
27	big	mičils
28	long	langs
29	wide	berets
30	thick	teks
31	heavy	korovs
32	small	ličils
33	short	morohs
34	narrow	angovs
35	thin	tuns
36	woman	kino
37	man (adult male)	vér
38	man (human being)	manišč
39	child	boron
40	wife	kins
41	husband	vorostva
42	mother	jéči
43	father	atta
44	animal	đyzo
45	fish	višč
46	bird	vujls
47	dog	hỹds
48	louse	loss
49	snake	voroms
50	worm	masks
51	tree	bojms
52	forest	skachs
53	stick	stots
54	fruit	vokoron
55	seed	fré
56	leaf	lófs
57	root	vorots
58	bark	boroks
59	flower	blumo
60	grass	horos
61	rope	reps
62	skin	fjels
63	meat	mims
64	blood	bolot
65	bone	košč
66	fat	žir
67	egg	jožo
68	horn	horons
69	tail	tul
70	feather	fjetra
71	hair	skup
72	head	hobits
73	ear	voza
74	eye	voha
75	nose	noks
76	mouth	mỹds
77	tooth	tỹdovs
78	tongue	tunga
79	fingernail	fingranajls
80	foot	fatovs
81	leg	litovs
82	knee	knivo
83	hand	lavo
84	wing	vjeno
85	belly	võba
86	guts	jeretro
87	neck	hols
88	back	ips
89	breast	boroms
90	heart	jereta
91	liver	jelebra
92	drink	đerenkõ
93	eat	mačõ
94	bite	bjetõ
95	suck	dožõ
96	spit	spjevõ
97	vomit	bjuvotõ
98	blow	vjevõ
99	breathe	dichõ
100	laugh	lochjõ
101	see	ševõ
102	hear	hošõ
103	know	kunõ
104	think	hužõ
105	smell	donõ
106	fear	foročõ
107	sleep	šelepõ
108	live	vizõ
109	die	divõ
110	kill	dotanõ
111	fight	vjechõ
112	hunt	jazõ
113	hit	blichvõ
114	cut	mječõ
115	split	ščerečõ
116	stab	mišvõ
117	scratch	draskõ
118	dig	horobõ
119	swim	svumõ
120	fly	fjuhõ
121	walk	volokõ
122	come	čimõ
123	lie	vjelõ
124	sit	sačõ
125	stand	stõdõ
126	turn	voročõ
127	fall	đusõ
128	give	hibõ
129	hold	holodõ
130	squeeze	trichõ
131	rub	čertõ
132	wash	tvochõ
133	wipe	sverebõ
134	pull	tẽsõ
135	push	stõkõ
136	throw	verepõ
137	tie	bẽdõ
138	sew	šujõ
139	count	rokanõ
140	say	kitõ
141	sing	šingovõ
142	play	lječõ
143	float	plavõ
144	flow	ronjõ
145	freeze	fjusõ
146	swell	boljõ
147	sun	sojl
148	moon	mjena
149	star	tungol
150	water	vodan
151	rain	rijn
152	river	java
153	lake	lachovs
154	sea	sevo
155	salt	solot
156	stone	ščẽs
157	sand	malamo
158	dust	stuvis
159	earth	jereto
160	cloud	mjelechmo
161	fog	jimla
162	sky	himins
163	wind	vjẽdo
164	snow	snejovs
165	ice	jés
166	smoke	rochs
167	fire	fon
168	ash	ozecho
169	burn	boronjõ
170	road	hongs
171	mountain	berechs
172	red	rods
173	green	zelens
174	yellow	holots
175	white	vjets
176	black	svorots
177	night	nochs
178	day	dohs
179	year	jero
180	warm	voroms
181	cold	kolods
182	full	fulans
183	new	njovs
184	old	jalods
185	good	chuts
186	bad	vjers
187	rotten	niljis
188	dirty	brudnis
189	straight	rots
190	round	korols
191	sharp	vass
192	dull	bòts
193	smooth	ladiks
194	wet	nečins
195	dry	čeress
196	correct	vitechs
197	near	njevo
198	far	fjero
199	right	česvo
200	left	ljedo
201	at	jat
202	in	in
203	with	mit
204	and	u
205	if	vis
206	because	delas
207	name	noma

Numbers

1. jẽs (BG ains)
2. tvé (twai)
3. trij (þrija)
4. fjedvar (fidwor)
5. fẽv (fimf)
6. šech (saihs)
7. šibỹ (sibun)
8. atto (ahtau)
9. njỹ (niun)
10. čejn (taihun)
11. jeliv (ainlif)
12. tveliv (twalif)
13. trijčen (*þrijataihun)
14. fjedvarčen (fidwortaihun)
15. fimčen (fimftaihun)
16. šečen
17. šibčen
18. attčen
19. njỹčen
20. tvétižov (twai tigjus)

Only jẽs continues to be declined; it is a IIIa adjective with stem jen-. Numbers greater than three take the genitive of the item counted: čejn hononje "ten chickens".

Further glossary

• berechtõ - brighten, illuminate (BG brechtan)
• busns - shape, manner (BG busns)
• cluachs - sewer
• fẽtõ - find (BG finþan)
• forẽds - traveller
• lukorons - lantern (BG lukarns)
• mots - food (BG mats)
• poloč - street (BG platja)
• porongs - press (BG praggs)
• riurjõ - uproot (BG riurjan)
• ščopõ - create, make, design
• skoloč - servant (BG skalks)
• strojõ - strew, spread (BG straujan)
• tẽrjõ - build (BG timrjan)
• tochts - pipe, duct

Example text

Bede's Ecclesiastical History

Jažõ jišt Britannia in sevo; mẽ vurus jetonõs tẽ Albion. Vilič ẽt norodo u vješčo, vidro, ma vóro, va Čudišlẽdo, Hólo, u Hispanjo, šo Ivropas delos hóbidos.

Britain is an island in the ocean, formerly called Albion, lying between the north and the west, opposite, though far apart, to Germany, Gaul and Spain, the chief divisions of Europe.

Račič norodas atto hỹdra milos, u tvé hỹdra milos beredo jišt.

It runs northward for 800 miles, and is 200 miles broad.

Sutvara võti ta spečič hójs Gallia Belgica jetona.

It has on the south opposite to it the province called Gallia Belgica.

Josonos u bojmos sumos jišt jažõ fulano, u ha-máta ef lammos u fjechos fođõ, u vinhorodas jalodo in hójõ sumõ.

The island is rich in crops and trees of various kinds, and it is suited for grazing sheep and cattle, and vineyards are grown in some places.

Čenodo ók lẽdo jičo vujla kunje sumje u đyza morjeseva, u jabija boronje u java fulana o viščje.

This land also produces birds of various kinds and marine animals, and (it abounds) in springs and waters full of fish.

Selkas, valas, u morjesvinas uffa fachodo hjer, u sumos kunes ščeledviščje u midije uffa nimodo, u in tõs morohoričo bleščon volje forovje uffa fẽtodo.

Seals, whales, and porpoises are often caught here, and various kinds of shell-fish and mussels are commonly taken, and in these are often found the finest pearls of every colour.

Hjer ja monohje snilja, fero čem tovodo forova 'róda ščeledviščje'; tá ni sóls kunič blečinõ, ni rijn onmočõ, u voročič mjer skóno čer jalodam.

There is also here abundance of molluscs, from which is made the dye of ‘shell-fish red’; this neither the sun can bleach nor the rain mar, and it grows fairer with age.

Lẽdo jičo ja habič čerkas ef soloto u vodan voroman, u botanas voromas in sumõ hojõ, ha-mátas ver volõ jalodõ u beđõ kunjẽ,

The land also has salt-pits and hot water, and hot baths in various localities, suitable for every age and both sexes.

Čenodo ja jezas af kuparis u ježoronis, blivo u šilobor in juchmẽ.

It also produces ores of copper and iron, lead and silver in masses.

Koroban ja fẽtodo hjer; ši jišt žuvlo svoroto, vis je verepodo in fono, teljuchõt fro tiže voromos.

Jet is also found here, which is a black gem; if put in the fire, adders fly from it.

Vurus jažõ sá ja ukrašodo bajm borohõ jotaliston, tve tižu u njỹ rokanje, vỹdrádinon vađõ, čelicnõ, dórõ, u lukõ svẽtuston, vasto borohõ võtoron vỹrokaninon je lečilon.

Formerly this island was also embellished with the noblest of towns, twenty-nine in number, furnished with walls, towers, gates and the strongest of locks, besides countless other towns of smaller size.

Vi jažõ sá vilič noch up čis veredis filu norods, u noches hjer šẽt bereches in sumoro, své uffa in mižinocho sakons kumič an vachvẽs, je še jovẽdis dimmo, je še morohinis vostars; mit tam skerodo vis dohas šẽt filu langas in sumoro, u ja nochas in vẽtoro, tẽ in veredis delõ sutfarõ.

As this island lies close under the very north of the world and the nights here are light in summer so that often at midnight a question arises among the spectators, whether it is the evening gloaming or morning dawn-by this it is clear that the days are much longer in this island in summer, and also the nights in winter, than in the southern parts of the world.

The Lord's Prayer

Atta vỹsoro, tu in himinõ,
vjechnje noma čéna,

Čimje čudonrjeks čéna,
voroče vilja čéna
svo in himino, ja on jereče.

Hib vỹsis ton doh ljev vỹsoro šinčéna,
u bilat vỹsis skulõs vỹsoro
svo viš bilatõ jẽs skulanas vỹsis.

U ni berengje vỹčis in frjestnisa
ok lóše vỹčis af vubilẽ.

Vỹči čéna jišt čudonhorodi u mochs u volodovs in jevẽs, amen.

𐌰𐍄𐍄𐌰 𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌰𐍂 𐌸𐌿 𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌼,
𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐌽𐌰𐌹 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐍉 𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽.
𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌹 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌹𐌽𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌿𐍃 𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃.
𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹 𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌾𐌰 𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃,
𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌹𐌽 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌹.
𐌷𐌻𐌰𐌹𐍆 𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐌸𐌰𐌽𐌰 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌽 𐌲𐌹𐍆 𐌿𐌽𐍃 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌰.
𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌰𐍆𐌻𐌴𐍄 𐌿𐌽𐍃 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌴𐌹 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽𐍃 𐍃𐌹𐌾𐌰𐌹𐌼𐌰,
𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍃𐍅𐌴 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍃 𐌰𐍆𐌻𐌴𐍄𐌰𐌼 𐌸𐌰𐌹𐌼 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌼 𐌿𐌽𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌹𐌼.
𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌽𐌹 𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌹𐍃 𐌿𐌽𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌹𐍃𐍄𐌿𐌱𐌽𐌾𐌰𐌹,
𐌰𐌺 𐌻𐌰𐌿𐍃𐌴𐌹 𐌿𐌽𐍃 𐌰𐍆 𐌸𐌰𐌼𐌼𐌰 𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌽.
𐌿𐌽𐍄𐌴 𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌰 𐌹𐍃𐍄 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰𐌽𐌲𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌹 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐌼𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 𐌾𐌰𐌷 𐍅𐌿𐌻𐌸𐌿𐍃 𐌹𐌽 𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐌽𐍃. 𐌰𐌼𐌴𐌽.

Atta unsar þu in himinam,
weihnai namo þein.
Qimai þiudinassus þeins.
Wairþai wilja þeins,
swe in himina jah ana airþai.
Hlaif unsarana þana sinteinan gif uns himma daga.
jah aflet uns þatei skulans sijaima,
swaswe jah weis afletam þaim skulam unsaraim.
Jah ni briggais uns in fraistubnjai,
ak lausei uns af þamma ubilin;
unte þeina ist þiudangardi jah mahts jah wulþus in aiwins, amen.

John 3:16

Vỹči Hods ton vered svolots ljubodo, toruch habono sunov jiš ton jẽs fiton, toči vos uch lóbje on jima ni mu kiščič nje, och liben mu habje on jevẽ

The 13th Warrior prayer

En, ševo jič attõ ména,
en, ševo jič jéči ména,
svistrõs ména u borodrõs ména.

En, ševo jič erebi čudẽs ména,
afta čil frumiščas.

En, mič ropjõt,
béđõt mič stod nimõ šej jiže
in Valhallas zalõ
var té redons libječ on jevẽ.

Lo there do I see my father; Lo there do I see my mother, my sisters and my brothers; Lo there do I see the line of my people, back to the beginning. Lo, they do call me, they bid me take my place among them, in the halls of Valhalla, where the brave may live forever.