Takka

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	Stats Nouns 0% Verbs 0% Adjectives 0% Syntax 0% Words of 1500

Name: Takka Type: Agglutinating, Polysynthetic Alignment: Varied Head Direction: Varied Number of genders: 9 Declensions: Yes Conjugations: Yes Nouns declined according to Case Number Definitiveness Gender Verbs conjugated according to Voice Mood Person Number Tense Aspect

	Gender	Cases	Numbers	Tenses	Persons	Moods	Voices	Aspects
Verb	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Nouns	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Adjectives	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Numbers	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Participles	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Adverb	No	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No
Pronouns	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No
Adpositions	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Article	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Particle	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No

Setting and Info

I've started designing Takka with an idea in mind: a language whose orthography and phonology are clearly influenced by Uralic languages, combined with a dictionary distinctly not Uralic, even borrowing slightly from Slavic languages. It's an experiment into extreme agglutination and polysynthesis, sometimes bordering on oligosynthesis.

Phonology

Consonants

		Bilabial		Labiode.		Dental		Alveol.		Postalve.		Retrofl.		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyn.		Epiglot.		Glottal
Plosives		p (p) p: (pp)				t (t) t: (tt)								c (g) c: (gg)	ɟ (g) ɟ: (gg)	k (k) k: (kk)
Affricates								t͡s (ts) t͡s' (ts')						t͡s (ts) t͡s' (ts')	ɟ͡ʝ (gj) ɟ͡ʝ' (gj')
Fricatives				f (f) f: (ff)				s (s) s: (ss)								x (h) x: (hh)
Lateral Fricatives								ɬ (l) ɬ: (ll)						ʎ̥˔ (ł) ʎ̥˔: (łl)	ʎ˔ (ł) ʎ˔: (łl)
Lateral Affricates								t͡ɬ (tl) t͡ɬ' (tl')						c͡ʎ̥˔ (gl) c͡ʎ̥˔' (gl')	ɟ͡ʎ˔ (gl) ɟ͡ʎ˔' (gl')
Nasals			m (m)		ɱ (mv)				n (n)								ŋ (nk)
Trills												ɽ (r)
Flaps / taps
Glides	Approxim.	w (w)		ʋ (v)										j (j)		ɥ (y)
	Lateral Appr.
	Co-art. approx.

The voiced and voiceless palatal variants are in free variation or dialectical allophones.

Vowels

	Front		Near front		Central		Near back		Back
Close	i ( i )	y ( í )							ɯ (ú)	u (u)
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid	ɛ (e)	œ (é)
Near-open
Open	a (a)	ɶ (á)

Double, consecutive vowels are treated as long and two different vowels are treated as diphthongs with the respective elements.

Vowel Harmony

Takka has a simple progressive vowel harmony system based on roundness. Each vowel has two variants, and there are four rules for harmony:

1. In the enviroment that there is either a rounded or an unrounded vowel as the last vowel in the word and a vowel of a different type is added, rule no. 2 is applied.
2. E and É, I and Í are interchangeable in harmony, while A and Á, U and Ú aren't.
3. E and É and I and Í can be substituted in harmony, while only Á and Ú can be harmonised (into A and U respectively).
4. Harmony is applied only to suffixes (not to infixes, compounds etc.)

Phonotactics

Takka has a simple syllable structure. The groups significant to syllable structure are Consonants and Vowels, C and V respectively. The structure is:

(C)

(C)

V

(C)

Other than the limitations to the length of a single syllable, no other preventions are in effect, and every consonant cluster is allowed.

Sometimes, a consonant can be alone, but only one can be found outside "true" syllable boundaries.

Basic Grammar

Terminology

In the grammar section, I will use two methods of indicating types of letters in a suffix, namely the precise and underlying sound value of a letter.

Each miniscule letter carries its alphabetical value as indicated in the phonology section, but capital letters indicate the general type of letter, along with the vowel type.

Letter	Underlying Type
V́	Either "á" or "ú"
V	Any Vowel
A	Either "a" or "á"
E	Either "e" or "é"
I	Either "i" or "í"
U	Either "u" or "ú"
C	Any Consonant
N	Any Nasal
L	Any Lateral
J	Any Palatal

Nominals

In Takka, nouns are heavily agglutinated upon. Case, gender and number are in different suffixes and compounds are easily formed. All nominals except pronouns have an extremely regular morphology.

Genders

In Takka, any full nominal (noun, adjective, number) can have any of the 9 genders. The genders are listed as follows:

Number	Name	Description and Suffix
1.	Male Gender	Masculine form, takes -EN as suffix
2.	Female Gender	Feminine form, takes -A as suffix
3.	General Human	General human form, takes -(V)t as suffix
4.	Animal Form	General animal form, takes -U as suffix
5.	Of Plant Origin	General plant class, takes -Ih as suffix
6.	Edible Class	General class of edibles, takes -VL as suffix
7.	Artificial Form	Class of artificial forms, takes -Vpp as suffix
8.	Abstract Form	Class of abstracts, takes -Vk as suffix
9.	Divine and Mystic	Class of divines, takes -$\varnothing$ as suffix

Numbers

Each nominal in Takka has one of three numbers. Full nominal suffixes are:

Number	Description and Suffix
Singular	One Instance of, takes -$\varnothing$ as suffix
Dual	Two Instances of, takes -rEg as suffix
Plural	Multiple Instances of, takes -tl'A as suffix

Cases

Name of Case	Suffix
Nominative	-$\varnothing$
Accusative	-uk
Absolutive	-$\varnothing$
Ergative	-qE
Transitive	-$\varnothing$
Intransitive	-Vtl'
Genitive*	-tta
Possessive*	-łU
Locative	-tsV
Terminative	-glE
Essive	-Ikk
Ablative	-sa
Instrumental-Commitative	-pEh
Ornative	-Ar
Dative	-kkV
Lative	-Es
Allative	-Ukk
Vocative	-LUk

 *The Possessive and Genitive forms (when used with possession) only indicate the type of possession, the Possessive indicates alienable while the Genitive indicates inalienable possession. Both cases can also be used to indicate origin.

Possession

Possession in any nominal is a suffix which indicates possession, possessed and possessor(s). It is one of the very few, rare features which are synthetic and compact. There are two suffix groups, one for possesseor of object and one for possession of object:

Possessor of Object
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1st Person	-gAr	-rUr	-tl'Ar
2nd Person	-gUg	-rIg	-tl'Eg
3rd Person	-glAl	-rVl	-tlAl
General, Unknown	-JUp	-rEp	-lap
Possessed of Object
	Singular	Dual	Plural
1st Person	-gEkk	-rIL	-tl'E
2nd Person	-gaL	-rU	-tl'kka
3rd Person	-gu	-rEmv	-tlul
General, Unknown	-Jałl	-rav	-Lah

Pronouns

Pronouns in Takka are declined according to number, case, person and possession. There are stressed and unstressed forms of each pronoun. The third person pronoun gets gender suffixes per gender. Otherwise it is either divine or gender-neutral.

		1st Person						2nd Person						3rd Person						General
		Stressed			Unstressed			Stressed			Unstressed			Stressed			Unstressed			Stressed			Unstressed
		Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Case	Nominative	ek	niki	íke	k	ki	hi	tsek	tsva	atsa	tsú	tsú	tsa	ák	ekke	ge	ák	kke	ge	slú	sel	ésel	lú	el	él
	Accusative/Reflexive	ekár	nikis	íkam	kár	kis	kam	sihi	tusk	etes	ihi	suk	es
	Absolutive	akah	ekep	akapp	kah	kúp	kapp	ts'ak	ts'emv	etsan	sak
	Ergative	akama	eseme	íkame	kam	sme	sem	sagj	tsúgj	sagu	agj
	Transitive	íkem	níkér	ninker	kem	ník	nink	sak	sák	nkasak	sak
	Intransitive	íkan	níkam	ehap	kan	íka	eap	sełak	saléh	sukel	łak
	Genitive	mekel	nkaeł	kéł	mkel	nke	neł	atsek	ések	katsak	tsek
	Possessive	akel	nahel	úkel	kel	hel	neel	tsan	nkats	rinats
	Locative	ekeni	akesi	ukane	kken	kes	uane	sehak	sukú	tsaheh
	Terminative	kakani	kupar	gehar	kkan	kpar	gar	ts'ké	ákés	asakk
	Essive	ekam	kamve	ekep	kam	mve	kúp	sge	segj	ggesek
	Ablative	mékél	míkel	makel	kél	mík	úkel	setsek	sets'é	ts'ats
	Instrumental Commitative	mran	mvum	ran	rán	mvum	ran	sar	sákar	satse
	Ornative	úmank	marek	nkanek	ánk	múrek	nkek	petseg	ts'ege	nkets
	Dative	míka	níke	míkel	ík	ník	míl	gjsek	gj'sa	sekka
	Lative	umá	umá	asak	má	úmá	sak	sakk	ságe	nukes
	Allative	káma	iłama	ekemá	úma	iłma	kúmá	sene	súne	salek
	Vocative	$\varnothing$	$\varnothing$	$\varnothing$	$\varnothing$	$\varnothing$	$\varnothing$	sappar	saggar	ggekes

Dictionary

No.	English	Takka
1	I	—
2	you (singular)	—
3	he	—
4	we	—
5	you (plural)	—
6	they	—
7	this	—
8	that	—
9	here	—
10	there	—
11	who	—
12	what	—
13	where	—
14	when	—
15	how	—
16	not	—
17	all	—
18	many	—
19	some	—
20	few	—
21	other	—
22	one	—
23	two	—
24	three	—
25	four	—
26	five	—
27	big	—
28	long	—
29	wide	—
30	thick	—
31	heavy	—
32	small	—
33	short	—
34	narrow	—
35	thin	—
36	woman	puła
37	man (adult male)	gen
38	man (human being)	kuvenk
39	child	rét
40	wife	káppa
41	husband	mváppém
42	mother	japa
43	father	kapem
44	animal	tlepú
45	fish	kapú
46	bird	tsatsú
47	dog	égju
48	louse	puhu
49	snake	tsmíju
50	worm	ts'vu
51	tree	allvih
52	forest	allveih
53	stick	grápih
54	fruit	vakał
55	seed	glrútl
56	leaf	liih
57	root	kúkih
58	bark	trákíh
59	flower	sáł
60	grass	tamvitl
61	rope	kirepp
62	skin	sakat
63	meat	núł
64	blood	nékut
65	bone	sarú
66	fat	kałal
67	egg	sugjul
68	horn	sratsú
69	tail	álnu
70	feather	píkku
71	hair	ts'at
72	head	kawat
73	ear	slúkat
74	eye	akrat
75	nose	mvnkít
76	mouth	ránat
77	tooth	tsupput
78	tongue	kasit
79	fingernail	mvákkát
80	foot	níkát
81	leg	negúsat
82	knee	negúsakkit
83	hand	glíyakkat
84	wing	píu
85	belly	—
86	guts	—
87	neck	—
88	back	—
89	breast	—
90	heart	—
91	liver	—
92	drink	—
93	eat	—
94	bite	—
95	suck	—
96	spit	—
97	vomit	—
98	blow	—
99	breathe	—
100	laugh	—
101	see	—
102	hear	—
103	know	—
104	think	—
105	smell	—
106	fear	—
107	sleep	—
108	live	—
109	die	—
110	kill	—
111	fight	—
112	hunt	—
113	hit	—
114	cut	—
115	split	—
116	stab	—
117	scratch	—
118	dig	—
119	swim	—
120	fly	—
121	walk	—
122	come	—
123	lie	—
124	sit	—
125	stand	—
126	turn	—
127	fall	—
128	give	—
129	hold	—
130	squeeze	—
131	rub	—
132	wash	—
133	wipe	—
134	pull	—
135	push	—
136	throw	—
137	tie	—
138	sew	—
139	count	—
140	say	—
141	sing	—
142	play	—
143	float	—
144	flow	—
145	freeze	—
146	swell	—
147	sun	—
148	moon	—
149	star	—
150	water	—
151	rain	—
152	river	—
153	lake	—
154	sea	—
155	salt	—
156	stone	—
157	sand	—
158	dust	—
159	earth	—
160	cloud	—
161	fog	—
162	sky	—
163	wind	—
164	snow	—
165	ice	—
166	smoke	—
167	fire	—
168	ash	—
169	burn	—
170	road	—
171	mountain	—
172	red	—
173	green	—
174	yellow	—
175	white	—
176	black	—
177	night	—
178	day	—
179	year	—
180	warm	—
181	cold	—
182	full	—
183	new	—
184	old	—
185	good	—
186	bad	—
187	rotten	—
188	dirty	—
189	straight	—
190	round	—
191	sharp	—
192	dull	—
193	smooth	—
194	wet	—
195	dry	—
196	correct	—
197	near	—
198	far	—
199	right	—
200	left	—
201	at	—
202	in	—
203	with	—
204	and	—
205	if	—
206	because	—
207	name	—

Example text

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