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THE ALPHABET & PUNCTUATION
9. Pronouns
PERSONAL PRONOUNS These are the words used in place of someone's actual name. The standard pronouns in Troll are all declined as nouns:
MASCULINE - FEMININE - COLLECTIVE
amyes - amyas [ Note 1 ] I, me
agyes - agyas- agyos You [ sing. .]
asyes He, asyas She asyos It
vivyes - vivyas - vivyos We
agzyes - agzyas- agzyos You [ pl.]
astes - astas- astos They
vanyes - vanyas - vanyos Who ? Which ? [ Person(s)]
vantos Which ? What ? [ Thing(s) ]
vasyos -self *[ reflexive pronoun
quenyes - quentas - quentos Someone, Anyone
eltes - eltas- eltos Everyone
liquentos No-one
NOTE 1 The Collective gender is used for inanimate subjects, or when the gender of the subject is unknown or mixed ]
vantos is declined as an example :
Sing. Pl.
Nominative vantos vantoszi What ?
Genitive vantosam vantosamizi Of What ?
Prepositional vantoko vantokozi [ By, To, etc ] what ?
The personal pronouns also have Possessive forms, which are adjectives :
My, mine amya [sing.] amyazi [pl.]
Your, yours [sing] agya agyazi
His/ Her/ Its asya asyazi [ or asyesya/ asyasya / asyosya *]
Our, ours vivya vivyazi
Your, yours [pl] agzya agzyazi
Their asta astazi
Whose ? vanya vanyazi
Of What ? Of Which ? vanta vantazi
-self's* vasya vasyazi
Someone's, Anyone's quanta quantazi
Everyone's [ All ] elta eltazi
No-one's liquanta liquantazi
*The reflexive pronoun vasyos [ vasya, vasyazi ] is used to refer to the subject of the phrase or sentence. e.g mingasem vasya shikal = I saw [my own] destiny ( mingasem= I saw, vasya = own, shikal = destiny ).
In most contexts the general third person possessive asya [ = His / Her / Its ] refers to the subject of the sentence. When it is necessary to differentiate between more than one of these possibilities, the possessive adjectives asyesya (= asyes vasya ) / asyasya (= asyas vasya ) / asyosya ( = asyos vasya ) [ = His own, Her own, Its own ] or astesya / astasya / astosya (= astes vasya / astas vasya / astos vasya ) [ Their own ] are used. These always refer to the subject of the verb. For example : Sa sengi migasessho margoz nang sa beshinakozi; asyosya sikra zhes nagya = The lion had seen a goat among the oak trees ; its [ the lion's ] hair was black. Compare with Sa sengi migasessho margoz nang sa beshinakozi; asya sikra zhes nagya = The lion had seen a goat among the oak trees ; its [ the goat's ] hair was black. [ Note that the lion's and goat's genders are undetermined, hence the collective form of the adjectives is used ]
The emphatic pronouns amyasya [ = My own ], agyasya [ = Your own (s. ) ], vivyasya [ = Our own ] agzyasya [ = Your own ( pl. ) ], are sometimes used, and vanyasya [ = Whose own ? ], quantyasya [ = One's / Someone's / Anyone's own ], eltyasya [ Everyone's own ] are used more rarely.
DEMONSTRATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS
These are as follows : Independent - Singular - Plural
[Nouns - M / F / C ] [Adjectives]
This jintes / jintas / jintos jinta jintazi
[ This other ] That [ by you ] thantes/ thantas thantos thanta thantazi
[ That other ] That [ remote ] yantes/ yantas/ yantos yanta yantazi
[ At that time ] Then yanos yana yanazi
Which, that * yes / yas / yos ya yazi
[ Anything ] Some[thing] quantos quanta quantazi
No [thing] liquantos liquanta liquantazi
Every[thing],All eltos elta eltazi
Sometime quanos quana quanazi
*The relative pronoun, as in the sentence “ I read the book which [ or that ] you wrote “.This is not the same meaning as in “ Which book have you read ?”, where which must be translated by the interrogative vanta .
9.3 OTHER RELATIVE PARTICLES AND PHRASES
MANNER [ Response to question ingviva ? How ? [ By which means ? ] ( = ingvi vanoko ?) ]
ingvi jintoko / jintokozi = Thus(ly), in this way, so / in these ways
ingvi yantoko / yantokozi = In that way / in those ways
ingvi quantoko / quantokozi = Somehow, anyhow, in some way / in some ways
ingvi eltoko / eltokozi = In every way / in all ways
ingvi liquantoko = In no way, [“nohow”]
PLACE [ Response to question mikiva ? Where ? [ In which place ? ] ( = miki vantoko ? ) ]
miki jintoko = Here, in this place vu jintoko = Hither, to this place
miki jintokozi = In these places vu jintokozi = Hither, to these places
miki yantoko = There, in that place vu yantoko = Thither, to that place
miki yantokozi = In those places vu yantokozi = Thither, to those places
miki quantoko = Somewhere, anywhere, in some place
miki eltoko = Everywhere, in every place miki eltokozi = in all places
miki liquantoko = Nowhere, in no place miki quantokozi = in some places
REASON [ Response to question farava ? Why ? [ For which reason ? ] ( = fara vantoko ? ) ]
fara jintoko = Because, for this reason fara jintokozi = For these reasons
fara yantoko = Therefore, for that reason fara yantokozi = For those reasons
fara quantoko = For some reason fara quantokozi = For some reasons
fara liquantoko= For no reason
TIME [ Response to question zavako ? When ? [ At which time ? ] ( = za vanta skamako ? ) ]
za yamako (= yanta skamako ) = Then, when, at that time [ Relative ]
za yamakozi (= yantazi skamakozi ) = At those times
za quamako ( = quanta skamako ) = At some time
za quamakozi (= quantazi skamakozi )= At some times
za elmako ( = elta skamako ) = Always, at every time
za elmakozi ( = eltazi skamakozi ) = At all times
za liquamako ( = liquanta skamako ) = Never, at no time
po yamako ( = yanta skamako ) = From then on
vu yamako ( = yanta skamako ) = Up until then
10. Interrogative Particles
The following words are used to ask questions.
ingviva ? How ? [ By which means ? ] ( = ingvi vanoko ?)
vanyos ? Who ?
vantos ? What ?
mikiva ? Where ? [ In which place ? ] ( = miki vantoko ? )
farava ? Why ? [ For which reason ? ] ( = fara vantoko ? )
povako ? Whence ? [ From which place ? ] ( = po vantoko ? )
vuvako ? Whither ? [ Towards which place ? ] ( = vu vantoko ?)
zavako ? When ? [ At which time ? ] ( = za vanta skamako ? )
pozava ? From when ? ( = po za vanta skamako ? )
vuzava ? Up until when ? ( = vu za vanta skamako ? )
11 Numerals
Cardinal numerals ( nouns ) are given, Ordinal numerals ( adjectives ) are formed by the addition of the suffix -va / -iva
0 nayid 10 yinja 20 binja
1 yini 11 yinjayin 21 binjayin
2 bini 12 yinjabin 22 binjabin
3 drini 13 yinjadrin 23 binjadrin
4 fini 14 yinjafin 24 binjafin
5 shini 15 yinjashin 25 binjashin
6 mini 16 yinjamin 26 binjamin
7 thrini 17 yinjathrin 27 binjathrin
8 sorini 18 yinjasrin 28 binjasrin
9 volini 19 yinjavlin 29 binjavlin
30 drinja 100 yinbinja 1000 yindrinja
40 finja 200 binbinja 2000 bindrinja
50 shinja 300 drinbinja 3000 drindrinja
60 minja 400 finbinja 4000 findrinja
70 thrinja 500 shinbinja 5000 shindrinja
80 sorinja 600 minbinja 6000 mindrinja
90 volinja 700 thrinbinja 7000 thrindrinja
800 sorinbinja 8000 sorindrinja
900 volinbinja 9000 volindrinja
10,000 yinfinja 20,000 binfinja 30,000 drinfinja
40,000 finfinja 50,000 shinfinja 60,000 minfinja
70,000 thrinfinja 80,000 sorinfinja 90,000 volinfinja
100,000 yinshinja 200,000 binshinja 300,000 drinshinja
1,000,000 yinminja 2,000,000 binminja, etc.
10,000,000 yinthrinja 100,000,000 yinsorinja
1,000,000,000 yinvolinja 10,000,000,000 yinja yinvolinja, etc.
4,973 findrinja volinbinja ima thrinjadrin
125th yinbinja ima binjashiniva
FRACTIONS These are expressed with the word prasip = a small part, a fraction. Thus ¾ is expressed as drini finiva prasipizi = three fourth fractions. 23/56 would be binjadrin shinjaminiva prasipizi.
The denominator is an ordinal numeral and the numerator is a cardinal numeral.
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Creator | rfh48 |
Classification and Dialects[]
Phonology[]
Consonants[]
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Phonotactics[]
Writing System[]
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Grammar[]
Nouns[]
1. Nouns
Nouns are the names used to talk about things, animals, people, or abstract concepts. Nouns end in either consonants or vowels.
Those ending in vowels add the ending -zi in the plural
e.g :
retto ( horse ) -> rettozi ( horses )
If the noun ends in a consonant then -izi is added in the plural
e.g
marjeb ( king ) -> marjebizi ( kings )
These forms are what is known as the Nominative cases of the noun, ie the " name " of the thing you are talking about. Troll also has two other cases of nouns, which are described in a later paragraph.
2. Adjectives
Adjectives are words used to qualify the type of thing we are talking about, for example, we speak of a " rich king ", or a " pretty bird ", or a " fast horse ". The adjectives describe the qualities of the nouns they are connected with. In English, and in Troll, the adjective precedes the noun it describes in most sentences. But sometimes we can use the adjective as the main object of a sentence, for example " The horse was fast " is a complete sentence consisting of a noun ( the horse ), a verb ( was ) and an adjective ( fast ). In this type of sentence the adjective usually follows the verb, which itself follows the noun. Of course there can be other adjectives in this kind of sentence as well : " The grey horse was fast " is an example.
Adjectives in Troll usually end in a or e ( rarely in ) when they refer to a singular noun. If the noun to which the adjective refers is plural, then the a changes to azi ( e -> ezi , or + azi ) in the plural : e.g
sa rigya marjeb zhes medsha -> The great king was wise
( sa = the, rigya adj. = great, zhes = [he] was, medsha = wise )
sa rigyazi marjebizi zhesti medshazi -> The great kings were wise.
( zhesti = [they] were )
Adjectives can also be used in a comparative sense, eg “ The king is wiser than his son “, or a superlative sense ; “ The king is wisest of all men “. Troll expresses these meanings by use of the preposition sang, and the suffix -ba, meaning more, as in the following examples.
COMPARATIVE DEGREE [ A one - to one comparison ]
sa marjeb zhas medshaba sang asya sirako = The king is wiser above his son ( zhas = he is, medshaba = more wise, sang = above, asya = his , sirako , from sira = son ; Prepositional Case, see below )
Rettozi zhasti sirunaziba sang tantukozi = Horses are faster than bulls
( zhasti = [they] are, sirunaziba = more fast [ pl ], tantu + kozi = bulls )
SUPER-COMPARATIVE DEGREE [ A comparison of one to many ]
sa marjeb zhes medshaba sang quantokozi asyazi siramizi = The king was wiser above some of his sons ( quantokozi = some, asyazi = his own [pl.] siramizi = of sons )
SUPERLATIVE DEGREE [ A comparison of one to all others ]
sa marjeb zhes medshaba sang eltazi simadakozi = The king was wiser above all people ( eltazi = all , simadakozi = people )
Comparisons can also be made where the subject is less endowed than the others,
sa marjeb zhas medsha zatsan asya sirako = The king is wise below his son ( zatsan = below, under )( ie, the king was less wise than his son ; note that the incremental suffix -ba is not used here ) ( The same idea could also be expressed as sa sira marjebam zhas medshaba sang asya harbishoko = The son of the king is wiser above his father )
Declension of Nouns
In Troll the various ways a noun is used in a sentence require different endings to be applied to the noun's Nominative form, which is the form listed in the dictionary. Troll has three cases, each indicating a different meaning. We have already seen the use of the Nominative case, this refers to the name of the thing which is the subject or object if the sentence. So in both of the following sentences, the Nominative case is used :
sa rigya marjeb zhes medsha = The great king was wise
[ marjeb > Nominative ]
Pareltin zhes rigya marjeb = Pareltin [ a person's name ] was a great king.
The second sentence differs from the first in that marjeb is the object of the verb zhes [was], while in the first it is the subject. Troll uses the same case ending for both meanings, but the subject of the sentence precedes the verb, and the object follows it.
4.1 POSSESSIVE CASE
The Possessive case indicates either the source of something, or possession of something. It corresponds to the English construction " ... of [ the king ] " or " the [ king's ] ...". In Troll the Possessive case is formed by adding -m to the Nominative form if the noun ends in a vowel, or -am if the noun ends in a consonant. The plural endings are -mizi or – amizi.
sa retto marjebam zhas dikara = the horse of the king [ the king's horse ] is white.( zhas = [it] is, dikara = white, marjeb + am = king's )
sa sikra rettom zhas dikara = The hair of the horse is white. ( sikra = hair - can be singular or plural, as in English, retto + m = horse's )
sa sikra rettomizi marjebam zhas dikara = The hair of [the] king's horses is white.
( ie the hair of several horses belonging to a ( = the) king is white )
( retto + mizi = horses' )
Note that the word order in Troll has the possessor or source in the Possessive following the object referred to. In the third sentence, the object(s) referred to ( the horses ) are also in the Possessive case because they are the possessors of the hair, which is the subject of the sentence. Note also that the article sa is really only needed before the subject noun , unless there is some reason to make it clear that the possessor is not any king, but the king !
4. PREPOSITIONAL CASE
The Prepositional case is used when a noun is governed by a preposition. The Prepositional is formed by adding -ko to the end of nouns ending in vowels in the singular. If the noun ends in a consonant, -ako is added. The plural is formed by adding -zi to the Prepositional singular. e.g:
sa sengi nyamasessho marjeb ingvi kronako= The lion had injured the king with a claw ( sengi = lion, nyamanessho = [ he ] had injured, ingvi = by means of, kron + ako = claw)
sa rettozi prulasesti sebla sa beshinakozi = The horses walked between the oak trees ( prulanesti = they walked, sebla = between, beshin + akozi = oak trees )
CASE | NOMINATIVE | POSSESSIVE | PREPOSITIONAL |
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SING. | Marjeb | Marjeb-am | Marjeb-ako |
PLUR. | Marbeb-izi | Marjeb-amizi | Marjeb-akozi |
SING. | Bishto | Bishto-m | Bishto-ko |
PLUR. | Bishto-zi | Bishto-mizi | Bishto-kozi |
Verbs[]
3. Adverbs
An adverb ( as can be deduced from its name ) is an addition to a verb. It qualifies how an action is performed, and therefore has some strong similarity to an adjective. In fact, almost all adverbs in Troll are derived from the corresponding adjective, by adding va to the end. There is no plural form. The incremental suffix -ba can also be used with adverbs.
e.g : sa rigya marjeb debansas medshava-> The great king rules wisely.
( debansas = [he] rules, medshava ''[ from ''medsha + va ] = wisely )
Asya sira debansases medshavaba > His son ruled more wisely.
( debansases = [he] ruled, medshavaba [ from medsha + va + ba ] = more wisely
4.
Verbs
Verbs are the words which describe the action in a sentence. They have a fundamental meaning, which is modified by various endings to signify when the action takes place, and who is doing it. The timing of the action is called the tense, and there are four tenses in Troll: Present, Future, Past, and Perfect.
THE BASIC FORM OF THE VERB
This is given in the vocabularies in the Infinitive form, as in the following examples :
prulare = to walk ; nyamare = to wound ; debansare = to rule
The “stem” of the verb is found by removing the re ending of the infinitive form. Thus the stems of the above verbs are prula- , nyama- , and debansa- .
5.2 PRESENT TENSE
This corresponds to the English continuous present tense; ... is reading, ... are writing, etc. It is formed from the verb stem if this ends in a,i,o or u. If the stem ends in e, then the present tense ending is ea.
5.3 FUTURE TENSE
This is equivalent to the English ... will be reading, ... will be writing, as well as the indefinite future tense, ... will read, ... write, etc. There is no distinction between these meanings in Troll . The Future tense is formed by adding
-fi to the verb stem.
5.4 PAST TENSE
Again this corresponds to two English tenses, for example ... was reading, ... was writing, and also ... read, ... wrote, etc. The Past tense is formed by adding -se to the verb stem.
5.5 PAST PERFECT TENSE
The Past Perfect tense indicates that the action has already been completed and is no longer occurring. It corresponds to English ... has read, ... have written, etc. It is formed by attaching the suffix -sho to the Past tense.
5.6 PRONOMINAL ENDINGS
All of the above tenses of the verb have pronominal suffixes attached after the tense endings, to indicate who is performing the action. The pronominal suffixes are as follows :
-m = I ; 1st Person sing.]
-g = You ; [2nd p., sing. ]
-s = He/ She/ It ; [ 3rd p. sing].
-vi = We ; [ 1st p. pl.]]
-gzi = You ; [2nd p., pl. ]
-sti = They ; [ 3rd p. pl.]
Thus, the full endings are :
PRESENT FUTURE PAST PAST PERFECT
-m -fim -sem -semsho I ; 1st Person sing.]
-g -fig -seg -segsho You ; [2nd p., sing. or pl ]
-s -fis -ses -sessho He/ She/ It ; [ 3rd p. sing].
-vi -fivi -sevi -sevisho We ; [ 1st p. pl.]]
-gzi -figzi -segzi -segzisho You ; [2nd p., pl. ]
-sti -fisti -sesti -sestisho They ; [ 3rd p. pl.]
6. Conjugation of Verbs
Some typical verbs are conjugated below to illustrate the application of the above endings:
INFINITIVE prulare = to walk, go nyamare = to injure, harm debansare = to rule
STEM prula- nyama- debansa-
I* = m You (s)* = g He* = He/ She/ It = s We* = vi You (pl)* = gzi They* = sti
PRESENT
prulam I* am walking nyamam I* am injuring debansam I* am ruling
prulag You* are walking nyamag You* are injuring debansag You* are ruling
prulas He* is walking nyamas He* is injuring debansas He* is ruling
prulavi We* are walking nyamavi We* are injuring debansavi We* are ruling
prulagzi You* are walking nyamagzi You* are injuring debansagzi You* are ruling
prulastI They* are walking nyamastI They* are injuring debansastI They* are gruling
FUTURE
prulafim I* shall w walk nyamafim I* shall injure debansafim I* shall rule
prulafig You* will walk nyamafig You* will injure debansafig You* will rule
prulafis He* will walk nyamafis He* will injure debansafis He* will rule
prulafivi We* shall walk nyamafivi We* shall injure debansafivi We* shall rule
prulafigzi You* will walk nyamafigzi You* will injure debansafigzi You* will rule
prulafisti They* will walk nyamafisti They* will injure debansafisti They* will rule
PAST
prulasem I* walked nyamasem I* injured debansasem I* ruled
prulaseg You* walked nyamaseg You* injured debansaseg You* ruled
prulases He* walked nyamases He* injured debansases He* ruled
prulasevi We* walked nyamasevi We* injured debansasevi We* ruled
prulasegzi You* walked nyamasegzi You* injured debansasegzi You* ruled
prulasesti They* walked nyamasesti They* injured debansasesti They* ruled
PAST PERFECT
prulasemsho I* had walked nyamasemsho I* had injured debansasemsho I* had ruled
prulasegsho You* had walked nyamasegsho You* had injured debansasegsho You* had ruled
prulasessho He* had walked nyamasessho He* had injured debansasessho He* had ruled
prulasevisho We* had walked nyamasevisho We* had injured debansasevisho We* had ruled
prulasegzisho You* had walked nyamasegzisho You* had injured debansasegzisho You* had ruled
prulasestisho They* f had walked nyamasestisho They* had injured debansasestisho They* had ruled
PAST PARTICIPLE [ADJECTIVES] eg sa nyamasha retto - the injured horse
( these are very rarely used with intransitive verbs )
prulasha [sing.] walked nyamasha [sing.] injured debansasha [sing.] ruled
prulashazi [pl.] nyamashazi [pl.] debansashazi [pl.]
PRESENT / ACTIVE PARTICIPLES [ADJECTIVES] eg sa debansara marjeb – the ruling king
prulara [sing.] walking nyamara [sing.] injuring debansara [sing.] ruling
prularazi [pl.] nyamarazi [pl.] debansarazi [pl.]
GERUND [NOUNS][ exist only in the singular ] eg prulavyo zhes zinda fara rettokozi - walking is good for horses
prulavyo walking nyamavyo injuring debansavyo ruling
7. Irregular Verbs
The verbs zhire = to be, and lizhire = not to be, have irregular conjugations :
INFINITIVES zhire being lizhire not being
PRESENT
zham = I* am, I* do lizhim = I* am not, I* do not
zhag You* (s) are, you do lizhig You* (s) are not, do not
zhas He* is, he* does lizhis He* is not, does not
zhavi We* are, do lizhivi We* are not, do not
zhagzi You*(pl) are, you do lizhigzi You*(pl) are not, do not
zhasti They* are, do lizhisti They* are not, do not
FUTURE
zhifim I* shall be/ do lizhifim I* shall not be/ do
zhifig You*(s) will be/ do lizhifig You(s) will not be/ do
zhifis He* will be/ do lizhifis He* will not be/ do
zhifivi We* shall be/ do lizhifivi We* shall not be/ do
zhifigzi You*(pl) will be/ do lizhifigzi You*(pl) will not be/ do
zhifisti They* will be/ do lizhifisti They* will not be/ do
PAST
zhem I* did , I* was lizhem I* did not, I* was not
zheg You*(s) did, you were lizheg You*(s) did not, were not
zhes He* did, he* was lizhes He* did not, was not
zhevi We* did, We* were lizhevi We* did not, were not
zhegzi You*(pl) did, you were lizhegzi You*(pl) did not, were not
zhesti They* did, they* were lizhesti They* did not, were not
FUTURE PERFECT
zhifimsha I shall have been /done lizhifimsha I* shall not have .....
zhifigsha You*(s) will have been /done lizhifigsha You*(s) will not have ....
zhifissha He will have been / done lizhifissha He* will not have ...
zhifivisha We shall have been/ done lizhifivisha We* shall not have .....
zhifigzisha You*(pl) will have been /done lifzhiigzisha You*(pl) will not have ....
zhifistisha They will have been/ done lizhifistisha They* will not have ...
These verbs do not have Past Perfect tenses. They are used with the Present Participles of other verbs to form a Future Perfect tense. eg zhifissha prulara = He will have walked, ( literally, he will have done walking ), lizhifistisha nyamarazi = They will not have injured ( literally, they will not have done injuring ). The Present Participle agrees in number with the subject of the verb.
These verbs can also be used in an auxiliary mode with the Present Participle of another verb to express emphasis :
eg,
Sa sengi zhes nyamara asta tantu = The lion DID injure their bull.
PARTICIPLES : PAST PARTICIPLES [ADJECTIVES]
zhisha [sing.] having been lizhisha [sing.] not having been
zhishazi [pl.] lizhishazi [pl.]
PRESENT/ ACTIVE [ADJECTIVES]
zhira [sing.] being lizhira [sing.] not being
zhirazi [pl.] lizhirazi [pl.]
GERUNDS [NOUNS]
zhivyo being, existence lizhivyo non-being, non-existence
8. Other Verbal Constructions
NEGATION can be implied by placing the article li before the verb.
:eg linyamafivi = We shall not injure
The particle zhai expresses the SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD, ie may ..., let ..., [followed by a verb ]
The negative subjunctive is expressed as zhaili ...( let it not...)
: eg zhai prulafivi = Let us walk, zhaili prulafivi Let us not walk
zhaili nyamasevi astos = Let us not have injured them
The IMPERATIVE is formed from the stem of the verb by adding the suffix -stig (s), -stigzi (pl) : eg prulastig ! ''Walk ! (s) ; lizhistigzi pyimazi ! Don't be late ! (pl)
The PASSIVE MOOD ( as opposed to the INDICATIVE MOOD, which is the normal meaning of the verbal forms given above ) is expressed by means of impersonal constructions. For example, the sentence “ I was injured “ can be reworded as “ [It] injured me “ : nyamases amyes. Or “[They] injured me “ : nyamasesti amyes. If the context does not imply otherwise, the Third person singular would normally be employed in this construction.
Paradigm : Prulare = to walk ; stem Prula-
PERSON | PRESENT | FUTURE | PAST | PAST PERFECT |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st p. sing = I | Prula-m | Prula-fim | Prula-sem | Prula-semsho |
2nd p. sing = You | Prula-g | Prula-fig | Prula-seg | Prula-segsho |
3rd p. sing = He, She, It | Prula-s | Prula-fis | Prula-ses | Prula-sessho |
1st p. pl. = We | Prula-vi | Prula-fivi | Prula-sevi | Prula-sevisho |
2nd p. pl. = You | Prula-gzi | Prula-figzi | Prula-segzi | Prula-segzisho |
3rd p. pl. = They | Prula-sti | Prula-fisti | Prula-sesti | Prula-sestisho |
PAST
PARTICIPLE (ADJ. ) |
PRESENT ACTIVE
PARTICIPLE ( ADJ.) |
GERUND
( NOUN ) | |
---|---|---|---|
SING. | Prula-sha | Prula-ra | Prula-vyo |
PLUR. | Prula-shazi | Prula-razi | NOT USED |
Irregular Verbs : Zhire = to be, to do ;
PERSON | PRESENT | FUTURE | PAST | FUTURE PERFECT |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st p. sing = I | Zha-m | Zhi-fim | Zhe-m | Zhi-fimsha |
2nd p. sing = You | Zha-g | Zhi-fig | Zhe-g | Zhi-figsha |
3rd p. sing = He, She, It | Zha-s | Zhi-fis | Zhe-s | Zhi-fissha |
1st p. pl. = We | Zha-vi | Zhi-fivi | Zhe-vi | Zhi-fivisha |
2nd p. pl. = You | Zha-gzi | Zhi-figzi | Zhe-gzi | Zhi-figzisha |
3rd p. pl. = They | Zha-sti | Zhi-fisti | Zhe-sti | Zhi-fistisha |
PAST
PARTICIPLE ( ADJ. ) |
PRESENT ACTIVE
PARTICIPLE ( ADJ. ) |
GERUND
( NOUN ) | |
---|---|---|---|
SING. | Zhi-sha | Zhi-ra | Zhi-vyo |
PLUR. | Zhi-shazi | Zhi-razi | NOT USED |
Lizhire = not to be, not to do
PERSON | PRESENT | FUTURE | PAST | FUTURE PERFECT |
---|---|---|---|---|
1st p. sing = I | Lizhi-m | Lizhi-fim | Lizhe-m | Lizhi-fimsha |
2nd p. sing = You | Lizhi-g | Lizhi-fig | Lizhe-g | Lizhi-figsha |
3rd p. sing = He, She, It | Lizhi-s | Lizhi-fis | Lizhe-s | Lizhi-fissha |
1st p. pl. = We | Lizhi-vi | Lizhi-fivi | Lizhe-vi | Lizhi-fivisha |
2nd p. pl. = You | Lizhi-gzi | Lizhi-figzi | Lizhe-gzi | Lizhi-figzisha |
3rd p. pl. = They | Lizhi-sti | Lizhi-fisti | Lizhe-sti | Lizhi-fistisha |
PAST
PARTICIPLE ( ADJ. ) |
PRESENT ACTIVE
PARTICIPLE ( ADJ. ) |
GERUND
( NOUN ) | |
---|---|---|---|
SING. | Lizhi-sha | Lizhi-ra | Lizhi-vyo |
PLUR. | Lizhi-shazi | Lizhi-razi | NOT USED |
Syntax[]
Lexicon[]
TROLL ENGLISH
miskavyo n ability
miska adj able, capable
sang prep above, over, than
pozedavyo n acceptance, reception
rikyen n accident
rikyena adj accidental, chance
predi prep across
damivyo v advice, warning
ladna prep after
yanba conj again
nadi n air, atmosphere
elta adj all, every
arra prep along
aska conj also
za elmeko adv always
nang adv among, amidst
ima conj and
sarog n animal
zanma adj another
gremog n ant
asparpo adv apart from, away from
ajivo n appearance, aspect
lagso n arm
skarimedshavyo n astronomy
za prep at [ time ]
stonka n autumn
aspar prep away
prigu n baby
pazhniva adv backward
nyeshka adj bad
rindi n ball
pagas n bark ( of a tree )
pavang n bat (animal)
krid n bath
dored n bear
smarz n beard
smarza adj bearded
midaza adj beautiful
midaz n beauty
fara jintoko conj because
nyiziki n bed
jang n beer
snyama prep before
paro adv behind
zatsan prep below, under, beneath
sebla prep between, among
panja prep beyond
gyasa adj big, large
dabje n bird
nagya adj black
zinopa adj blue
grut n boat
luso n body
lepjos n book
tham n boot
nyisa adj both
bumpa n bottle
zatis n bottom, base, foundation
bishtip n boy
sparda adj brave
bagleb n bread
ambishtip n brother
tantu n bull
tsam adv but, although, however
passi n cat
sugam n chest, box, container
dabjip n chick, baby bird
serpip n child
kron n claw, talon
prin n cloud
ranga adj cold
yag n cow
kumbirra n crocodile
griba adj dark
sirazma n daughter
borog n desert
sobga n dog
tenla prep down
skelma adj dry, arid
zhurji n duck
zhurjip n duckling
lagje n eagle
kung n ear
zhinyavaba adv earlier
zhinya adj early
zhinyava adv early
sorid n Earth
orva adv even, indeed
elyes / as / os pron everyone
elya adj everyone's
eltos pron everything
miki eltoko dem everywhere
migo n eye
misanza n face
siruna adj fast, quick, rapid [movement]
harbisho n father
tsalavyo n fear, dread
zomin adj female
linyena adj few
pyangip n finger
nyaji n fish
tsulog n flood, torrent
zalzas n food
zhabs n foot
fara prep for
dorju prep for, on behalf of, in order to, so that
mat n force
za zhinyaba quameko adv formerly, once, previously
prasip n fragment, part, bit
po prep from
pozava interr. from when ?
soridmedshavyo n geology
zomap n girl
simadava adv Trollishly
margoz n goat
zinda adj good
rigya adj great, eminent, important
rigyava adv greatly, mainly, chiefly, largely
sikra n hair
pyang n hand
asyes pron he, him
karid n head
po jintoko adv hence, from this place
asyasya adj her own
birramedshavyo n herpetology
asya adj His / her / its
asyesya adj his own
vu jintoku adv hither, to this place
retto n horse
ingviva interr. How ?
ingvi yoko adv how [relative], by which means
amyes / yas pron I, me
nyajimedshavyo n ichthyology
sirunava adv immediately, quickly
miki prep in, into
nagja n ink
mikiza prep inside, within
asyos pron it
asyosya adj its own
marjeb n king, ruler, monarch
passip n kitten
pyima adj late
pyimava adv later
kangpa n leg
mazhavyo n life
zondu adv like, as
yalgo n limb, branch, bough
sengi n lion
sengip n lion cub
mazhara adj live, living
thusrin adj long
bishta adj male
bishto n man, male
nyena adj many
imaskaba conj moreover, as well
zanzom n mother
zalo n mouth
amya adj my
nyeba adj near, about, by, beside, around, next to
nyebava adv nearly, almost
nyizo n nest
serpa adj new, young
liquanyos pron No-one
liquanya adj No-one's
sanya n nose
lizhire v not to be, not to do
liquantos pron nothing
za jiko adv now
miki liquantoko adv nowhere
beshin n oak tree
vanta adj of what ? Of which ?
prithas prep off
za nyenakozi adv often, frequently
gaska adj old
karu prep on, onto
diranga adj opposite, anti, counter, contra
dabjamedshavyo n ornithology
vivya adj our
payir prep out, from
payirza prep outside
hisha n owl
daspa adj past, former, previous
ramje n peacock
simada n person
dripavyo n question
krampa adj quick, short, brief [time]
tsarbab n rain
za linyenakozi adv rarely, infrequently
prasava adv rather, quite, slightly, somewhat, a little
pazhin adj rear, back
birra n reptile, lizard
grutpa n sailor, boatmen
vasyos pron Self [ reflexive ]
vasya adj of itself, own
kodpa n shape, form, pattern
asyas pron she, her
halug n sheep
thamip n shoe
zatsa adj short, low
mina n sister
anzomap n sister
namik n sky, heaven
prasa adj small, little
tuksi n smoke
quanta adj some
quanyes / as / os pron someone, anyone
quanya adj someone's, anyone's
quantos pron something, anything
za quameko adv sometime
miki quantoko n somewhere
sira n son
krampava adv soon, shortly
skari n star
slada n story, account, tale
falda adj stupid, foolish
sanya adj tall, high, lofty
thanes / as / os pron That [ near you ]
yantes / as /os pron That [ remote ]
sa art the
asta adj their
asta vasya adj their own
astyosya adj their own [ coll.]
astyasya adj their own [fem.]
astyesya adj their own [masc.]
yanos pron then
za yamako adv then, when [relative], at that time
miki yantoko adv there, in that place
fara yantoko adv therefore
astes / as / os pron they
jintes / as / os pron this
vu yantoko adv thither, to that place
fer prep through
Ingvi jintoko conj thus, and so, thusly, in this way
stig n tiger
skama n time
pozedare v To accept, receive
dangore v to accompany
smidare v to accuse, blame
damire v to advise, warn
nangare v to allow
ajire v to appear
tsavare v to approach, arrive
dripare v to ask, query, question, enquire
rashkare v to attack
sponire v to avoid
sobgare v to bark
kridare v to bathe
miskare v to be able, can
zhire v to be, do, act
zhaspore v to begin, start, commence
dodire v to believe
kumere v to bite, chew
nadimare v to blow, puff
morkare v to break, destroy
kyefire v to bring, carry, fetch
kolpare v to bubble, boil, churn
lebare v to come, arrive
tenilare v to descend, go down
tsalare v to fear, dread
vuvare v to go up, climb, ascend
kungare v to hear
yibire v to hide, conceal, shroud
nyamare v to injure, harm
mazhire v to live, exist
migare v to look, see
debansare v to rule
nyizire v to sleep
sanyare v to sniff, smell
zalire v to speak
soladire v to tell, relate
tigrimare v to twist, swirl
prulare v to walk, go
nagire v to write
vu prep to, towards
zhabsip n toe
kum n tooth, fang
yalgip n twig
vuzava interr. until when ?
vuyameko adv up until then
gyava adv very
nayid n void, emptiness, vacancy, vacuum
merekto n volcano
merektomedshavyo n vulcanology
tsab n water
vivyes / as / os pron we
vantos interr. What ? Which thing ?
zavako interr. When ?
pova interr. Whence ? From which place ?
mikiva interr. Where ? In which place ?
yes / as /os pron which, that [ relative ]
dikara adj white
vuvako interr. Whither ? To which place ?
vanyos interr. Who ?
vanyes / as / os pron Who ? Which person ?
vanya adj Whose ?
farava interr. Why ? For which reason ?
nadimat n wind
medshavyo n wisdom, science, knowledge
medsha adj wise
dango prep with [ together with, in company with ]
ingvi prep with, by means of
kronsabga n wolf
zoma n woman
nagivyo n writing, script
agya adj your [sing]
agyes / as / os pron you [sing]
agzya adj your [pl]
agzyes / as / os pron you [pl]
sarogmedshavyo n zoology
Example text[]
Sa Simadazi yos Mazhisti za Elmako
Zhes za yamako, sa sorid zhes serpa ima lidango kodpako. Skelmazi borogzi, ima nagyazi kolparazi merektizi zhesti yibishazi zatsan tigrimarazi prinakozi tuksim. Zhes sa skama sa rigya nayidam. Za yamako, payir sa gribazi namikozi, lebansassho tsulog tsarbabam, ima sorid zhasposas zhire prasave rangaba. Mazhavo zhasposassho.
The Ones that Live Always
It was at the time when the earth was new and without shape. Arid deserts and black bubbling volcanos were hidden under swirling clouds of smoke. It was the time of the great void. Then, from the dark skies, a flood of rain had arrived, and the earth began to be somewhat cooler. Life had begun.