| Tson | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Artlang / Personal Language | ||||||||||||
| Alignment | Nominative-Accusative | ||||||||||||
| Head direction | Initial | ||||||||||||
| Tonal | No | ||||||||||||
| Declensions | Yes | ||||||||||||
| Conjugations | Yes | ||||||||||||
| Genders | None | ||||||||||||
| Nouns decline according to... | |||||||||||||
| Case | Number | ||||||||||||
| Definiteness | Gender | ||||||||||||
| Verbs conjugate according to... | |||||||||||||
| Voice | Mood | ||||||||||||
| Person | Number | ||||||||||||
| Tense | Aspect | ||||||||||||
| Meta-information | |||||||||||||
| Progress | 20% | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Creator | Zinga35 | ||||||||||||
Tson (English: /soʊn, soʊm/; Tson: /t͡som/), sometimes called Tsonchadian, is a well attested dead language with about 17,000 second-language speakers, mainly in Russia. (Not really.)
History[]
The Tson language may have been in existence for 7,000 years or more, though some estimates place the formation of the Tson language to as recent as 3600 B.C, making it about 5,600 years old at least. It was spoken in parts of the Pontic-Caspian steppe, until the Tson people gradually migrated eastward into and past the Kazakh steppe. Eventually, they ended up near lake Baikal, where the Tson State, sometimes called Tsonchadia, was formed circa 1087 A.D., following the diffusion of paper to the area in the 10th century.
A person by the name of Motashteno is credited as having invented the Tson script. It is unclear as to whether the script derives from another script like Greek or Latin, since it was an alphabet that was visually and functionally unlike the writing systems of China and the Islamic world, and it was physically distant from the Hellenic and Roman spheres of influence. The letters of the script were in no particular order, and the order they are in today is derived from the order of the Russian alphabet.
During this time, the Tson language was influenced by the neighboring Mongol, Tatar, Mairu, and Rabostan peoples. It was especially influenced by the latter two when the Tson State was conquered by the Mairu-Rabostan Confederation in 1153. The Tson State fully broke apart from the confederation and became free again in 1198, only for it to be permanently wiped from existence by the Mongol Empire in 1206.
While the Tson spoken language disappeared over multiple centuries, the existing records of the Tson language were extensive enough to revive the language and form a modern variety. Many texts had Tson side-by-side with another language like Mongolian, allowing much of the Tson language to be translated. The modern variety of Tson has major Russian influence because, for the most part, Russian words were used to fill in the gaps of the attested Tson language.
IRL History[]
I created Tson to complement a project I had for school. My goal then was to make a realistic-enough language to go with my fake country. However, my goal has since changed to making a working language I can speak, which is why this conlang is listed as either an artlang or a personal language.
Classification and Dialects[]
While it is speculated to have derived from Proto-Indo-European, the relationship between Tson and PIE is unclear; Proto-Tson could simply have been largely influenced by PIE or vice versa.
Some Tson texts that have been recovered provide the basic phonology of the language, such as the pronunciation of each letter and the digraph that forms the /i/ sound. However, very little is known about the dialects that existed back then. There are a few clues as to how the Tson language spoken in Wosepar differs from Tson spoken anywhere else, since a letter for a /ŋ/ phoneme was used in some texts referring to the dialect. The pronunciation of modern Tson is based mostly on a slightly formal form of Tson spoken by the people who wrote the texts, and it is thought that this pronunciation is closest to that of Tson people in Menech, which was the Tson State's largest city.
Phonology[]
Below is the phonology of Tson spoken today. The dialect from Wosepar is not included because of how little information about it exists.
Consonants[]
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Uvular | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | |||
| Plosive | p | t / d | |||
| Fricative | θ | s / z | ʃ / ʒ | χ | |
| Affricate | t͡s | ||||
| Approximant | w | ||||
| Flap or tap | ɾ | ||||
| Lateral app. | l |
Vowels[]
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | i | |
| Mid | ɛ | o |
| Low | æ | a |
Phonotactics[]
The syllable structures of Tson are (C1)(C2)V(C) and (N)V(C), where C is a consonant, N is a nasal consonant, and V is a vowel.
- C1 can be any non-nasal consonant phoneme including /t͡s/ but excluding /w/, /ɾ/, and /l/.
- C2 is restricted to /w/, /ɾ/, or /l/ if C1 is a plosive, not present, or a fricative other than /s/, /ʃ/, or /θ/. If C1 is /s/ or /ʃ/, C2 can be any of the three, /χ/, or /θ/, while if C1 is /θ/, C2 can be any of the three or /χ/.
Diphthongs are not allowed in Tson. Two vowels that are side-by-side are pronounced in separate syllables. For example, the word for pig, ао / ao is pronounced /ˈa.o/.
Stress usually falls on the penultimate (second to last) syllable of a word, but there are two vowel sounds capable of diverting the stress to a different syllable. Sometimes, /a/ diverts primary stress to the last syllable, as is the case with отидá / otidá (/ˌo.tiˈda/). In other places, it diverts primary stress to the third to last syllable like in пáроҫо / párotho (/ˈpa.ɾoˌθo/). Also, the phoneme /æ/ always receives some amount of stress and may divert primary stress to the ultimate syllable but not to the third to last syllable. For example, миәр / miær is pronounced /miˈæɾ/, and ætorse is pronounced /ˌæˈtoɾ.sɛ/. Words like хәтәр / chætær have stress on the penultimate syllable: /ˈχæˌtæɾ/.
Writing System[]
Tson is written using Tson script (most common), Cyrillic script, or Latin script. The language uses 22 letters in its Cyrillic script alphabet, 22 letters in its Latin script alphabet, and 22 letters in its Tson script alphabet, though each alphabet contains one letter that represents the /ŋ/ sound and is widely considered to be obsolete. Each letter of the Cyrillic script alphabet correlates to a letter in the Tson script alphabet. ⟨ch⟩, ⟨ng⟩, ⟨sh⟩, ⟨th⟩, ⟨ts⟩, and ⟨zh⟩ are considered separate letters in the Latin script alphabet, and each correlate to a character of the Tson script alphabet, while ⟨i⟩ or Cyrillic ⟨и⟩ correlates to a letter of the Tson script alphabet made of two characters. The Tson script alphabet is unicase.
Tson Cyrillic Script[]
The table below shows the Cyrillic script alphabet for the Tson Language.
| Letter | А а | Ә ә | В в | Д д | Ж ж | З з | И и | Л л |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sound | /a/ | /æ/ | /w/ | /d/ | /ʒ/ | /z/ | /i/ | /l/ |
| Letter | М м | Н н | Ң ң | О о | П п | Р р | С с | Ҫ ҫ |
| Sound | /m/ | /n, m/ | /ŋ/ | /o/ | /p/ | /ɾ/ | /s/ | /θ/ |
| Letter | Т т | Х х | Ц ц | Ш ш | Э э | Á á | ||
| Sound | /t/ | /χ/ | /t͡s/ | /ʃ/ | /ɛ/ | stressed /a/ |
Tson Latin Script[]
The table below shows the Latin script alphabet for the Tson Language.
| Letter | A a | Ch ch | D d | E e | I i | L l | M m | N n |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sound | /a/ | /χ/ | /d/ | /ɛ/ | /i/ | /l/ | /m/ | /n, m/ |
| Letter | Ng ng | O o | P p | R r | S s | Sh sh | T t | Th th |
| Sound | /ŋ/ | /o/ | /p/ | /ɾ/ | /s/ | /ʃ/ | /t/ | /θ/ |
| Letter | Ts ts | W w | Z z | Zh zh | Æ æ | Á á | ||
| Sound | /t͡s/ | /w/ | /z/ | /ʒ/ | /æ/ | stressed /a/ |
- In the word final position, н / n is pronounced /m/, even if the next word begins in an alveolar consonant. However, in fast speech, it can be pronounced as [n] if the next word begins in an alveolar consonant and [n̪] if the next word begins in ҫ / th.
- The letter Ң ң / Ng ng is a direct equivalent to the Tson letter making the same sound, and the Tson letter was only used in transcribing the dialect spoken in Wosepar during the existence of the Tson state, which still distinguished all word final nasals and had the /ŋ/ sound word finally in some circumstances.
Tson Script Alphabet[]
To the right is the Tson script alphabet, which reads left to right and then top to bottom. The order of the letters was not established until modern times, and it is related to the order of the Russian alphabet and the Tson Cyrillic script alphabet. The Cyrillic and Latin script alphabets are depicted above the Tson script alphabet, and the phonemes are depicted below the alphabet.
Punctuation[]
The punctuation of Tson is also shown on the right, and it consists of a stop, a question mark, an emphasization mark, separators, and quotation marks. There is no distinction between a long pause like from a period and a short pause like from a comma, though the distinction is sometimes made in the Cyrillic or Latin scripts. An emphasization mark is used for exclamations, interjections, and any sentence that is said with intensity, so even a whisper can use this mark if it is said intensely. Generally, it is transliterated into either a period or exclamation point in Tson Cyrillic and Tson Latin scripts. Separators can enclose a section of a sentence and are often used in free variation with quotation marks, but one separator can stand by itself, meaning it encloses all of the sentence before or after it. Quotation marks require a beginning mark and an end mark, and they are most often used for quoting multiple sentences at a time. Often, the vertical placement of separators and quotation marks varies between different people.
Numerals[]
There are 20 numerals used in Tson plus one symbol that represents 5 to the power of 15. The number system is base 5, and there are different numerals and words for numbers in the first five places. For example, 125 (1000 in base 5) is оҫ / oth, while 5 (10 in base 5) is written with a separate numeral, ир / ir. Powers of 5 from 55 to 59 are written with the same twenty numerals with a symbol, пэв / pew, added after. Powers of 5 from 510 to 514 are written with the 20 numerals with a symbol, хри / chri, added after, while 515 has its own symbol, called мажэ / mazhe.
The Tson people believed that there were exactly 30,517,578,125 (515) things in the universe at any time. This likely came from a misconception about their number system or simply a guess. It is possible that their number system extended past 515 at some point and that everything after 515 was removed because it would never be useful. However, it is also possible that the Tson people believed the statement because of the limitations that already existed in their number system.
Grammar[]
Pronouns[]
| Nominative | Accusative | Genitive | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st Person | ро / ro | ор / or | о / o |
| 1st Person Plural Inclusive (includes speaker, audience, and possibly others) | эдо / edo | эдом / edom | эдо(N) / edo(N) |
| 1st Person Plural Exclusive | эро / ero | эром / erom | эро(N) / ero(N) |
| 1st Person Dual Inclusive (includes only one person talking and one person being talked to) | эо / eo | эом / eom | эо(N) / eo(N) |
| 2nd Person Singular | рә / ræ | ән / æn | рә(N) / ræ(N) |
| 2nd Person Plural | рэв / rew | ровн / rown | рэв(N) / rew(N) |
| 3rd Person Singular | си / si | сэн / sen | со / so |
| 3rd Person Plural | эси / esi | эсэн / esen | эсо(N) / eso(N) |
- (N) is the nasal consonant that corresponds to the beginning of the next word, and, if the word is in isolation, (N) is н or n. If the next word begins in anything except for м / m or п / p, (N) is н / n. If it begins in м / m or п / p, (N) is м / m. Keep in mind that word final н / n is pronounced /m/, so the difference between м / m and н / n in that position is purely visual.
- The first person plural эдо / edo and its other forms must include three or more people including the person or people being talked to.
- The first person plural эо / eo and its other forms can only include two people, which are the speaker and the person being talked to.
Nouns[]
Nouns can be one of two numbers, which are singular and plural. If a noun begins in a consonant, its plural form contains an extra э- / e- at the beginning. For example, "хон" / "chon", meaning "person", becomes "эхон" / "echon" when plural. If a noun begins in a vowel, эн- / en- is added to the beginning to make it plural. For example, "ао" / "ao", meaning "pig", becomes "энао" / "enao" when plural.
Verbs[]
There are only three ways (as of yet) to conjugate a verb. Two ways involve tense, while one involves changing the mood so as to suggest something.
| Past Tense, "did" | Future Tense, "will" | Deontic Mood (?), "should" |
|---|---|---|
| -новэ / -nowe | -ноо / -noo | -иди / -idi |
- In order to communicate that someone should do something in the future or should have done something, the suffix -иди / -idi should be added to the verb, and an adverb such as лэтор / letor (late, etymologically unrelated) or әтор / ætor (early) should be added to the verb. For example, if you want to say that you bought goods, you would say this: "Ро тэндэновэ этэпро." / "Ro tendenowe etepro." However, if you want to say you should have bought goods, you would say this: "Ро әтор тэндэиди этэпро." / "Ro ætor tendeidi etepro."
Syntax[]
I'm gonna rewrite someday.
The Tson language follows a SVO word order. Because of very little inflection, the word order is rather strict, and the subject cannot be left out. Sentences do, however, change to an OSV word order if they are interrogative. If the object and subject are difficult to distinguish in an interrogative sentence, a closing separator is sometimes used after the object with no space. There are no articles in Tson.
Tson uses two different types of conjunctions: short and long. A long conjunction is used to connect two clauses that have different subjects, verbs, or adverbs. Examples of sentences that would be translated to have long conjunctions are:
- "I eat fish and eat at a restaurant." (The preposition in English changes, which corresponds to an adverb change in Tson.)
- "I walk to a road and point to a road." (The verb changes.)
A short conjunction connects two parts of the same clause, and the clause contains multiple subjects or objects. Some examples of sentences that would use a short conjunction are: "I eat an apple and a banana." "The person and I go to a shop." The second part of the first sentence can be thought of as having the same implied subject, verb, and preposition (corresponding to an adverb) as the first part, and the first part of the second sentence can be thought of as having the same verb, preposition, and object as the second part. Each sentence is considered to have one clause.
- An additional example is: "Ро ом монэхэ махаэрэзиходом паа хон си." / "Ro om moneche machaerezichodom paa chon si." / "I go to a restaurant and the person does too." The word си / si is added at the end to make the word хон / chon a subject, and паа / paa indicates that it is a subject of the same sentence. The sentence in Tson is still one clause.
In this language's equivalent of the dative case, the verb и / i and the adverb эрэ / ere become important. Below are translations of these sentences and explanations of them: "I give you a ball." "I give a ball to you."
"Ро ом мәцо ән паав эрэ и шэл."
"Ro om mætso æn paaw ere i shel."
<insert Leipzig glossing>
Because the subject is the same in both parts of both sentences, the word ро / ro can be taken out of the second part of the sentences. Because the verb is the same, и / i can replace мәцо / mætso in the second part of the sentence. To clear the adverb ом / om, эрэ / ere is added before и / i.
- "Ро мәцо шэл паав ом и ән." / "Ro mætso shel paaw om i æn." This is a more common and slightly shorter way to format such a sentence in Tson. The word и / i replicates the verb мәцо / mætso, and an adverb, ом / om, is added before и / i to change the meaning from "... and give you." to ".. and give to you."
Example Texts[]
The following is the lord's prayer (as I know it) in Tson Cyrillic and Tson Latin scripts, as well as the English translation.
"(Nope. Not until I can understand the thing below this lol)"
"Edon otshe, ræ om em ei, (hallowed) em ræn chonom, ræn (kingdom) she siær, ræn (will (n.)) she thæw otidá, om i (earth) tsaaw si om em ei. Ræ om she mætso sopo din ere i ero (daily bread). Paaw ræ she (forgive) erom lee i eron (trespasses), tsaaw ero (forgive) (those) esi sa (trespass) erom. Paaw ræ she (lead) erom paaw in om i (temptation), diaw ræ she (deliver) erom paaw lee i mol. (Rest of the stuff I'll do later)"
"Our Father, who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name, thy kingdom come, thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread. And forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us. And lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. For thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory, forever. Amen."
Lexicon[]
Nouns[]
Words that were originally nouns are listed here. These words, in their original form, can also be used as verbs or adjectives, and since they can be used as adjectives, they can also be used as adverbs.
| Tson Cyrillic | Tson Latin | English | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| ао | ao | pig | |
| шаана | shaana | hair | A singular group of hair like that on a human head. The hair on one person's head would be "шаана" / "shaana" while the hair on multiple peoples' heads would be "эшаана" / "eshaana". |
| раав | raaw | stick | |
| вава | wawa | mother | |
| мама | mama | father | |
| орар | orar | water | Any unit of water, which can be anything from a molecule to all water on Earth to any unit of water that is larger than that. An ocean can be considered "орар" / "orar" while two molecules of water can be considered "энорар" / "enorar". There are (or will be) separate words for different bodies of water, though. |
| хоном | chonom | name | |
| проҫ | proth | child | |
| ван | wan | woman | |
| нан | nan | man | |
| хров | chrow | meat | |
| цон | tson | snow | The word "Tson" derives from this. |
| хон | chon | person / human | |
| пáроҫо | párotho | house / home | |
| ирэт | iret | bird | |
| мәтэ | mæte | partner / mate | Likely unrelated to "mate" |
| хвәтэн | chwæten | quilt | |
| хиэдэ | chiede | soil / land | The word "Tsonchadia" is an anglicized form of цом хиэдэ / tson chiede (literally "snow land"), which is what the Tson people often referred to the Tson State as. |
| хәтәр | chætær | sword | Both syllables always carry some stress because of the qualities of the /æ/ vowel in Tson: /ˈχæˌtæɾ/ |
| ҫрәв | thræw | table | |
| тәтэт | tætet | (a thing of) music | |
| мипроҫ | miproth | baby | |
| хэт | chet | body | |
| дом | dom | place | |
| порохáс | porochás | money | Any unit of money |
| сэхомо | sechomo | (a) stone | |
| тор | tor | time | Any unit of time |
| прэтэс | pretes | (a) power / (a) weight | It is sometimes used to mean physical weight, though there is (will be) a separate word for that. |
| морэшхо | moreshcho | plan | |
| изов | izow | food | Any unit of food |
| махаэрэзиходом | machaerezichodom | restaurant | Literally "place for conversation" |
| тэпро | tepro | good | As in a thing that can be bought, sold, or consumed |
| хапоста | chaposta | (a) cabbage | Loanword from Russian капуста |
| шэл | shel | sun / ball | |
| элэсхо | elescho | friend | |
| хи | chi | who / what | |
| хэи | chei | ash | /ˈχɛ.i/ |
| хрипáроҫо | chripárotho | country / state | Literally "vast home" |
| жэв | zhew | god | |
| алмэ | alme | apple | |
| пахно | pachno | word | A word that is spoken |
| хропно | chropno | word | A word that is written |
| мажэ | mazhe | everything | Also the name of a numeral that represents 515, which was thought by the Tson people to be how many things existed at any time |
| напо | napo | cloud | |
| эи | ei | sky | |
| эрар | erar | sky water / rain | The Tson people believed that the sky was blue because of water and that the water was channeled through clouds to eventually rain down on the land. |
| пиан | pian | fur | A group of fur like that on an animal or an object made of animal fur. |
| пишэл | pishel | cat | Originally used to describe Pallas' cats but is used today for any cat. Derives from пиан / pian, meaning fur, and шэл / shel, meaning ball. |
| сио | sio | leaf | |
| исхо | ischo | leaves | Leaves on a tree. Leaves on multiple trees would be энисхо / enischo. |
| опил | opil | tree | |
| дин | din | day | |
| пэлҫэ | pelthe | head | |
| эвпэн | ewpen | neck | |
| росиа | rosia | Russia | |
| лэхо | lecho | bed | |
| то | to | thing / idea | Used to convert verbs and adjectives into nouns |
| сопо | sopo | this | |
| сэпэ | sepe | that | |
| хаз | chaz | paper | Countable. Multiple papers would be эхаз / echaz. |
| мат | mat | moon | |
| хэмпо | chempo | where | Where specifically. Often used after хэвпэ / chewpe. |
| хэвпэ | chewpe | where | Used for something in an unknown place or something far away. |
Verbs[]
| Tson Cyrillic | Tson Latin | English | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| мох | moch | rub | |
| мах | mach | kill | |
| сомо | somo | exit | |
| нова | nowa | see | |
| эҫ | eth | feel (emotionally) | |
| пар | par | fight | |
| мэна | mena | separate / split | |
| твэр | twer | take | |
| мәцо | mætso | give | |
| эм | em | is / am | |
| овэц | owets | are | Considered a separate verb from эм / em |
| пэриас | perias | build | |
| энэм | enem | talk | It has a connotation that you are trying to convince or manipulate someone to do something |
| монэхэ | moneche | go | |
| сим | sim | rise | |
| шим | shim | need | |
| дәв | dæw | call (something) | Not used for calling on a phone |
| миәр | miær | move | |
| мэмáв | memáw | think (about) | If you think about something like a person, you would say that you think something. You would say: "Ро мэмáв хон." / "Ro memáw chon." |
| маранáр | maranár | keep | |
| эна | ena | acknowledge | |
| отидá | otidá | do | |
| дэз | dez | have | |
| пахсо | pachso | speak | |
| нэжин | nezhin | learn | |
| шос | shos | want | |
| сисэд | sised | dance | |
| хропти | chropti | write | |
| сиәр | siær | come / approach | |
| пэмэр | pemer | work | |
| хамәцо | chamætso | pay | |
| схэс | sches | hurt / harm | |
| хвәнэ | chwæne | wrap | |
| мазир | mazir | allow | |
| иамáз | iamáz | attract | |
| новнэл | nownel | search | |
| дэвэ | dewe | eat | |
| дажэл | dazhel | count | |
| эрэзихо | erezicho | converse | |
| сэвох | sewoch | point out | |
| эдэх | edech | call for / summon | |
| пи | pi | fear | |
| тэндэ | tende | buy | |
| остажо | ostazho | birth / bear | |
| и | i | pro-verb | When used after a long conjunction, this verb replicates the verb used in the first clause, the adverbs that modify it (unless another is specified), and the object. An example is the sentence: "Ро эпло дэвэ алмэ паав ом и ҫрәв." / "Ro eplo dewe alme paaw om i thræw." / "I quickly eat an apple and (I) quickly eat an apple at a table." The verb и / i takes the meaning of the words эпло дэвэ алмэ / eplo dewe alme, since those words are the verb, adverb, and object. However, a different adverb is specified before it because the sentence does not mean "... and quickly eat the apple the table." |
| сэн | sen | like / enjoy | |
| азо | azo | love | |
| эво | ewo | connect / join | |
| мир | mir | die | |
| лэхэ | leche | sleep | |
| порин | porin | make / cause | |
| моташо | motasho | commit (to) | |
| ханэх | chanech | breathe | |
| энэх | enech | live | |
| ҫэво | thewo | rain / shower | |
| дозир | dozir | throw | |
| промрон | promron | vomit | |
| риатá | riatá | sing | |
| вов | wow | say | |
| мошо | mosho | hunt |
Adjectives[]
| Tson Cyrillic | Tson Latin | English | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| дор | dor | bad | |
| ин | in | not | |
| вис | wis | wet | |
| хри | chri | vast / large | Used in the number system as 510 or 9,765,625 |
| мэан | mean | separate | |
| жолэм | zholem | old | |
| лээв | leew | away | |
| хвит | chwit | good | |
| хэми | chemi | safe | |
| мис | mis | small | |
| иан | ian | one | |
| шота | shota | other | |
| олэ | ole | many | |
| нонә | nonæ | few / little (in amount) | |
| мэнэ | mene | almost | |
| мол | mol | evil | |
| мэнэх | menech | black | The largest city to exist in the Tson State, Menech, derives its name from this. Black was seen as the color of trade and commerce. This symbolism is unrelated to the term "black market". |
| можэшхо | mozheshcho | easy | |
| отор | otor | soon | |
| лэтор | letor | late | This is etymologically unrelated to the words "late" and "later" |
| пэрэ | pere | pure / perfect | |
| әтор | ætor | early | |
| ишэс | ishes | maybe | |
| маж | mazh | all | |
| дэв | dew | two | |
| тиш | tish | three | |
| хэвто | chewto | four | |
| пэв | pew | big | Used in the number system as 3,125 |
| эимэ | eime | happy / jolly | |
| риэж | riezh | sharp | |
| ипо | ipo | pointy | |
| нии | nii | dull | |
| дорсои | dorsoi | lone | |
| моташхо | motashcho | dedicated / committed | |
| пэздэ | pezde | important | |
| овроз | owroz | long | |
| иҫно | ithno | wide | |
| пво | pwo | few | |
| сио | sio | green | Comes from сио / sio meaning leaf. |
| сим | sim | up | Comes from сим / sim meaning rise. |
| эжпэм | ezhpem | modest | |
| эил | eil | blue | |
| нэхрил | nechril | red | |
| дэтам | detam | yellow | |
| шэпрам | shepram | strange | A phrase шэпрам эил / shepram eil is used to refer to the color purple. |
| омозэ | omoze | glad | This is used as a one word phrase meaning "thank you." |
Adverbs[]
These words below are restricted to only being adverbs, while the adjectives in the above table can function as adverbs as well. As such, English adverbs such as "quickly" or "eerily" are translated with adverbs from the adjective table above, while prepositions such as "to" or "against" are translated with adverbs from the below table.
| Tson Cyrillic | Tson Latin | English | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| ом | om | at / to | |
| са | sa | against | |
| лээ | lee | from | |
| мвэд | mwed | with | |
| махá | machá | for | |
| вэх | wech | out (from) | |
| эрэ | ere | gets rid of locational adverb | This is commonly used in the language's equivalent of the dative case. More detail is provided in the syntax section in the grammar. |
| хэмпи | chempi | near / close (to) | |
| ихэ | iche | in |