Tsrul

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Progress 101%
	Stats Nouns 100% Verbs 100% Adjectives 100% Syntax 100% Words 2000+ of 1500

	Gender	Cases	Numbers	Tenses	Persons	Moods	Voices	Aspects
Verb	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Nouns	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
Adjectives	No	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No
Numbers	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Participles	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Adverb	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Pronouns	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No
Adpositions	No	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No
Article	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No
Particle	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	Yes

These boolean values are not necessarily uniformly true; some markers are optional. (if you notice any of these values incorrectly representing the language, feel free to change them to reflect the actual language in its use. This table is a bit confusing for me, which will make you laugh when you see how many tables are involved in Tsrul.)

Name: Tsrul Type: Agglutinating Fusional Alignment: Agent-Patient Head Direction: Initial Number of genders: 3 Declensions: Yes Conjugations: Yes Nouns declined according to Case Number Definitiveness Gender Verbs conjugated according to Voice Mood Person Number Tense Aspect

Setting

Tsrul, or more formally, The language of the Tsrul (naxam tsrulpul) is the lingua franca of the Tsrul race, a space-faring species of the genus Cosmanthropus in the distant future.The Tsrul evolutionary path has diverged radically from modern humans. Their primary mode of transportation is capable of manipulating time and space, resulting in their colonization of an enormous swath of space and time in the cosmos. Though there are some dialectical differences, the homogeneity of Tsrul culture as a result of their highly mobile lifestyle makes the language fairly uniform. It is not the only language spoken by the Tsrul, but it is the most common. One notable dialect, known as core speech (naxam yosizam/naxam yosi) lacks many of the grammatical markers in Standard Tsrul, instead having a more rigorous syntactic alignment.

The Second Reform Script

The language was reformed twice before Standard Tsrul (the language described on this page) was finalized near the beginning of the Tsrul-Uthan Epoch. Some wordforms underwent mutations from the first reform to the second, so there are a few irregular forms and idiosyncrasies within the language. Tsrul is written using the Second Reform Script (ḋinim guṡaʻzam i solzam).

Culture

Tsrul-Uthan Culture is based largely on the fact that the Tsrul are primarily a time-travelling, space-faring race, spending very little time on the surface of planets. They are particularly non-violent compared to other human-derived species, as they must maintain peaceful living environments for extended periods of time.

Phonology

Tsrul is composed of 27 consonants and 9 vowels.

The layout of the Tsrul keyboard

If you would like to type with the diacritic letters and tone accents in the Tsrul romanization provided on this page, feel free to download the Windows keyboard layout installer located here.

Consonants

	Bilabial		Dental		Alveolar		Retroflex		Palat.		Uvular*		Glottal
Nas.	m̥(hm)	m			n̥(hn)	n					ɴ̥(hṅ)	ɴ(ṅ)
Stop	p	b			t	d					q	ɢ(g)	ʔ(ʻ)
Fric.	ɸ(ṗ)	β(ḃ)	θ(ṫ)	ð(ḋ)	s	z	ʂ(ṡ)	ʐ(ż)			χ(x)		h
Appr.		w							j(y)
Trill						r
Lat.						l

All of the Nasal, Approximant, Trill/tap, Lateral, and Glottal consonants are phonemically sonorant in Tsrul.

^{* when preceding i, ĭ, e, and ĕ, (below) or y, the uvular consonants are pronounced as velars. (e.g.: ṅi [ŋi], qĭ [kɪ], ge [ge], and xĕ [xɛ])}

Vowels

	Front		Near front		Central		Near back		Back
Close	i									u
Near-close			ɪ (ĭ)					ʊ (ŏ)
Close-mid	e
Mid
Open-mid	ɛ (ĕ)								ʌ (ŭ)
Near-open
Open	a									ɒ (o)

Phonotactics

Syllable structure

The possible Tsrul syllable structure is of the form (Cᴏɴs.(Fʀɪᴄ.))(Sᴏɴᴏʀ.)V(V)(Sᴏɴᴏʀ.)(Sᴏɴᴏʀ.)

Sound change rules

1. nasal consonants undergo place assimilation before non-sonorants. [n+p] → [mp]

1. sonorants preceding the same sonorant (including vowels) due to word formation are deleted, not doubled. for instance, [m+m] → [m]
2. word-initial [ʔ] is changed to [h]
3. if [h] meets a sonorant due to word formation, [h] is deleted. [pinuh+nto] → [pinunto]
4. epenthesis - when roots are combined in ways that could make non-sonorant consonants touch, [i] is inserted between them. (this is a rare occurance.) [oṫ+qa] → [oṫiqa]
5. uvular consonants [ɴ,q,ɢ,χ] alternate freely with velar consonants [ŋ,k,g,x] when followed by the vowels [i,ɪ,e,ɛ] or palatal [j] (very few native Tsrul speakers notice the difference between uvular/velar sounds)

Affricates

• Plosive Consonants can be affricated with their fricative counterparts, forming [p͡ɸ] [t͡θ] [q͡χ] [b͡β] [d͡ð] and [ʔ͡h].

• [p], [t], and [q] can all be combined with [s] and [ʂ], while [b] and [d] can be combined with [z] and [ʐ].

Diphthongs

	y/ĭ	w/ŏ
beginning with	ya yo yu yĕ yĭ yŭ	wa wo wu wĕ wĭ wi wŭ
ending with	aĭ oĭ uĭ ĕĭ ŭĭ	aŏ oŏ ŭŏ

Digraphs

• [hm], [hn], and [hṅ] are digraphs for the voiceless nasals, and act as single sonorant consonants in usage. Thus, letter clusters such as /hml/ can be formed in Tsrul syllables, despite the phonemic constraint of Tsrul syllable structure allowing only two sonorants at the end of a syllable.

Notable Aspects

Cores

The most important parts of Tsrul grammar are the lexemic cores. Somewhat like triliteral word roots in Semitic languages, Tsrul cores are modified by affixes to create the word forms of nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. Tsrul words are listed in dictionaries by their cores, and dozens of individual forms can be created from a single core. Stress exists on cores with multiple syllables, but is fluid and unpredictable.

Word Order

For declarative sentences and dependent clauses, the word order is typically (Subject)(Object)Verb. However, a comprehensive case system allows for some variation without a loss in listener/reader comprehension. Since verbs usually have a subject marker included in their circumfix, the Subject does not necessarily need to be overtly stated. As not all sentences include Objects, it is entirely possible to create many whole sentences using a single word.

questions which elicit a yes/no response generally have the form Verb (Subject)(Object).

To be

One of the most notable aspects of Tsrul is its complete lack of the verb "to be." Native Tsrul speakers have some difficulty grasping the concept of its usage, and many never learn how to use it correctly in their auxiliary languages. The closest verb in meaning to it is "to exist," which itself is very restricted in its usage. It is used only to refer to the 'action' of Existence, the abstract concept. As such, many statements which would use "to be" in English or other languages must be rephrased in terms of frame of reference when translated into Tsrul. For instance, a Tsrul speaker would say "I see the apple as red," rather than "The apple is Red."

Parts of Speech

Nouns

Cases

Tsrul has nine cases. these case infixes are appended directly after the core.

	ᴀɢᴇ	ᴘᴀᴛ	ᴀᴄᴄ	ᴅᴀᴛ	ᴄᴏᴍ	ʟᴏᴄ*	ᴛᴇᴍᴘ*	ɪɴsᴛ	sɪᴍ
form	−	-a-	-to-	-so-	-pu-	-ye-	-eĭ-	-xo-	-ża-

^{* can be merged into the form -yeĭ- for the “locative temporal,” showing space/time relationships, i.e. “where and when Gene is.”}

• The Agentive case (unmarked) is used with the agent of an active verb, as in the sentence “Gene went outside.”
• The Patientive case is used with the patient of a passive verb, as in the sentence “Gene was hit by a car.”
• The Accusative case is used for the direct object of a transitive verb, as in the sentences “Gene ate an apple,” or “Gene gave a car to Alice.”
• The Dative case is used for the indirect object of a ditransitive verb, as in the sentence “Gene gave a car to Alice.” It is also used to denote the agent in passive ditransitive constructions, such as “Alice was given a car by Gene.”
• The Commitative case is used for ‘with’ relationships, as in the sentence “Gene walked with Alice.” It is also used to describe relationships of possession, with the possessor in the Commitative case, which requires some rephrasing to accurately translate into English; e.g. “The apple Gene had with him was red,” or to rephrase into a more common possessive phrase, “The apple of Gene was red.” Possessive English phrases of the form “X’s Y,” will translate as [Y] [X.ᴄᴏᴍ].
• The Locative case is used to show static location. it holds a similar meaning to the English prepositions “on,” “near,” “in,” or “at.” with motion verbs (to go, to come, to walk, etc.), it means “to.” with prepositions, it shows motion in relation to the word. prepositions would be placed after the locative word to which they refer, such as ṗayem rela, lit. "the door [ʟᴏᴄ] behind" for "behind the door"
• The Temporal case is used to indicate a moment in time. it mirrors the locative case, but with time. However, it is important to note that it can be used in ways such as “During the rule of Charlemagne” or “the place in time that Gene is”, which can be far-removed from the current time. the tonal tense markers provide the objectʻs temporal location in relation to the speaker.
• The Instrumental case shows the relationship of the tool to the user, as in the sentence “Gene drove the nail using a hammer.” It is also used to denote the logical agent in monotransitive passive constructions, such as “The apple was eaten by Gene.”
• The Similative case is used to indicate likeness or similarity, as in “Madonna is like a virgin.”
• A bare core signifies the (officially unrecognized) Vocative case. e.g., dżinm means ‘the truth,’ whereas dżin means ‘O, truth,’ ‘O, Gene,’ or simply ‘Gene.’

​Number marker

There are three grammatical numbers, Singular, Paucal, and Plural. Paucal is directly translated as "a few" or "several." In their simplest form, the number markers are appended directly after the case ending. singular is denoted by [-m], paucal [-l], and plural [-r]. The paucal/plural barrier is variable, typically between three and six, but can be very high, as in reference to extremely large groups.

Determiner Suffixes

However, both number and case are slightly more complicated with the addition of determiner suffixes on nouns. The suffixes take many varying forms depending on the determiner which is appended to the noun. For instance, the noun ṅanom means 'boat' or 'the boat', while ṅanomo means 'a boat.' When ṅanomo is declined into the dative case, it becomes ṅanonso (with the singular [m] changing to [n] due to nasal place assymilation.), meaning 'to a boat.' The varying forms of these determiner suffixes are shown below.

	ᴀɢᴇ	ᴘᴀᴛ	ᴀᴄᴄ	ᴅᴀᴛ	ᴄᴏᴍ	ʟᴏᴄ	ᴛᴇᴍᴘ	ɪɴsᴛ	sɪᴍ
the	-m	-am	-tom	-som	-pum	-yem	-eĭm	-xom	-żam
a/an/some	-mo	-ma	-nto	-nso	-mpu	-mye	-meĭ	-ṅqo	-ṅża
every/all	-amo	-ama	-atom	-asom	-apum	-ayem	-aĭm	-axom	-ażam
no/none	-qmo	-qma	-qitmo	-qismo	-qipmu	-qime	-qimĭ	-qixmo	-qiżma
this/these	-ḋmo	-ḋam	-ḋotom	-ḋosom	-ḋopum	-ḋoyem	-ḋoĭm	-ḋoxom	-ḋożam
that/those	-smo	-sam	-sotom	-sosom	-sopum	-soyem	-soĭm	-soxom	-sożam
yonder*	-ṗmo	-ṗam	-ṗotom	-ṗosom	-ṗopum	-ṗoyem	-ṗoĭm	-ṗoxom	-ṗożam

^{*essentially a further 'that,' similar to Spanish 'alli'. if the speaker cannot see the object, or if it is in another room/area, or not immediately present, this is used. 'yonder' or 'yon' are the translated forms.}

Gender Suffixes

Gender is entirely optional in Tsrul, and is rarely used unless either a distinction needs to be made or the gender of an entity is important information. The masculine infix [-ʻa-], the feminine [-ha-], and the neuter [-na-] are inserted before the number/determiner suffix.

Derivational Prefixes

Derivational prefixes attach directly to the core in a Tsrul word, regardless of other grammatical prefixes. The derivational prefixes which turn words into nouns are as follows:

	English Equivalent	Prefix	Acts on
One who does	musician, worker	la-	Nouns
Place of	apiary, library, bakery	nyu-	Nouns
Idea of	frendliness, pacifism	ṫo-	Adjectives
Abstraction, Gerund	vibration, swimming	qe-	Nouns
Synthetic	faux fur, pleather	zu-	Nouns

Irregular Nouns

Several classes of nouns always take the paucal number, regardless of their logical number.

• Ethnonyms, such as 'Tsrul,' 'American,' or 'East Asian.'
• Mass nouns, such as 'rice' or 'honey.' These nouns are easily predictable in Tsrul: If the texture of the entity in its current state is either granular or fluid, it will almost always be considered a mass noun. notable exceptions include nouns like ṡuyam - 'teardrop,' qṡuarm - 'atmosphere' and ŏṅmaṡoyr - 'pebbles.'

Other nouns are always singular, such as ṫum - 'time,' mĕnm - 'the universe/space' and gobam - 'humanity.' this class can be viewed as "non-stative mass entities," which change slowly over time as constituent parts are created, change, and die.

Finally, a second declension of composite nouns sets itself apart by having a merged-number [-n] ending. These are nouns which are either

• always physically present in a relatively small group which cannot separately maintain stasis, or
• are abstractions such as emotions or nonphysical entities, or
• are widely varied categories of similarly purposed items, such as food.

nouns like horn - 'quarks,'  ĭnten - 'happiness,' and tanyan - 'music' belong to this declension.

Miscellany

The diminutive marker, which fits between the core and the number ending, is -tṡoy- or -ṡoy-, as in ŏṅmaṡoyr above (ŏṅma [ᴍɪɴᴇʀᴀʟ] + ṡoy [ᴅɪᴍ] + r [ᴘʟᴜ]). Whether it takes the form of -ṡoy- or -tṡoy- is based almost entirely on speaker preference, though there are some words which uniformly use one form or the other.

Adjectives

Adjectives in Tsrul are shown with suffixes, and are declined for number to match the noun they are modifying.

Markers

	Adjective	Comparative	Superlative	Equative
Form	-za-	-zo-	-zoĭ-	-zaĭ-
Tsrul Example	uṫazam	uṫazom	uṫazoĭm	uṫazaĭm
Eng. Equivalent	bright	brighter than	brightest	as bright as

When adjectives are used in comparison to nouns, the similative case is used on the noun being compared to the antecedent. For instance, zĕgim eqaḋaŏ uṫazom ṗelaṅżam eqaḋaŏ, ʻ[The sun (ᴀɢᴇ)] [brighter than] [the moon (sɪᴍ)] [shines].'

Derivational Prefixes

As with nouns, Derivational prefixes are prefixed to the cores.

	English Equivalent	Prefix	Acts on
opposite	unstable, inactive	xa-	Adjectives
lack	expressionless	ba-	Nouns
surfeit	wonderful	ṗo-	Nouns
possibility	apposable	he-	Verbs
liking	thermophilic	ga-	Nouns
disliking	hydrophobic	tṡĕ-	Nouns
inhabitant*	Japanese, Belgian	bwa-	Nouns
weakened	safeish, kinda fun	haŏ-	Adverbs
strengthened	extreme to the max	ya-	Adjectives

^{*not used with species, such as ‘Tsrul’ or 'Uthan,' only races or nationalities, such as 'Senegalese' or 'Italian'}

Verbs

Verbs are arguably the most salient and complex part of the Tsrul Language. They have the most features of any part of speech in Tsrul, and are capable of conveying a huge amount of information. The verbal circumfix is very complex, and will be broken down into several parts for this explanation.

Person and number prefix

The prefix which conveys the information of person and number on Tsrul verbs is inflected into varying forms. They are inflected for the singular, paucal and plural numbers as well as the active, middle, and passive voices in four persons. The first, second, and third persons function as expected in relation to many other languages. The middle voice is used for actions whose agents are also their patients, as well as with reflexive verbs. For instance, 'the door opened,' 'the man shot himself,' 'we met one another,' and 'you slapped your own face' would all use the middle voice in Tsrul. The fourth person functions much the same way "one" or "they" is used in some English constructions: as an unspecific, general entity. It is important to note that the paucal first person functions as an exclusive first person; indicating that the speaker and another party, but not the listener, were involved in the action. The plural first person functions as an inclusive first person, where the listener is included.

Aᴄᴛɪᴠᴇ	First	Second	Third	Fourth
Singular	ḋo-	ho-	so-	ṗo-
Paucal	ḋa-	ha-	sa-	ṗa-
Plural	ḋe-	he-	se-	ṗe-

Mɪᴅᴅʟᴇ	First	Second	Third	Fourth
Singular	do-	o-	to-	po-
Paucal	da-	a-	ta-	pa-
Plural	de-	e-	te-	pe-

Pᴀssɪᴠᴇ	First	Second	Third	Fourth
Singular	indo-	ino-	into-	impo-
Paucal	inda-	ina-	inta-	impa-
Plural	inde-	ine-	inte-	impe-

These prefixes are not necessarily attached to every verb. If the subject remains the same through an entire statement, these prefixes are entirely optional on all but the main verb (usually the final verb in a sentence), and they are frequently dropped by Tsrul speakers. In fact, entire stories can be related with only a single verb having its person and number explicitly stated, provided that the subject remains the same through the story. It is only in formal discourse that every verb is expected to have these prefixes. This is one of the few honorific features of Tsrul; providing all of the prefixes on verbs suggests that the speaker views the conversation as a formal encounter, and holds the listener in high esteem.

However, the usage of these prefixes is not entirely limited to verbs. A possessive construction such as 'my pet' or 'their cars' will use the active prefixes attached to a declined noun to show this relationship. For instance, since 'pet' is qsim in Tsrul, 'my pet' would be ḋoqsim.

Similarly, object pronouns (e.g. I gave them to you.) are the active prefixes with case endings attached. Since the prefixes are already inflected for number, the m/l/r number endings are not added. For instance, 'I gave them to you (paucal)' is hoso sato ḋoʻalḋáŏ́ in Tsrul.

mo (the number zero) can also be used as a personal prefix to indicate forbidden, taboo, or incredibly undesired actions, roughly translating as 'nobody does [action].' mo used as a prefix is not inflected for number.

Evidential suffix

The suffix of verbs provides evidential information, letting the listener know how certain the speaker is that the action happened. There are four levels of this evidentiality: The speaker experiences the event (sensory), The event is relayed to the speaker by another party (reportative), the speaker assumes or infers that the event takes place (inferential), and the speaker refers to a hypothetical or common-knowledge event (indeterminant). These suffixes are inflected in discrete (I eat) and continuous (I am eating) forms, as well as in the indicative and subjunctive moods.

Iɴᴅɪᴄᴀᴛɪᴠᴇ	Sensory	Reportative	Inferential	Indeterminant
Discrete	-ḋaŏ	-ḋoŏ	-yaŏ	-yoŏ
Continuous	-ḋaĭ	-ḋoĭ	-yaĭ	-yoĭ

Sᴜʙᴊᴜɴᴄɪᴛᴠᴇ	Sensory	Reportative	Inferential	Indeterminant
Discrete	-ḋwa	-ḋwo	-wa	-wo
Continuous	-ḋwĕ	-ḋwi	-wĕ	-wi

Tonal tense

Tense is shown on the evidential suffix with tone curves. the tones fall on the [aŏ],[oŏ],[aĭ],[oĭ],[wa],[wo],[wĕ], and [wi] segments of the suffixes shown above. There are seven tenses in Tsrul: the infinite past, The distant past, the near past, the present, the near future, the distant future, and the infinite future. This great number of tenses is a reflection of the Tsrul ability to easily travel through time; any given speaker can experience an enormous time frame, and as such the language has grown to allow speakers to more easily express these time frames.

However, the tenses are not divided by specific time scales. For instance, when speaking of the year 1992 (CE), one would generally default to using the distant past. It is a point in time that speakers alive today would be able to remember with certainty, but it is far-removed from the present year. However, when speaking of the year 1992 in comparison to the year 20,000 BCE, the recent past would be used: it is much, much closer to the present than the year 20,000 BCE. Alternatively, 20,000 BCE would be in the infinite past in relation to the present, but would be the infinite future if the speaker was referencing that date 1 billion years ago.

But in general, the default barriers of these tenses are broken down in the following manner: anywhere from 2 months to a year from the speaker's present time would usually be considered the near tenses. Beyond that, up until the points in time where no currently-present person would be expected to experience the event (i.e., they were not yet/would no longer be alive), the distant tenses would typically be used. This provides a time frame of approximately 200 years into the past and future. However, cultural epochs or other 'temporal landmarks' are also some of the intuitive timescales used to divide these tenses. Finally, anything beyond the limits of the distant tenses would be referenced with the infinite tenses.

There are three tones in Tsrul: the high tone [◌́], the low tone [◌̀], and the middle tone [◌]. To create the tenses in Tsrul, the tones are used as follows:

	Inf. Past	Dist. Past	Rec. Past	Present	Near Fut.	Dist. Fut.	Inf. Fut.
Form	◌̀◌	◌◌̀	◌̀◌̀	◌◌	◌́◌́	◌◌́	◌́◌

Additionally, there are two other 'tense-like' tones in Tsrul.

• The momentative, which functions much like the english word 'just' (as in, 'I just washed my car, and now itʻs raining.' ). When used with a continuous evidential marker, it functions like the english phrase 'about to.' Its tone curve is [◌́◌̀].
• The frequentative, which indicates that the action is habitual or regularly recurring. When used with a continuous Evidential suffix, it indicates that the action occurs occasionally or unpredictably, but still repetitively. Its tone curve is [◌̀◌́]. When the frequentative tone curve is used with the perfective particle, it signifies that the action was done repetitively in the past, but no longer happens.

All of these tones can be used on nouns in the temporal case to show the noun's relative position in time compared to the speaker.

Aspectual markers

Aspectual markers fall into two categories in Tsrul: suffixed markers, or proclitic particles.

The suffixed markers include the following, which are attached after the evidential suffix. When all of the suffixes are present, they are added in the following order.

1. Many languages ask questions by modifying the intonation of statements. Since tone is used to show tense in Tsrul, the suffix [-r] signifies that the verb is a question.
2. The suffix [-m] (or [-mi]) signifies that the verb is causitive. For instance, ṡoquxom ḋoŏmḋàŏ̀ ʻI tripped over the root' vs. ṡoquxom ḋoŏmḋàŏ̀m 'I was caused to trip over the root.' The grammatical agent stays the same, but the agency of the verb is shifted. The form [-mi] is used only when the perfective marker is also present.
3. The perfective marker [-n] signifies completion of the action as a whole, rather than as an ongoing event. Since English lacks a true perfective, it is somewhat difficult to convey the difference in meaning. However, the difference can be illustrated with the following example: glum soṡenḋàŏ̀ 'The wood burned' vs. glum soṡenḋàŏ̀n 'The wood burned up.'

The proclitic particles also have a specific order, and are written as separate words before the verb.

1. [ŭ] is used to make the verb perfect. It is important to note that this is not the same effect as the perfective marker above. To use the same example, glum soṡenḋàŏ̀n means 'The wood burned up,' while glum ŭ soṡenḋàŏ̀n means 'The wood had burned up.'
2. [u] makes the verb dynamic. This changes the verb from a simple action to an action that involves change, imparts motion to the verb, or otherwise strengthens the effect of the verb. For instance, nuqumyoŏ means 'to apply pressure,' while u nuqumyoŏ means 'to rub'
3. [e] adds the mode of capability to the verb. It functions in essentially the same manner as the English verb 'can.' For Example, ḋoyupaḋaŏ 'I sing' vs. e ḋoyupaḋaŏ 'I can sing'
4. [o] changes the verb to the supine, meaning 'for the purpose of...' or 'in order to...' For example, hunam o impożoʻḋoŏ 'food is for eating' (lit. for being eaten). although there is no infinitive to speak of in Tsrul, the supine can be used to convey the meaning. For example, o ṗonaxa​ḋaŏ 'to speak' (for the purpose of one speaking). generally, when the fourth person is used, or especially if the personal prefix is dropped, this infinitival aspect is more apparent.

Auxiliary verbs

Auxiliary verbs in Tsrul are conjugated to provide the information that the sentence is meant to convey. The verbs they modify are always in the subjunctive, and are connected to the auxiliary verbs with the particle [i]. This particle provides no added meaning, and serves only to show that the two verbs are logically connected. The verbs can be ordered in any fashion, so long as they are all connected in the sentence, and joined with the [i] particle.

Examples inᴄlude:

yalṡoyĕm ḋoulyaḋaŏ i qonḋwa - 'I want to walk to the river'

Irregular verbs

There are five irregular verbs in standard Tsrul, which are irregular only in their evidential forms. All other verbal prefixes and aspectual markers attach to the verbs as would be expected.

Possess [maḃa]

	Sensory	Reportative	Inferential	Uncertain
Indic. Disc	maḃaŏ	maḃoŏ	maĭḃaŏ	maĭḃoŏ
Indic. Cont.	maḃaĭ	maḃoĭ	maĭḃaĭ	maĭḃoĭ
Subj. Disc.	maḃwa	maḃwo	mawa	mawo
Subj. Cont.	maḃwĕ	maḃwi	mawĕ	mawi

Go [diru]

	Sensory	Reportative	Inferential	Uncertain
Indic. Disc.	dirḋwu	dirḋwo	diryu	diryo
Indic. Cont.	dirḋwa	dirḋwi	dirya	diryi
Subj. Disc.	diruwa	diruwo	dirwa	dirwo
Subj. Cont.	diruwĕ	diruwi	dirwĕ	dirwi

Converse [bŭ]

	Sensory	Reportative	Inferential	Uncertain
Indic. Disc.	baŏ	boŏ	bjaŏ	byoŏ
Indic. Cont.	baĭ	boĭ	bjaĭ	byoĭ
Subj. Disc.	bŭwa	bŭwo	bwa	bwo
Subj. Cont.	bŭwĕ	bŭwi	bwĕ	bwi

See [nĕpo]

	Sensory	Reportative	Inferential	Uncertain
Indic. Disc.	nĕpaŏ	nĕpoŏ	nyĕpaŏ	nyĕpoŏ
Indic. Cont.	nĕpaĭ	nĕpoĭ	nyepaĭ	nyĕpoĭ
Subj. Disc.	nĕpowa	nĕpowo	nĕpwa	nĕpwo
Subj. Cont.	nĕpowĕ	nĕpowi	nĕpwĕ	nĕpwi

Do/aᴄt [ĕm]

	Sensory	Reportative	Inferential	Uncertain
Indic. Disc.	ĕmaŏ	ĕmoŏ	yĕmaŏ	yĕmoŏ
Indic. Cont.	ĕmaĭ	ĕmoĭ	yĕmaĭ	yĕmoĭ
Subj. Disc.	ĕmwa	ĕmwo	yĕmwa	yĕmwo
Subj. Cont.	ĕmwĕ	ĕmwi	yĕmwĕ	yĕmwi

Imperatives

Two ways to show imperatives exist in Tsrul. either the speaker can use the imperative cores iṅqo (request), into (imploration), or impo (demand) as auxiliary verbs, or the appended forms of these cores (-ṅqo, -nto, and -mpo, respectively) can be suffixed directly to the core of the imperative verb. in the auxiliary format, a marginal level of formality can be maintained, even while demanding forcefully that someone do something, and can also be used to specify who is demanding action from whom. The appended forms are usually used when efficiency of phrasing or timing are important factors, especially in emergencies or when formality is not an issue.

Adverbs

Adverbs are arguably the simplest part of the Tsrul Language. If a core starts with a consonant, it is prefixed with [pi-] to make it an adverb. If the core starts with a vowel, it is prefixed with [py-]. As it is inflected using a prefix, the other parts of speech (which are shown with suffixes) can generally be changed into adverbs.

the only derivational affix used with adverbs is the negative suffix [-xal], which has the same meaning as English 'un-.' This suffix is placed after any other suffixes that may be attached to the core.

Grammatical Particles

conjunctions

Conjunctions in Tsrul are particles which are placed between the items they join. However, there are also proclitic prefixed forms which can be connected to the second (and consecutive) items in a series.

conjunction	particle	prefix
for	qo	qo-
and	a/al	a-
nor	zon
but	oṗa	ṗa-
or	no	no-
yet	yuru	yur-
so	muna
either...or	yan...yan	...ya-
not only...but also	dĕṅ...dĕṅ	...dĕ-
neither...nor	żaṅ...żaṅ	...ża-
both...and	tin...tin	...ti-
whether...or	oma...oma	...om-

Subordinating conjunctions

This list is incomplete, and will be expanded as needed.

pṗo - although	yam - so that	pito - even though	żŏṅ - in order to
azi - which	yan - because	aŏl - how	żuqa - lest
nun - except	ḃaŏ - before	qaxa - if	braŏ - since
upa - after	oṫi -where	eyo - inasmuch	ĕdzin - provided that
żuna - whenever	oṫĕn - wherever	byĕ - until	qayo - for some time
poĭ - that	ini - still

Correlative pronouns

This (admittedly large) table shows the various correlative pronouns available in Tsrul, as well as their translations. These pronouns are declined for case and number in the sentence when applicable. final vowels on these pronouns are usually deleted when declined suffixes begin with vowels. for instance, "at this time" would be declined as [ożiḋo]+[eĭ]+[m] and would have the form ożiḋeĭm.

	query	this	that	yonder	some	no	every/all
adjective	-iam	-ḋro	-sro	-ṗro	-ro	-qro	-aro
	which...?	this	that	yon	some/a	no	every/all
person	oṗiam	oṗiḋo-	oṗiso-	oṗiṗo-	oṗir-	oṗiqa-	oṗa-
	who...?	this one	that one	yon one	someone	no one	everyone
thing	aṗiam	aṗiḋo-	aṗiso-	aṗiṗo-	aṗir-	aṗiqa-	aṗa
	what...?	this thing	that thing	yon thing	something	nothing	everything
place	oṫiam	oṫiḋo-	oṫiso-	oṫiṗo-	oṫir-	oṫiqa-	oṫa-
	where...?	here	there	yonder	somewhere	nowhere	everywhere
time	ożiam	ożiḋo-	ożiso-	ożiṗo-	ożir-	ożiqa-	oża-
	when...?	now	then	yon time	sometime	never	always
way	aŏiam	aŏḋo-	aŏso-	aŏṗo-	aŏir-	aŏqa-	aŏa-
	how...?	thus	in that way	in a way	somehow	in no way	in every way
reason	umiam	unḋo-	unso-	umṗo-	umir-	uṅqa-	uma-
	why...?	for this reason	for that reason	therefore	for some reason	for no reason	for every reason

Mixed Parts

Tsrul has the unique ability to blend parts of speech, such as nouns and verbs, verbs and adjectives, etc., to create nuanced expression, as well as densely-packed meaning in a small number of words. Since verbs are so integral to the formation of Tsrul sentences, part-mixing happens mostly on verbs, but there is no rule against creating words that are, for instance, adjectival nouns or adverbial adjectives.

Part-mixing is demonstrated with the following example (words are directly parsed in brackets):

qaxa gyatom hoqaṅqroḋaŏ, hoyaonjozayáĭ.

[IF] [WAY.ᴀᴄᴄ] [2sɢ.KNOWLEDGE.NONE.sᴇɴs-ᴀᴄᴛ-ᴅɪsᴄ] [2sɢ.sᴛʀᴏɴɢ.LOST.ᴀᴅᴊ.ɪɴFᴇʀ-ᴀᴄᴛ-ᴄᴏɴᴛ-ɪɴFFᴜᴛ]

“If you have no knowledge of the way, I assume you will forever be throughly lost.”

If, however, the verb is a simple negative like hoxalqanḋaŏ rather than hoqaṅqroḋaŏ, the meaning changes slightly to “If you don’t know the way [...] ,” which shifts the perspective from the subject’s knowledge to the subject.

As stated, part-mixing can create very nuanced distinctions, but can also be very confusing for Tsrul beginners. It is recommended that learners of Tsrul ensure that they have thoroughly learned the basics of the language before attempting to master part-mixing.

Specialized Terminology

Idioms

pinunto - 'a greeting [ᴀᴄᴄ]' (shortened from 'I give you a greeting') - hello (declines for number of people being greeted)

ṫolapum - 'of the error' (shortened from 'this results from my error.') - I'm sorry

ṗogudżoyoŏ pibŭĭtan - 'to laugh widely' - to laugh heartily

ṗonaxayoŏ piḋomlĕĭn - 'to speak crookedly' - to be drunk

uṫanżam ṗonaxayoŏ - 'to speak like an uthan' - to paint or create visual art

ṅŭĭltom ṗoŭtoŏṅyoŏ - 'to drink the ocean(/lake/river/etc)' - to drown (the body of water the person drowns in is used in the idiom)

giqatom yotsoyoŏ [ᴄᴏᴍ] - 'to steal the ear [of someone]' - to scream at/berate [someone]

Numbers

Tsrul numbers are base 60, with a sub-base at 10, much like Babylonian numerals. Zero, which is grammatically handled in a different manner than the other numbers, is mo (or om, if it repeats after mo.) If the number zero is used as a noun, it takes the composite -n noun ending, as do any of the words modifying it. verbs pertaining to the number zero only use the fourth person.

numbers in the ones place in the Tsrul numeral system are im (1), sol (2), bil (3), hĕl (4), nol (5), nyar (6), myĕr (7), zyĕr (8), and or (9)

numbers in the tens place are il (10), sor (20), bir (30), hĕr (40), and nor (50). ir can sometimes be used as 60 (only when two consecutive digits of a number are 01:00).

The following examples are provided to show the form of written Tsrul numerals, as well as their numeric base-60 forms and converted base-10 forms.

sorim bil = 21:03 = 1,260

sorim mo bil mo om = 21:00:03:00:00 = 272,170,800

sorim hĕrnol im sorsol hĕl = 21:45:01:22:04 = 281,884,924

ir nornyar / im mo nornyar = 60:56 / 01:00:56 = 3,656

When there is a certain number of things referenced (i.e. two eyes, five fingers), The noun and the number are connected noun-first with the conjunctive particle i. though the grammatical numbers typically match, there is no rule that states that they need to. (e.g. yibur i sol, ḋihal i nol)

Mathematics

Tsrul mathematics is slightly different from modern popular mathematics. Rather than using separate operators for adding, multiplying, exponentiating, etc., the same operator is repeated. For example, the ascending operations of addition, multiplication, and exponentiation would be written in our mathematical system as 2+4, 2×4 (also written 2+2+2+2), and 2⁴ (also written 2×2×2×2) respectively. further extending this system, we get tetration, or ⁴2, which is equivalent to 2²²². Although these operators quickly become confusing to modern everyday math users, the Tsrul system of mathematics would simply write these formulas as 2+2 for addition, 2++2 for multiplication, 2+++2 for exponentiation, and 2++++2 for tetration. Although for many Tsrul mathematicians these higher-order fucntions are rarely used, their availability in the Tsrul system makes the concepts better understood by the general populace. These concepts are also extended to the subtraction/division/nth root/super-root functions, using 2−2, 2−−2, 2−−−2, and 2−−−−2, respectively.

However, one aspect of Tsrul mathematics is a bit more foreign to modern math users. This is the concept of "operations into X" rather than "operations by X". With operations by X, we have functions such as "2 multiplied by 6," which yields the answer of 12. With operations into X, we have the function "2 multiplied into 6," which yields the answer of 3. this can be rephrased as "two goes into six three times." Since, mathematically, the concept of adding into X and adding by X yield the same numbers, addition into X is rarely used. The operators for these "into₊" and "into_-" operations are stylistically represented by "×" and "÷" (respectively) in the romanization of the Second Reform Script. Although "multiplying into" is very similar to "division by," the operations are held distinct in Tsrul mathematical usage. They can be used, for instance, in simplifying the calculation of percentage totals. as an example, say a person buys two meals at a restaurant in the United States which costs $10.62 each, and needs to know if the twenty-five dollars in their wallet is enough for a 15% tip. In Tsrul mathematics, the equation would be 10.62++2 = 21.24, 21.24÷÷25.00 = 1.17 (17% tip). the usage of division into X is here used to simplify the equation, negating the need to change any of the operands (as one would need to order the operands in the second part as 25/21.24 in modern the mathematical system, replacing 21.24 as the operand being modified). This is especially useful when using a calculator.

Example texts

The first three lines of oʻal i sol (The Two Gifts), the Tsrul creation myth.

¹iṡo ḋun ramye raxazam, ożi ṅoqalyàŏ i iṅwo, u soṡomyàŏ.

²iṡo, upa u ṡomyàŏ, aṗasor tam nyepàŏ i e iṡoḋàĭ, sonaxayàŏ. “ḋoso litatom żŏṅ hoʻalẁé, hoiṡoḋáĭ́!” soṫusiṅyàŏ.

³aŏṗo soruṫayàŏ.

¹Existence awoke from a dream-filled sleep when it decided that it must.

²After Existence awoke, It spoke to all that It saw could be. it said, “Yᴏᴜ sʜᴀʟʟ ᴇxɪsᴛ, ᴛᴏ ɢɪᴠᴇ ᴍᴇ ᴊᴏʏ!”

³Thus it happened.

Article 1 of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

ṫotaro uyumpur apalmpur ahŭyompur sebabaḋaŏ piżum. ṡelutom aṫimatom inteoʻalḋaŏ, a goyażar teyĕmwi.

All human beings are born equally with dignities, freedoms, and rights. They are given reason and conscience and should act towards one another as siblings.

The North Wind and the Sun

ḃuhah a zĕgim hiya sixazożam saĭnaṅyàŏ. dżimaéĭ̀m lagyampu oŏ siyantom solanoyóŏ, inzam oŏ soto u e soxalanoẃam sixatom maẃa, sarĕṅowayàŏ. ḃuhah ḃuhahaxom ḃuhayàŏ, oṗa lagyam dĕṅ soxalyàŏ i u intoxalanoẁam dĕṅ siyantom toŭdżaṅyàŏ pyŏsazom. ḃuhah ożiḋéĭ̀m soṫesayàŏ. upa, uṫéĭ̀m zĕgimpum uṫayàŏ pyŭmwo, lagyam u toxalanoyàŏ. unsom ḃuhah sixatom zĕgimpum tolĕtayàŏ.

pul ṗopsĕḋoŏ pilŏwŏw. pŭwl lŏwŏwḋoŏ pipsĕ.

Wind and Sun were arguing about [who was] the stronger. Upon the arrival of a traveller who wore a coat, they wagered that the first to make him disrobe had all the strength. Wind blew with all of the gusts, but not only was the traveller not disrobed, he also wrapped himself tighter in the coat. At this, Wind gave up. Then, as the Sun's light brightened warmly, the traveler disrobed. for that reason, Wind admitted the strength of the Sun.

The foolish apply impactfully. The wise impact applicably.

The Tower of Babel

¹ senaqem aṅgozam naxatom i im maĭḃàŏ.

² ḋun ṗuyayem segyaeĭmyàŏ, nŏyṗĕnto ṡinaryem semŭĭyàŏ, a oṫiṗoyem u seṫisiyayàŏ.

³ "sulr ṡeṅxol ḋeloẃó, a ḋeṡenẃón." teṫusinyàŏ. sultor o ṡilyoŏ a ḃlitol o ĕgamyoŏ, semaĭḃàŏ.

⁴ "ĭsantom a ṅiqetom ĭyimpum palozaĭm xumŭżam ḋeṡilẃŏ́." teṫusinyàŏ, "deṫŏṅẃó, yam ḋun oṫiḋoyem dexaldirẃó." teṫusinyàŏ.

⁵ sezum seso soyibuyàŏ. ĭsantom aṅiqetom, oŏ zoĭr gobampur seṡilyàĭ, sonyepàŏ.

⁶ "we! seyaŏrḋaŏ! naxaxom i im senaxaḋaŏ! soto ŭ separtṫuḋaŏ!" sezum toṫusinyàŏ. "xanson e sexalĕmaŏ, qaxa xaḋaŏ i ĕmaŏ." toṫusinyàŏ.

⁷ "ḋożupeḋwa. senaxam ḋobwanaḋáŏ́ o texalżreĭlẃí." toṫusinyàŏ.

⁸ aŏḋom, sezum tiwṅarm poh ḋĕleyem sopsanyàŏ, a ĭsantom seṅaqayàŏ i ṡilyàŏ.

⁹ umṗom, oṫiṗom "babel" seżwemyàŏ, yan sea naxapum oṫiṗoyem sezuxom intobwanayàŏ, a sea ḋun oṫiṗoyem poh ḋĕleyem sezuxo intopsanyàŏ.

¹ Their whole homeworld had one language.

² As they traveled out from the east, they found a field in Shinar, and they began to live there.

³ "We should make bricks using fire, and burn them toroughly," They said to each other. They had bricks for building and tar for binding.

⁴ "Let's build a city and a tower whose top is as high as the sky," they said to each other. "We should name ourselves, so that we do not leave from this place," they said to each other.

⁵ Their god looked at them. he saw the city and the tower, which the children of humanity were building.

⁶ "Look! They're working together! They speak using one language! They've started to do this!" Their god said to himself. "They are unable to do nothing, if they imagine that they can do it," He said to himself.

⁷ "I should go down. I will confuse their language, so that they cannot understand one another," he said to himself.

⁸ thus, their god sowed them all over the planet, and they forgot about building the city.

⁹ Therefore, that place was called Babel. Because they, with their language, were there confused by their god, and from there they were sown all over the planet by their god.

Dictionary

Cores are listed in the form “core - noun form, verb form.”

Cores typically do not exceed 3 syllables, though there are exceptions, mostly compounds and borrowings.

^† irregulars are marked with a dagger

* non-core words (prepositions, particles, etc.) are marked with an asterisk

Stress is marked with ◌̄ for tsrul beginners. in practice, this is never done in tsrul writing

̄

• ʻ

ʻaḃĭ̄n - wrist, to gesticulate

‘āha - thickness, to make thicker

ʻaṫān - a slithering animal (snake), to slither

ʻetūṅ - trouble, to trouble

ʻhĭ̄ṅgŭ - vomit/dry-heaving, to vomit/dry-heave

ʻĭṅōma - coilgun

ʻŏ - backwards motion, to back up/reverse (dyn: to turn around)

ʻŏr - basic unit (quark, electron), to break down

ʻun - food, to prepare food

ʻuqān - complexity (a type of beauty), to be complex

ʻurtabŏ̄r - useful skill, to be skilled

ʻuwō - circle, to encircle

̄

• a

a* - and (takes the form [al] when preceding [a])

ahnā - nostril/nose, to sniff

aĭ - colonization, to colonize

am - parent, to be a parent

āṅgo - total, to be whole

āpa - dirt, to get dirty

aqāl - perception, to perceive

aŏl* - how (as in “I know how you feel.”)

aŏtān - glory, to make glorious

aṗō - shin, to kneel

ar - idea, to have an idea

aṡŭ̄ - correction, to correct

aya - ascent, to bring up/lift/pick up

̄

• b

baĭ - conquest, to conquer

bāba - baby, to be born (passive is “to give birth/lay an egg,” depending on species)

bāḃa - quantum entanglement, to entangle quantum states

baḃān - quantum entanglement-converter, to travel via superconverter tsrul power core

balu - shadow/reflection, to shade/reflect

ḃĕhan - change, to change (middle voice: to become)

biḋān - achievement, to achieve

bir - thirty, to multiply by thirty (transitive)

bil - three, to triple (transitive)

bīṫi - triangle, to triangulate

byĕ* - until

bo* - even

bōsu - end point, to finish

brāyen - mentorship, to mentor

braŏ* - since

bŭ^† - conversation, to converse

būla - Near UV (380nm), to make Near UV (transitive)

būsu - learning, to learn

bwāna - bewilderment, to make bewildered (transitive)

bżaŏ - element, to react (chemically)

bżon - manslaughter, to kill (accidentally)

̄

• ḃ

ḃāḋŭ - domestic animal, to train

ḃanān - lie, to lie (as a liar would)

ḃaŏ* - before

ḃĕ̄ṅqu - epoch, to span an epoch (dyn: to change epochs)

ḃidi - shout, to yell

ḃli - goop/tar, to secrete (mass)

ḃon - thoroughness, to be thorough

ḃonaqāl - comprehension, to comprehend

ḃuhāh - wind, to blow

ḃuqī - leg, to kick

ḃun - key, to lock

ḃuṡŭ̄m - fat, to fatten

bŭĭtān - wide, to make wider

̄

• d

daʻ* - hey!/stop!/wait!/look out! (usually repeated three times as “daʻdaʻdaʻ!”)

dāṡa - a collected/cool demeanor, to maintain a collected/cool demeanor

dampē - knee, to genuflect

dḋyūqa - fall, to fall

diʻ - brief, to cut short

dīru^† - going, to go

domlēĭṅ - crookedness, to zig-zag

dran - simplicity, to simplify

dŭĭwār - handicap, to handicap

dzītu - cycle, to turn

dzyūqa - ground, to bury (dyn: to till)

dzwal - falsehood, to falsify

dżahōm - revenge, to avenge

dżin - truth, to tell the truth

dżīma - coming, to come

dżōṡa - other, to ostracize

̄

• ḋ

ḋābu - attempt, to attempt/try

ḋaŏ - verb, to make a core into a verb (ḋoŏ, yaŏ, and yoŏ are alternate forms)

ḋĕ̄le - terrestrial planet, to make landfall (dyn: to slingshot)

ḋĕlēlu - gas planet, to pull with heavy gravity

ḋĕsōĭl - chest, to breathe (or break (like a wave). refers specifically to the motion of breathing)

ḋihā - finger, to poke

ḋīme - blue (495nm), to make blue (transitive)

ḋīni - writing, to write/type

ḋiṗīm - fingernail, to scratch

ḋnāme - back, to lie down

ḋŏ - electricity, to electrify

ḋrŏṅ - supposition, to suppose

ḋūyam - swelling, to swell

ḋun* - out of/from

ḋuta - overwealming stimuli (any sense, i.e. pain, hearing, taste, smell, etc.), to be overly loud/smelly/bright

̄

• e

e* - modal clitic of capability

ēbuṡi - fight/battle, to fight using weapons

eyēm - wish, to wish

eyūṅ -wipe, to wipe

elgām - unnaturalness, to be unnatural

ēlu - cloud, to be cloudy (dyn: to fog up, as glasses do coming from the cold)

elxō - unnatural/untimely death, to die unnaturally

em* - through (as in, to move through a doorway)

embḃŭ̄ĭr - gathering/party, to socialize

ēnu* - over

ēqa - shine, to shine

eṡōl - half, to halve

ezīm - sword, to slash

̄

• ĕ

ĕḃrīn - shame, to shame

ĕdēmo - clothing, to clothe

ĕdzīn* - provided that

ĕgām - cement, to cement

ĕgmān - lake, to float

ĕha - statue, to erect

ĕyō - part/piece, to split apart

ĕldiō - bifurcation, to split

ĕpṗīn - favorite, to feel favoritism for (transitive, positive connotation)

ĕm^† - action, to do

ĕṅqāŏ - dark mass-energy (composite), to convert energy to dark matter (dyn: DM to energy)

ĕ̄no - leaf, to whisper

ĕqō - west, to go westward (dyn: to turn westward)

̄

• g

ga* - from (location; e.g. from Earth)

gahṡān - heaviness/weight, to make heavier

gāmpo - blindness, to blind (transitive)

gāṡa - brawl, to brawl/fight hand-to-hand

gażōh - sacredness, to be sanctified

gĕ̄xan - frustration, to frustrate (transitive)

giqā - ear, to hear (dyn: to listen)

gya - way/path, to travel on a path

gyuqṡā - honor/face/pride, to respect

gyutum - answer, to answer/respond

glu - wood, to do carpentry (to [object])

gōbam^† - humanity, to be humane

gaqāl - flying animal (bird), to fly

go - breakfast, to prepare breakfast

gōya - (step)sibling, to be born as a sibling

gōno - resignation, to give up

gopāĭl - iron drum, to play an iron drum (dyn: to strike an iron drum)

gru - an awkward tension caused by withholding information, to cause grum.

gudżō - laughter, to laugh

gūyu - heart/pump, to pump

gupān - , cleaning, to clean

guṡāʻ - reform, to reform

gŭl* - oy/jeez

gżum - pull, to pull

̄

• h

ha* - from when (from the time of...)

hāhṅa - snow, to snow

hāṡĕ - breath, to breathe

hĕl - four, to quadruple (transitive)

hĕmūn - far IR (15μm), to make far IR (transitive)

hĕr - forty, to multiply by forty (transitive)

hĕ̄tsi - tree, to grow (in age)

hĕṫi - quadrilateral (includes squares, rhombi, trapezoids, etc.), to look in all different directions

hiyā* - on the subject of/about (+[SIM])

hīme - diving, to dive

hin - platonic love, to love platonically

hna - shadow/shade/darkness, to shade

hnazām - (exact) same thing, to use again

hinūsu - pleasure, to please

hiūqa - brief attack, to attack/strike

hogōm - suction, to suck

hner - torture, to torture

hŭyoṅ - right/privilege, to have the right (to...)

̄

• i

i* - conjunctive clitic/numeric clitic/partitive clitic

iṗā - opening, to be open (dyn: to open)

īpe - thinness, to make thinner

īho - pain, to cause pain

il - ten, to multiply by ten (transitive)

im - one, to count

in - prohibition, DON’T!

ini* - still

iṅ - necessity, you must!

iṅwār - decimal point, to calculate accurately

imsōl - mathematics, to calculate

imān* - all at once/at one time

īmpo - demand, I demand that...

īnto - mandate, I respectfully mandate that...

īṅqo - request, I request that...

īpe - ease, to make something easy (transitive)

iqēni - Ikeni (species), to behave like an Ikeni

ir - multitude (or 60, as a number), to be many (or to multiply by sixty (transitive))

iṡō^† - Existence (the deity), to be (mostly unused, in a trsul’s mind only Existence can be)

isā - city, to urbanize

īsŭ - spirit/soul, to embody

̄

• ĭ

ĭ - thing, to stand/remain passively ĭḃām - spouse, to be married (transitive)

ĭgyan − hero/heroine, to protect/save/guard

ĭgmā - ambush, to ambush

ĭyīm - pinnacle, to summit (as in to summit a mountain) (transitive)

ĭl - toe, to balance/stabilize (dyn: to hold on to (transitive))

ĭ̄mba - curiosity (positive connotation; healthy curiosity) (composite), to be interested

ĭmyuwā - hunting, to hunt

ĭnāl - salt (mass), to salt

ĭnaṅ - argument, to argue

ĭ̄nte - happiness (composite), to be happy

ĭṅōṗu - mind, to think

iqam* - in front of

ĭsān - city, to urbanize

ĭṡŭ̄ - age, to age

ĭ̄zno - anger/rage, to cause anger/rage

• l

la - vibrance, to be vibrant

larā - edible plant/vegetable, to prepare/harvest vegetables

lam - fruit, to prepare/harvest fruit

lano - outfit, to wear (dyn: to put clothes on)

laqāŏ - mass-energy (composite), to convert energy to matter (dyn: matter to energy)

laŏyāŏ - cat, to accompany (transitive)

lēgŭm - rain, to rain down (weather is phrased as “rain falls outside,” not “it’s raining”)

lĕta - admission, to admit.

līni - sand (mass), to sift

lixā - genitals, to have intercourse with

līta - joy, to be joyous

lo - creation/invention, to create/invent

losāŭ - wind, to blow

lŏwŏw - force, to impact

lumōn - dullness, to dull (a blade)

lun - good, to do well

lūṡo - orange (610nm), to make orange (transitive)

̄

• m

maʻ - that's it!/enough!/i've had it!

maḃā^† - possession, to have

mālaʻ - claw, to claw

manām - cold, to chill

mayām - Far UV (170nm), to make Far UV (transitive)

mem - shard, to shatter

mĕn - space, to space-travel

mĕ̄su - head (body part), to headbutt

mi - thumb, to vote (mitsoym -secondary thumb)

mizŭ̄ - safety, to provide safety for (transitive) (dyn: to protect)

miżīm - skin, to laminate

myĕr - seven, to septuple (transitive)

mo^† - zero (takes the form [om] when following itself, thus mo om mo om = 00:00:00:00), to count zero (transitive)

moqṡā - white, to whiten (transitive)

mūmŭ - mouth, to kiss

mŭĭ - discovery, to discover

̄

• n

na* - so/accordingly/and so/well/uhh/um nar* - but

nal - beauty (holds a neutral, non-gender specific connotation), to be beautiful

nāqe - home planet, to live on one’s home planet (dyn: to return home)

naxā - language, to speak

ner - west, to go west (dyn: to turn westward)

nĕpō^† - sight, to see

niqā - tooth, to bite

nīsi - myth/magic, to regale/cast spells

nyar - six, to sextuple (transitive)

nyaṫi - hexagon, to worship

nol - five, to quintuple (transitive)

nōqa* - only/just (can be made into adjectival noqaza- ‘alone’)

nor - fifty, to multiply by fifty (transitive)

noṫi - pentagon, to measure area

nŏyṗĕ - open expanse, to raze

nuqūm - palm (of the hand), to apply pressure (dyn: to rub)

nŭĭn - collective/union, to unite

̄

• ṅ

ṅan - greatness, to succeed

ṅāno - ship/ocean vessel, to be on a ship (dyn: to get on a ship)

ṅaqā - cessation, to stop (intransitive)

ṅĕṡo - question, to ask

ṅiqe - tower, to stand out

ṅyōqa - throw, to throw

ṅoqāl - decision, to decide

ṅo* - whence (from where)

ṅoĭgĕ - story, to tell a story

ṅoʻīr - travel, to travel

ṅōnum - left/counter-clockwise, to go left/counterclockwise (dyn: to turn left/ccw)

ṅōṡah - swimming animal (fish), to swim

ṅūnu - wonder, to be wondrous

ṅŭĭl - ocean, to inundate

̄

• o

o* - supine clitic

oʻāl - gift, to give

ōgo - red (700nm), to redden (transitive)

ogŏ̄ - friendship, to be friends (dyn: to become friends)

oĭṅ - north, to go north (dyn: to turn northward)

ōyĕm - plant, to root oneself into something/stand one’s ground (dyn: to become stuck)

oŏ* - whose (can be applied to non-sentient entities, i.e. a rock whose surface is smooth)

oŏm - tripping, to trip (over something)

ōpa* - damn/alas/shit

ōnyo - being lost, to be lost

ōŏqi - a type of very hard liquor, to pour out a shot of oŏqi (dyn: to drink oŏqi)

or - nine, to nonuple (transitive)

oṫĕ̄n* - wherever

oṫī* - where (as in “I know where the city is)

ożī* - when (as in “I know when my plane leaves)

ożōʻ - taste, to taste (what the food does, not what the taster does)

̄

• ŏ

ŏʻūĭl - south, to go south (dyn: to turn southward)

ŏḃōṅ - murder, to murder (purposefully)

ŏgnūy - sea, to rage

ŏnŭ̄ - relationship (romantic), to like/be invovled with romantically (transitive)

ŏṅmā - stone, to crush

ŏ̄pṡu - fear, to cause fear (pas: to fear)

ŏqṡā - line, to align

ŏqībe - warp nanite, to send data over the warp array

ŏ̄rtṡa - confusion, to confuse

ŏsa - proximity, to encroach

ŏtoŏ - sculpture, to carve/sculpt

ŏ̄tsi - person (masculine, male), to be masculine (different connotation compared to now

̄

• p

pa - away from, to go away from (dyn: to turn away from)

payō - up, to go upward (dyn: to turn upward)

pal - freedom, to free

pālo - height, to make taller (transitive)

pānya - power/ability, to be able

partṫu - beginning, to start

pāsa - tongue, to lick

pinūh - greeting, to greet (dyn: to meet for the first time)

pīso - novelty, to restore

pitō* - even though

poh* - all over the place/all around

poĭ* - that (as in, the man knew that the dog ate his food. )

pṗo* - although

psan - seed, to sow

psĕ - application, to apply.

pŭl - benign foolishness, to be a dunce

pŭw - wisdom, to be wise

̄

• ṗ

ṗa - door, to close

ṗēlan - satellite (natural or man-made), to orbit (dyn: to be captured in orbit)

ṗamnŭ̄w - leather/pelt, to scalp

ṗināʻ - axe, to hew

ṗĭ - silk, to spin silk

ṗlōqa - smoke (composite), to produce smoke

ṗōla - smooth, to make smooth

ṗōma* - around (as in, to circle around)

ṗoṅ - bad, to be bad

ṗożyā - tail, to wag one’s tail

ṗūya - east, to go eastward (dyn: to turn eastward)

ṗūżŭ - term of endearment (exact meaning is unclear, somewhat derogatory but also flattering)

ṗŭlṫēĭn - advice, to advise

ṗŭsāl - ash, to turn to ash

̄

• q

qayō* - for some time

qalū - Pyrrhic victory (a technical win that is logistically a loss), to prevail in defeat

qam - glass, to shine/polish

qan - knowledge, to know

qasō - repossession, to repossess

qasōnal - the Kasona (race), to upload one's mind to a computer (dyn: to download into a body)

qaṡōʻ - size (specifically, largeness), to inflate or make larger

qāxa* - if

qażāno - mid IR (8μm), to make mid IR (transitive)

qērḋa - curiosity (has a negative connotation; nosy-curious), to be nosy

qēxo - machine, to mechanize

qih* - ouch! (usually completely voiceless, pronounced [ki̥h] or [qḁh])

qyaŏpō - thread, to sew

qon - footstep, to walk

qōpa - dark, to be dark

qsim - pet, to domesticate

qsĭn - iron, to smith/forge

qṡa - pigment, to dye

qṡibā - tug, to pull

qṡol - hole, to make a hole

qṡun - worm, to burrow

qṡūar - atmosphere, to fill a ship with atmosphere

qul - consumption, to eat

qulūn - an incredibly spicy rice-like dish with a thick sauce, to prepare qulun

quṡŭ̄n - expansion, to expand

qŭw - forgetting, to be unable to recall (dyn: to forget)

̄

• r

ra - sleep, to sleep

rāmo - purple (430nm), to make purple (transitive)

raṡāĭm - play (what kids do for fun), to play

rāxa - dream, to dream

remŭ̄ - dryness, to dessiccate

rela* - behind

rĕ - shell, to clamp shut

rĕl - face/countenance, to turn one's head towards... (transitive)

rĕṅōwa - bet, to wager

riyŭ̄n - day (composite), to spend the day

rinyīm - division into, to divide x into y (x=ɪɴsᴛ, y=ᴀɢᴇ)

riqōm - a predatory scaly animal, to stalk

rĭṅ - god, to be deified

roŏ - promiscuity, to be promiscuous

roti - hologram, to project

ruṫā - occurrence, to happen

rŭṡū - shortness, to make shorter

̄

• s

sahām - same thing/similar item, to duplicate/counterfeit sāĭqo - feather, to glide

sami - health, to maintain good health

saqāl - person (feminine, female), to be feminine (different connotation compared to now)

sen - egg, to ovulate

sēlŭ - fright, to frighten

sĕm - pitcher/bowl/container for liquid, to pour (PAS: to fill up with liquid)

siyam - coat, to bundle up

sixa - strength, to bear

syōma - sky, to jump

sol - two, to double (transitive)

sōṗi - breast, to breastfeed

sor - twenty , to multiply by twenty (transitive)

sōṡu - raod/railway (artificial path), to drive

sugā - flower, to bloom

sul - brick, to build up

sumpiṡe - visitor, to visit

̄

• ṡ

ṡażā - hair, to braid

ṡāpa - wing, to fly

ṡelu - reason, to reason/think about

ṡen - fire, to burn

ṡīqi - spear, to stab

ṡīqṡiqa - evil, to be evil

ṡil - construction, to build

ṡmuy - grass/vegetation, to sod

ṡolṗŭ̄ - misfortune, to have bad luck

ṡom - consciousness, to be conscious

ṡōqu - root, to root in/hold fast

sor - speech, to speak/say

ṡubrē - Thermal IR (12μm), to make Thermal IR (dyn: to emit Thermal IR)

ṡuḃin - romantic partner, to marry

ṡubon - object, to have possession of (dyn: to carry)

ṡūya - tear, to cry (dyn: to sob)

ṡul - animal, to be feral

̄

• t

tam* - that/which/who (as in “Speak to everyone that can hear”)

tan - exodus, to escape en masse (dyn: to stampede)

tanya - music (composite), to make music

tāṅqo - stick, to use a stick for... (transitive)

taṡaṫo - patience, to wait/wait for/expect

te - limit, to limit

ti - dot, to dot (a letter, like i)/tap/poke

tīṫu - seed, to plant

tiwṅar - people/culture, to behave as one's culture dictates

toĭ - requirement, to need

trai - event, to plan an event

tsīsi - grip, to hold (dyn: to squeeze)

tsru - sapience, to be sapient

tsrul - tsrul people/culture, to behave like a true tsrul

tsuʻūṅqu - celebration, to celebrate

tṡyūṅṡa - return, to return (from an errand)

tṫyūqa - cord (or rope), to tie (transitive)

tṫo - placement, to put

tṫūpe - saliva, to spit

tupīh - fingertip/fingerpad, to tap

tur - chair/seat, to sit

̄

• ṫ

ṫalyān - near IR (800nm), to make near IR (transitive)

ṫāṡo - rot, to rot

ṫaṫā - brown, to make brown (transitive)

ṫesa - surrender, to give up

ṫi - side/face, to orient

ṫīḋĕ - water, to wash (adj: watered-down)

ṫīma - conscience, to feel guilty

ṫisīya - life, to live

ṫīżi - closeness, to stay close to... (dyn: to snuggle up to...) (transitive)

ṫōla - error, to make a mistake

ṫōta - person (not limited to humans. ungendered), to behave like a person (used with animals)

ṫōŭ - lisp, to speak with a lisp (linguistic note: this word was once pronounced [sor])

ṫŏṅ - naming, to assign a name

ṫu - space/time, to travel through space/time

ṫuṅāno - spaceship, to travel on a spaceship (dyn: to get on a spaceship)

ṫuṅoʻĭ̄r - time travel, to travel only through time

ṫusīṅ - word, to say

ṫwoŏw - length, to go a long way

̄

• u

u* - dynamic verbal clitic

uāżŭm - cut, to cut

udōma - Mid UV (240nm), to make Mid UV (transitive)

uyū - wetness, to moisten

uyūn - dignity, to dignify

ūlya - wish/desire, to want

ūme* - soon/recently (depends on tense of sentence)

umriyun - yesterday/tomorrow (depends on tense of sentence), to time travel one day at a time

un - musical instrument, to play music

uṅ - time, to pass (as time passes)/to be in an undisturbed state

uṅāqṡo - knife, to chop

ūpa* - after (when followed by Temporal, means “as soon as”)

ūqa - member, to hold membership

uqyū - grey/black, to make grey/blacken (transitive)

usā - smallness, to make smaller

uṫā - light, to light up/brighten

uṫān - Uthan (alien life form), to communicate visually

̄

• ŭ

ŭ - perfect verbal clitic

ŭyāl - turqoiuse (500nm), to make turqouise (transitive)

ŭ̄lmu - strike/hit, to strike/hit

ŭm - toy, to play with...

ŭmbān - stomach/belly, to sit up from a laying position

ŭmūti - ancestor, to beget

ŭmŭ̄n - back of the hand, to slap

ŭmwō - warmth, to warm

ŭnyo - representative, to represent

ŭryāṅ - ice, to freeze

ŭsmā - victory, to be victorious/defeat

ŭtōŏṅ - beverage, to drink

ŭtwām - louse, to infest

ŭdżāṅ - wrapper, to wrap/roll up

ŭ̄xo - blood, to bleed

̄

• w

wa - bone, to break a bone (dżinsom ḋowalḋàŏ̀ - I broke some of Gene’s bones)

waĭʻ - poison, to poison

wam - rough impact, to smash

wāwan - flight, to flee

we* - Oh!/Behold!/Look!

wēhnŭ - smell, to smell

wĕ̄qa - hip, to stand

witi - generation, to reproduce

woʻ* - yes/truly/thus (can also mean ‘ahhh,’ or ‘oh, i see.’)

woṅ - good, to be good

wŏr - conception, to impregnate

wōṡa - tree bark, to cover protectively

wūṅu - greenish-yellow (570nm), to make greenish-yellow (transitive)

wu - perfection, to perfect

wūxa - romantic love, to be in love with... (transitive)

̄

• x

xa - imagination, to imagine

xāgo - mountain, to rock-climb

xaĭ* - no

xayūqa - horn, to gore

xal^† - negative, to not...(immediately followed by another core, then evidential ending)

xalīr - paucity, to make fewer/“cull the herd”

xan - nothing

xaṡŭ̄ - applause, to clap/to applaud

xetṡō - gut, to digest

xiqīr - ink/pigment, to ink/paint/color

xo - death (of any kind), to die

xŏm - teacher, to teach

xūmŭ - year/orbit/rotation (spacial relation, not time), to orbit or rotate around... (transitive)

xumŭ̄ - the observable horizon, to leave the Cosmos

xŭw - dog, to be a partner to... (in the “hetero-lifemate” sense)

̄

• z

za - message, to write a message (dyn: to send a message)

zĕgīm - sun/star, to fuse (as in nuclear fusion)

zīmi - foot, to step

ziṅān - faith, to pray

zĭ - sleet, to cover with sleet ("sleet falls" would be the weather term)

zyĕl - eight, to octuple (transitive)

zum - like, to like

zōdżŭ - cock/pussy, to fuck (transitive)

zoĭ - child, to raise children

zōto - knuckle, to punch

zu - god/goddess, to be supernatural

zudżūn - meat, to prepare meat

zuwōn - night, to spend the night

• y

ya - ought, to shall/should (never subjunctive)

yaʻŭṅ  - burst sleep/seizure, to undergo burst sleep/seize (as in epilepsy)

yāĭdo - past, to precede

yālṡo - river, to flow

yan* - because

yāṅqo - color, to color/paint

yaŏr - togetherness, to act together

yaṗō - surreality, to be surreal

yasā - slope/hill/valley, to incline/unbalance

yeṡūr - nanofabric, to weave nanofabric

yĕm - narrowness, to make narrower

yību - eye, to look at

yibuqam - mirror, to reflect

yom - jumping, to jump (dyn: to jump over)

yosī - core (as in a grammatical core), to trim down

yotsō - theft, to steal

yōŏtṡo - galaxy, to travel from galaxy to galaxy

yunā* - under

yūpa - voice, to sing

yupīso - enjoyment, to enjoy

yūṡu - right/clockwise, to go right/clockwise (dyn: to turn right/cw)

• ż

ża* - from

żāyo - neck, to turn one’s head

żōna - a pure state of being, to be in a pure state/to be one (with everything)

żol - dust (mass), to float like dust (dyn: to gather dust)

żŏṅ* - in order to

żreĭl - comprehension, to understand

żun - capacity, to fill

żum - fairness/justice, to make equal through retribution (ditransitive - agent can be implicit obj. if only 1 obj. is stated)

żumī - forest, to camp in the forest

żūṅe - shovel, to dig

żupē - down, to go downward (dyn: to turn downward)

żūṡu - fate, to be affected by... (dyn: to have...happen to) (transitive)

żŭ̄ĭbi - liver, to purify

żwem - name, to call...(transitive)

Swadesh List

No.	English	Tsrul
1	I	ḋ/(in)do-
2	you (singular)	h/(in)o-
3	he	s/(in)to-
4	we	ḋ/(in)da/e-
5	you (plural)	h/(in)a/e-
6	they	s/(in)ta/e-
7	this	-ḋro
8	that	-sro
9	here	oṫiḋo
10	there	oṫiso
11	who	oṗian
12	what	aṗian
13	where	oṫian
14	when	ożian
15	how	aŏian
16	not	xal
17	all	-aro
18	many	ir
19	some	-ro
20	few	xalir
21	other	dżoṡa
22	one	im
23	two	sol
24	three	bil
25	four	hĕl
26	five	nol
27	big	qaṡoʻzam
28	long	ṫwoŭwzam
29	wide	bŭĭtanzam
30	thick	hahazam
31	heavy	gahṡanzam
32	small	usazam
33	short	rŭṡuzam
34	narrow	jĕnzam
35	thin	ipezam
36	woman	saqal
37	man (adult male)	ŏtsi
38	man (human being)	ṫota
39	child	zoĭ
40	wife	ĭḃamha
41	husband	ĭḃamʻa
42	mother	amha
43	father	amʻa
44	animal	ṡul
45	fish	ṅoṡah
46	bird	gaqal
47	dog	xŭw
48	louse	ŭtwam
49	snake	ʻaṫan
50	worm	qṡun
51	tree	hĕtsi
52	forest	żumi
53	stick	taṅqo
54	fruit	lam
55	seed	tiṫu
56	leaf	ĕno
57	root	ṡoqu
58	bark	woṡa
59	flower	suga
60	grass	ṡmuj
61	rope	tṫjuqa
62	skin	miżim
63	meat	zudżun
64	blood	ŭxo
65	bone	wa
66	fat	ḃuṡŭm
67	egg	sen
68	horn	xajuqa
69	tail	ṗożja
70	feather	saĭqo
71	hair	ṡaża
72	head	mĕsu
73	ear	giqa
74	eye	jibu
75	nose	ahna
76	mouth	mumŭ
77	tooth	tṫiqa
78	tongue	pasa
79	fingernail	ḋiṗim
80	foot	zimi
81	leg	ḃuqi
82	knee	dampe
83	hand	juʻ
84	wing	ṡapa
85	belly	ŭmban
86	guts	xetṡo
87	neck	żajo
88	back	ḋname
89	breast	soṗi
90	heart	guju
91	liver	żŭĭbi
92	drink	ŭtoŏṅjoŏ
93	eat	quljoŏ
94	bite	niqajoŏ
95	suck	hogomjoŏ
96	spit	tṫupejoŏ
97	vomit	hingujoŏ
98	blow	losaŭjoŏ
99	breathe	haṡĕjoŏ
100	laugh	gudżojoŏ
101	see	njepoŏ
102	hear	giqajoŏ
103	know	qanjoŏ
104	think	ĭṅoṗu
105	smell	wehṅŭjoŏ
106	fear	(Passive)ŏpṡujoŏ
107	sleep	rajoŏ
108	live	ṫisijajoŏ
109	die	xojoŏ
110	kill	ŏḃoṅjoŏ / bżonjoŏ
111	fight	ebuṡijoŏ
112	hunt	ĭmjuwajoŏ
113	hit	ŭlmujoŏ
114	cut	uażŭmjoŏ
115	split	eldiojoŏ
116	stab	ṡiqijoŏ
117	scratch	ḋiṗimjoŏ
118	dig	żuṅejoŏ
119	swim	ṅoṡahjoŏ
120	fly	ṡapajoŏ
121	walk	qonjoŏ
122	come	dżimajoŏ
123	lie	ḋnamejoŏ
124	sit	turjoŏ
125	stand	weqajoŏ
126	turn	u (direction)joŏ
127	fall	dḋjuqajoŏ
128	give	oʻaljoŏ
129	hold	tsisijoŏ
130	squeeze	u tsisijoŏ
131	rub	u nuqumjoŏ
132	wash	ṫiḋĕjoŏ
133	wipe	ejŭṅjoŏ
134	pull	qṡibajoŏ
135	push	gżumjoŏ
136	throw	ṅjoqajoŏ
137	tie	tṫjuqajoŏ
138	sew	qjaŏpojoŏ
139	count	imsoljoŏ
140	say	ṫusinjoŏ
141	sing	jupajoŏ
142	play	raṡaĭmjoŏ
143	float	egmanjoŏ
144	flow	jalṡojoŏ
145	freeze	ŭrjaṅjoŏ
146	swell	ḋujamjoŏ
147	sun	zĕgim
148	moon	ṗelan
149	star	zĕgim
150	water	ṫiḋĕ
151	rain	legŭm
152	river	jalṡo
153	lake	egman
154	sea	ŏgnuj
155	salt	ĭnal
156	stone	ŏṅma
157	sand	lini
158	dust	żol
159	earth	naqe
160	cloud	elu
161	fog	elu (elul dzjuqazal)
162	sky	sjoma
163	wind	ḃuhah
164	snow	hahqa
165	ice	ŭrjaṅ
166	smoke	ṗloqa
167	fire	ṡen
168	ash	ṗŭsal
169	burn	ṡenjoŏ
170	road	soṡu
171	mountain	xago
172	red	ogozam
173	green	ŭjalzam
174	yellow	wuṅuzam
175	white	moqṡa
176	black	uqju
177	night	zuwon
178	day	rijŭm
179	year	dzitu
180	warm	ŭmwozam
181	cold	manamzam
182	full	żunzam
183	new	pisozam
184	old	ĭṡŭzam
185	good	wonzam
186	bad	ṗonzam
187	rotten	ṫaṡozam
188	dirty	apazam
189	straight	ŏqṡazam
190	round	huwozam
191	sharp	ezimzam
192	dull	lumonzam
193	smooth	ṗolazam
194	wet	ujuzam
195	dry	remŭzam
196	correct	aṡŭzam
197	near	oṫiḋozam
198	far	oṫisozam / oṫiṗozam
199	right	juṡu
200	left	ṅonum
201	at	(Locative Case)
202	in	(Locative Case)
203	with	(Committative Case)
204	and	a / al
205	if	qaxa
206	because	jan
207	name	żwem