Ubell

Ubell is a constructed language, classified by its creator as a Romano-Slavic. It draws influence from Romance languages (Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, Galician, Italian, French), Slavic languages (Croatian, Russian, Polish, Czech), K'iche' (a Mayan language), and Finnish.

• NB This website is written about the Standard Dialect (colloquially known as Góvórski)

Writing System

Ubell uses a total of three different alphabets.

    Latin Script (modified)
    Cyrillic Script (modified)
    Ubell Script

The latin script is used for the purposes of this website

Orthography

Basics

Vowels

Letter	IPA	sound ex.	Ubell ex.	IPA
a	[a]	father	a	[a]
e	[e]	mate	prehoh	[prexox]
i	[i]	beet	adin	[adin]
o	[o]	doe	qko	[t͡ɕko]
u	[u]	boot	gru	[gru]
á	[æ]	hat
é	[ɛ]	bet
í	[ɨ]	bit
ó	[ɔ]	long
ú	[ə]	uh

Consonants

Letter	IPA	Sound ex.	Ubell ex	IPA
b	[b]	brother	bahrt	[bax'rt]
c	[ʦ]	cats	icam	[iʦam]
d	[d]	dog	prdlog	[prɛdlog]
f	[f]	father	ftos	[ftos]
g	[g]	dog
h	[x]	hat, bach
j	[j]	yam, boy
k	[k]	car
l	[l]	leather
m	[m]	yam
n	[n]	can
p	[p]	open
q	[t͡ɕ]	church
r	[r]	reed
s	[s]	song
t	[t]	cat
v	[v]	van
w	[w]	wait
x	[ʂ]	show	xto	[ʂto]
z	[z]	zebra	zadna	[zadna]
č	[k]	car	basč	[bask]
đ / dž	[dʒ]	judge	đija / džija	[dʒija]
ĵ	/Vj jV/
ķ	[q]
ń / ñ	[ŋ]
r / ŕ / ř	[rɛ]	red	Rrŕt	[rɛrɛrɛt]
ß / š	[ss]
ŧ	[θ] or [ð]	eth, theta
ž	[ʒ]	pleasure
y	[ʔ]

Orthographic Spelling Changes

    t + s => c
    t + x => q
    n + g => ñ
    d + ž => đ
    a + a => ä
    e + e => ë
    i + i => ï
    o + o => ö
    u + u => ü
    s + s ~> ß
    s + s ~> š
    t + d => ŧ

Grammar

Ubell grammar is the study of the rules governing the use of the Ubell language, a constructed Indo-European language. It is in the composite sub-family of Romano-slavic.

Morphology

Nouns

Number

All Ubell nouns are inflected to show 1 of 2 numbers, singular or plural. There are 3 suffixes to show the nouns number:

-s, used with most nouns. Ex.: qko - qkos,

-es

-úx, used where -, cannot be used. Ex: Ovisarj - Ovisarjúx (Though some dialects may use Ovisarjes.)

NB - When a noun ending in /m/ is pluralized, /m/ => /n/

-rj Nouns

• NB - this rule applies to all nouns ending with a consonant followed by j

-rj nouns are pluralized by adding -úx to the end of the noun. However, Ruxqèvíqski (a sub-dialect of Jevóxlovski) maintains the -es plural marker from Middle Ubell. The reason the 'new' plural marker -úx came to be is the ambiguity of the spoken language.

In Old and Middle Ubell, the word-final 's' was pronounced as the 'x' is (a feature of which majority of the Ariqkian branch of dialects has maintained). With using this feature, speaking of certain nouns would bring about much ambiguity, for example:

Ovisarjes (while pronouncing the 's' as a 'x') would be misconstrued as "ovisar jex"

Where Ovisarjes is the plural for sheep, Ovisar jex meaning "the sound you make, caused by the act of herding"

Body Parts and a Few Random Nouns

This group of nouns have special forms when possessed and pluralized.

Body Parts

These nouns do not decline like other nouns. Instead of the -irú ending, they utilize a prefix system, which denotes who the possessor is. Most body part words end in -äj, this suffix is dropped when possessed. And some gain a suffix (-ël, -ïl) when possessed.

There are two groups to this system: consonantal prefixes and vocalic prefixes

example:

Is - Body Hair
wis	ŧis
awis	iwis
ris	kis

Waqäj - Face
nuwaq	ŧawaq
awaq	iwaq
uwaq	kiwaq

Kik - Blood
nukikël	ŧakikël
akikël	ikikël
ukikël	kikikël

Iboq - Vein
wiboqïl	ŧiboqïl
awiboqïl	iwiboqïl
riboqïl	kiboqïl

Random Nouns

Iha - Husband
wiha	ŧiha
awiha	iwiha
riha	kiha

Kxïra - Water
nukxïra	ŧakxïra
akxïra	ikxïra
ukxïra	kikxïra

Äkäxa - sky
wäkäxa	ŧäkäxa
awäkäxa	iwäkäxa
räkäxa	käkäxa

Patnï - Wife
nupatnï	ŧapatnï
apatnï	ipatnï
upatnï	kipatnï

Plurals

Plurals are formed by placing the noun in question between two particles: áŧ (insert noun) taŧ

example:

    My hand hurts.
    lit. 'It hurts me my hand.'
    Mja danje nuŧab

    My Hands hurt.
    lit. 'They hurt me my hands.'
    Mja danjut áŧ nuŧab taŧ.

Gender

Ubell nouns are not generally marked for gender. Gender is divided into 2 categories: Animate and Inanimate.

The Animate contains: masculine (m), feminine (f), and animate neuter (am). The Inanimate contains: inanimate neuter (in).

Nouns are generally IN, unless they are living. If the noun is male then it's M, the same goes for female.

AN is used normally for plants and animals, unless the sex of the plant or animal is known. It is also used in cases where sex of the noun is irrelevant or unknown.

ex: Jane's having a baby. - Jana darexje luciensoge ki qku.

We know Jane's is having a baby, but the sex of the baby is unknown, thus ki = to a(AN) is used.

Declension

(*) - indicates that the case has historically retained it's gender markers throughout the case's declension

- Also, nouns can be inflected for more than one case.

Ubell cases
case	suffix	English prep.	example	translation
Grammatical
nominackim		...	kazza	house
akkusackim	-og	...	kazzoge	house
dackim	-u	to, for, at	kazzu	for the house
đenackim	-irú	of (possession)	kazzirú	of the house, the house's
Locative
lokkackim 1	-jevò	at, from, of	kazzajevò	from the house
lokkackim 2	-(é)n	at, from, of	kazzan	from the house
Locative (internal)
ineßkim	-(é)ßa	in	kazzaßa	in the house
elackim	-(é)sta	from (inside)	kazzasta	from the house
illackim	-(é)žnó	into	kazzažne	into the house
Locative (external)
adeßkim	-(é)lla	at, on	kazzalla	at the house
avlackim	-(é)lta	from	kazzalta	from the house
allackim	-(é)lle	to	kazzalle	to the house
Marginal
eßkim	-(é)na	as (temporary state)	kazzana	as the house
translackim	-(é)ksi	becoming (change of state)	kazzaksi	becoming the house
instruqkim	-álti	with (the aid of)	kazzálti	with the house
instrumentaliqxkim	-om	with, by	kazzome	with the house
abeßkim	-(é)tta	without	kazzatta	without the house
Comparative
ekwackim	-(é)đìn	superlative, is	kazzađìn	is the house
komparackim	-(é)lú	comparative, like	kazzalú	like the house
Evaluative
benefaqkim	-alaķ	for, for the benefit of	kazzalaķ	for the house
averskim	-(é)lan	avoided or feared	kazzalan	house
Other
temporaliqxkim	-t	at, in, on, time phrases	(kazzat)	(at house o'clock) - used with numbers, months, yrs, people
vokackim	-oj	exclamation	kazzej!	house!

Articles

Ubell does not utilize definite and indefinite articles.

There are four historical definite articles that represent article and gender, that are now used only for contractions with prepositions when needed.

    o - masculine
    a - feminine
    i - animate neuter
    e - inanimate neuter

Pronouns

Personal

Singular Personal Pronoun Declension

	1st Per	2nd Per			3rd Per
		You (inf)	You (inf/for)	You (for)	Masc	Fem	A.Neut.	I.Neut.
Nominackim	Ja	Iqi	Vos	Kos	Oñ	Añ	Iñ	Eñ
Akkusackim	Mja	Tje	Vja	Kja	On	Ona	Oni	Ono
Dackim	Menja	Tebja	Vosu	Kosu	Jevo	Jeva	Jevi	Jeve
Đenackim	Mne	Trb	Vrb	Krb	Oñrb	Añrb	Iñrb	Eñrb
Lokackim-a	Meh	Teh	Veh	Keh	Pan	Pana	Panu	Pane
Lokackim-b	Jan	Iqin	Vosén	Kosén	Oñén	Añén	Iñén	Eñén
Ineßkim	Jaßa	Iqißa	Voséßa	Koséßa	Oñéßa	Añéßa	Iñéßa	Eñéßa
Elackim	Jasta	Iqista	Vosésta	Kosésta	Oñsta	Añsta	Iñsta	Eñsta
Illackim	Jažnó	Iqižnó	Voséžnó	Koséžnó	Oñžnó	Añžna	Iñžni	Eñžne
Adeßkim	Jalla	Iqilla	Vosélla	Kosélla	Oñélla	Añélla	Iñélla	Eñélla
Avlackim	Jalta	Iqilta	Vosélta	Kosélta	Oñélta	Añélta	Iñélta	Eñélta
Allackim	Jalle	Iqille	Vosélle	Kosélle	Oñélle	Añélle	Iñélle	Eñélle
Eßkim	Jana	Iqina	Vosna	Kosna	Oñna	Añna	Iñna	Eñna
Translackim	Jaksi	Iqiksi	Voséksi	Koséksi	Oñéksi	Añéksi	Iñéksi	Eñéksi
Instruqkim	Jálti	Iqálti	Vosálti	Kosálti	Oñálti	Añálti	Iñálti	Eñálti
Instrumentaliqxkim	Jom	Iqom	Vosom	Kosom	Oñom	Añoma	Iñomi	Eñome
Abeßkim	Jatta	Iqitta	Vosétta	Kosétta	Oñétta	Añétta	Iñétta	Eñétta
Ekwackim	Jađìn	Iqiđìn	Vosđìn	Kosđìn	Oñđìn	Añđìn	Iñđìn	Eñđìn
Komparackim	Jalú	Iqilú	Voslú	Koslú	Oñlú	Añlú	Iñlú	Eñlú
Benefaqkim	Jalaķ	Iqalaķ	Vosalaķ	Kosalaķ	Oñalaķ	Añalaķ	Iñalaķ	Eñalaķ
Averskim	Jalan	Iqilan	Voslan	Koslan	Oñén	Añén	Iñén	Eñén
Temporaliqxkim	Jat	Iqit	Vost	Kost	Oñét	Añét	Iñét	Eñét
Vokackim	Mnoj	Toboj	Voj	Koj	Onoj	Anaj	Inij	Enej

Plural Personal Pronoun Declension

	1st Per	2nd Per			3rd Per
		You (inf)	You (inf/for)	You (for)	Masc	Fem	A.Neut.	I.Neut.
Nominackim	San	Xi	Vúj	Kúj	Oñs	Añs	Iñs	Eñs
Akkusackim	Sja	Xbja	Vsja	Ksja	Cu	Cjej	Cho	Cego
Dackim	Senja	Xbas	Vas	Kas	Cuh	Cjeh	Choh	Cegoh
Đenackim	Nam	Bam	Vam	Kam	Mu	Jej	Mho	Mego
Lokackim-a	Nax	Beh	Vah	Kah	Nim	Niej	Nijo	Nhim
Lokackim-b	Sanén	Xin	Vén	Kén	Oñsén	Añén	Iñén	Eñén
Ineßkim	Sanßa	Xißa	Vußa	Kußa	Oñséßa	Añséßa	Iñséßa	Eñséßa
Elackim	Sansta	Xista	Vusta	Kusta	Oñsésta	Añsésta	Iñsésta	Eñsésta
Illackim	Sanžnó	Xižnó	Vžnó	Kžnó	Oñséžnó	Añséžna	Iñséžni	Eñsžne
Adeßkim	Sanélla	Xilla	Vulla	Kulla	Oñsélla	Añsélla	Iñsella	Eñsélla
Avlackim	Sanélta	Xilta	Vulta	Kulta	Oñsélta	Añsélta	Iñselta	Eñsélta
Allackim	Sanélle	Xille	Vulle	Kulle	Oñsélle	Añsélle	Iñselle	Eñsélle
Eßkim	Sanna	Xina	Vuna	Kuna	Oñsna	Añsna	Iñsna	Eñsna
Translackim	Sanksi	Xiksi	Vuksi	Kuksi	Oñséksi	Añséksi	Iñséksi	Eñséksi
Instruqkim	Sanálti	Xálti	Válti	Kálti	Oñsálti	Añsálti	Iñsálti	Eñsálti
Instrumentaliqxkim	Sanom	Xom	Vom	Kom	Oñsom	Añsoma	Iñsomi	Eñsome
Abeßkim	Sanétta	Xitta	Vutta	Kutta	Oñsétta	Añsétta	Iñsétta	Eñsétta
Ekwackim	Sanđìn	Xiđìn	Vuđìn	Kuđìn	Oñsđìn	Añsđìn	Iñsđìn	Eñsđìn
Komparackim	Sanlú	Xilú	Vulú	Kulú	Oñslú	Añslú	Iñslú	Eñslú
Benefaqkim	Sanalaķ	Xalaķ	Valaķ	Kalaķ	Oñsalaķ	Añsalaķ	Iñsalaķ	Eñsalaķ
Averskim	Sanlan	Xilan	Vulan	Kulan	Oñslan	Añslan	Iñslan	Eñslan
Temporaliqxkim	Sant	Xit	Vut	Kut	Oñst	Añst	Iñst	Eñst
Vokackim	Namoj	Xamoj	Vamoj	Kamoj	Oñsoj	Añsaj	Iñsij	Eñsej

Possessive

See Đenackim above.

Demonstrative

Demonstrative pronouns
Ubell	English
Singular
tämä	this
ŧuo	that
le	that (far away, over there)
Plural
nämä	these
ñuo	those
ljec	those (far away, over there)

Interrogative

English	Ubell
How	Kako
What	Xto
Why	Zaxto
When	Kana
Where	Gdje
Who	Kva, Kto
Which	Qmale
How much/many	Ckolkó

Relative

English	Ubell
How	Jak
What	Xta
Why	Poqëmu
When	Kwan
Where	Kudah
Who	Kem
Which	Icam
How much/many	Kuiñka

Reciprocal

Reciprocal pronouns
Pronoun	Example	English
esi	" amajut s'esomi"	"they love each other" (plural)
ođi	" amajut ođogi"	"they love one another" (double singular)

Reflexive

Reflexive pronouns
Pronoun	Suffix	Example	English
ice	plus corresponding prepositional prefix and declensional suffix	"Prpare p'icu teogi"	"(I) made myself some tea"

Passive

Reflexive pronouns
Pronoun	Suffix	Example	English
ipo		"Manžu ipo kocinalo"	"The food was cooked"

Indefinite

A large group that entails all of the pronouns that do not fall into any of the categories above. Notice that there are no negative pronouns, such as "nobody", but the positive pronoun has to be negated in the same manner as verbs, suffixed "-ma." It may also be preceded by "nó."

Indefinite pronouns
Ubell	English
joka	every, each
jokpsoa	every, everyone
adnipsoa	some, someone (person)
-> nódnipsoa	nobody
jompkumi	either one
-> jompkum-ma	neither one
jokkozza(i)	some, something (animal, thing)
kuken	each one
ampk	both
ambul	both
kakerpsoa	anyone
-> kakerpsoa-ma	no one
kakerkozza(i)	anything -> nó-kakerkozza(i)-ma = nothing

Numerals

This chart is just an example of Ubell numbers (0-10). For further details, please see Ubell Numbers

Cardinal numbers and key inflected forms
Number	Cardinal	Ordinal	Adverbial	Temporal	Name
0	zro	jerž	ser	zro	bado
1	mek	ixtën	bal	ena	and
2	jerkou	xena	tel	doj	hulät
3	jerek	xalax	kil	trej	sast
4	qors	erbe	fol	patru	arat
5	hiñ	hamix	lul	qinq	ammúst
6	vec	xixxu	mäl	xase	súddúst
7	jot	sebe	vel	xapte	säbat
8	ut	samäne	jöl	opt	súmmúnt
9	inó	tixe	zül	nowú	zätäñ
10	tahsz	exer	deg	zeqe	asúr

Adjectives

Types of Adjectives

Indefinite

Some indefinite adjectives are often perceived as indefinite pronouns. These include:

Indefinite adjectives
Ubell	English
hano	only
eräs	some, certain, one
harva	few
itseh (non-reflexive)	self
kajkij	all, everyone, everything
molemmat	both
moni	many
mü	other
mütama	some, a few
sama	same
tonenj (non-reciprocal, non-numeral use)	another

True

True adjectives are what Ubell considers to be natural adjectives. They (generally) do not evolve from other types of words.

ex. - fast, slow, weird, black, blue, purple

Verbal

Ubell, like many other languages, have special verb forms that act as adjectives. Though in structure, these are special verb forms, they ARE NOT considered as such. They are adjectives. There are two types of the adjective class: Infinitive, and Participle.

Infinitive

Infinitive phrases (as in English "pizza to die for"), are viewed in an adjectival light. To die for is formed by taking the infinitive of the verb and stripping it of its verb marker (leave the root vowel of the marker) (morirti => mori. Then add -smogij.

Morirti => Mori => Morismogij

Now that pesky preposition in our adj. to die for, add the appropriate prepositional prefix.

Picza bjetú premorismogij - The pizza is to die for

Participle

Many languages have special verbal forms called participles that can act as noun modifiers. In some languages, including English, there is a strong tendency for participles to evolve into adjectives. English examples of this include relieved (the past participle of the verb relieve, used as an adjective in sentences (such as "I am so relieved to see you"), spoken (as in "the spoken word"), and going (the present participle of the verb go, used as an adjective in sentences such as "Ten dollars per hour is the going rate").

To form this construction, take the consonant stem of the verb, and add -ivjaxij

Vadivjaxi palä - The spoken word

Comparative formation

When forming comparatives, add -alni

Blue => Bluer

Albastro => Albastralni

Superlative formation

When forming superaltives, add - ilàn

Blue => Bluer => Bluest

Albastro => Albastralni => Albastrilàn

Verbs

Ubell has 5 verb classes.

    (i) verbs end in -arti, Vadarti to speak
    (ii) verbs end in -erti, Komerti to eat
    (iii) verbs end in -irti, Vivirti to live, exist
    (iv) verbs end in -[consonant]ti, Pixti, to write
    (v) verbs are irregular verbs, Jesti to be
    (v.#) verbs that irregular, in the fact that they appear to be (iv),
          but conjugate in which ever class as determined by it's radical stem change,
          Müßenti(v.iii), to have to do (something)

Infinitive

The infinitive of a verb is its basic form. They are not inflected to agree with any subject, and their subject.

Personal

The personal infinitive, a non-finite form which does not show tense, but is inflected for person and number. Used with the subjunctive mood (see below) when the subject of the dependent is the same as the independent clause. This form is also used when auxiliary verbs are used.

Tense

Grammatical tense is a temporal linguistic quality expressing the time at, during, or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs.

Tense is one of at least five qualities, along with mood, voice, aspect, and person, which verb forms may express.

Tenses cannot always be translated from one language to another. While verbs in all languages have typical forms by which they are identified and indexed in dictionaries, usually the most common present tense or an infinitive, their meanings vary among languages.

There are languages (such as isolating languages, like Chinese) in which tense is not used, but implied in temporal adverbs when needed, and some (such as Japanese) in which temporal information appears in the inflection of adjectives, lending them a verb-like quality. In some languages (such as Russian) a simple verb may indicate aspect and tense.

The number of tenses in a language may be controversial, since its verbs may indicate qualities of uncertainty, frequency, completion, duration, possibility, and even whether information derives from experience or hearsay.

Ubell has 5 tenses:

• Present
• Preterite (Simple Past)
• Imperfect (Complex Past)
• Future
• Conditional

Present

The present tense is the tense (that is, the form of the verb) that may be used to express:

   * action at the present
   * a state of being;
   * a habitual action;
   * an occurrence in the (very) near future; or
   * an action that occurred in the past and continues up to the present.

Preterite

The preterite (also praeterite, in American English also preterit, simple past, or past historic) is the grammatical tense expressing actions that took place in the past. It is similar to the aorist in languages such as Greek.

The preterite is a verb tense that indicates that an action taken once in the past was completed at a specific point in time in the past. Usually, a definite start time or end time for the action is stated. This is opposed to the imperfect tense, which refers to any repeated, continuous, or habitual past action. Thus, "I ran five miles yesterday" would use the first-person preterite form of ran, corrí, whereas "I ran five miles every morning" would use the first-person imperfect tense form, corría. This distinction is actually one of perfective vs. imperfective aspect.

Imperfect

The imperfect tense, in the classical grammar of several Indo-European languages, denotes a past tense with an imperfective aspect. In English, it is referred to as the past continuous tense.

The term originated with the Latin language because "imperfect" refers to an uncompleted or abandoned action.

the imperfect is generally a past tense. Its uses include representing:

   * An action that was happening, used to happen, or happened regularly in the past and ongoing
   * People, things, or conditions of the past
   * A time in the past
   * A situation that was in progress in the past when another isolated and important event occurred (the former using the imperfect, while the latter uses the preterite).
   * A physical or mental state or condition in progress in the past. Often used with verbs of being, emotion, capability, or conscience.

Future

In grammar, the future tense is a verb form that marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future (in an absolute tense system), or to happen subsequent to some other event, whether that is past, present, or future (in a relative tense system).

Conditional

The conditional tense is the form of the verb used in conditional sentences to refer to a hypothetical state of affairs, or an uncertain event that is contingent on another set of circumstances. This tense is thus similar to the subjunctive mood, although languages that have distinct verb forms for the two use them in distinct ways.

Conditional verb forms can also have temporal uses, often for expressing "future in the past" tense.

Mood

Grammatical mood is one of a set of distinctive verb forms that are used to signal modality.[1] It is distinct from grammatical tense or grammatical aspect, although these concepts are conflated to some degree in many languages, including English and most other modern Indo-European languages, insofar as the same word patterns are used to express more than one of these concepts at the same time.

Ubell has 3 moods:

    *Indicative
    *Subjunctive
    *Imperative

Indicative

The indicative mood or evidential mood is used for factual statements and positive beliefs. All intentions that a particular language does not categorize as another mood are classified as indicative. In English, questions are considered indicative. It is the most commonly used mood and is found in all languages. Example: "Paul is eating an apple" or "John eats apples".

The indicative mood is for statements of actuality or strong probability: The spine-tailed swift flies faster than any other bird in the world.

The following Ubell verb tenses occur in the indicative mood:

    *Present
    *Preterite
    *Imperfect
    *Future
    *Conditional

Subjunctive

n grammar, the subjunctive mood (sometimes referred to as the conjunctive mood, as it often follows a conjunction) is a verb mood that exists in many languages. It is typically used in dependent clauses to express wishes, commands, emotion, possibility, judgment, necessity, or statements that are contrary to fact at present. The details of subjunctive use vary from language to language.

The following Ubell verb tenses occur in the subjunctive mood:

    *Present
    *Imperfect
    *Future

Imperative

The imperative mood is a grammatical mood that expresses direct commands or requests. It is also used to signal a prohibition, permission or any other kind of exhortation.

The following Ubell verb tenses occur in the imperative mood:

    *Present
    *Future

The imperative mood in Ubell is also used as a vocative or exclamatory verb form, In this instance, the following verb tenses occur:

    *Present
    *Preterite
    *Imperfect
    *Future
    *Conditional

Voice

In grammar, the voice (also called gender or diathesis) of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc.). When the subject is the agent or actor of the verb, the verb is in the active voice. When the subject is the patient, target or undergoer of the action, it is said to be in the passive voice.

Active vs Passive

In grammar, the voice (also called gender or diathesis) of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc.). When the subject is the agent or actor of the verb, the verb is in the active voice. When the subject is the patient, target or undergoer of the action, it is said to be in the passive voice.

For example, in the sentence:

   The cat ate the mouse.

the verb "ate" is in the active voice, but in the sentence:

   The mouse was eaten by the cat.

the verbal phrase "was eaten" is passive.

Aspect: Verbal Pairs

Ubell utilizes what appears to be two grammatical aspects: Normalevsk and Kausolevsk.

Every Ubell verb comes paired with another verb, essencially meanign the exact same thing. The first verb being classified as Normalevsk, and the other as Kausolevsk. They are used in different situations, and are not necessarily in the same verb class.

Normalevsk

All of the verbs in the Conjugation section are Normalevsk verbs.

Kausolevsk

Kausolevsk verbs have a specific meaning and use. The Kausolevsk verbs essencially mean To cause to do....

ex: Vadarti is a normalevsk verb that means to speak. It is paired with the kausolevsk verb, Hicti which means to cause to speak

Top 20 Most Common Verb Pairs

English - Normalevsk - Kausolevsk

    to walk - Caminarti - Ibilirti
    to learn - Aprenderti - Ikasirti
    to drink - Beberti - Edanti
    to look for - Buxkarti - Bilatuarti
    to sing - Kantarti - Ktarikti
    to run - Koherti - Lasterkarti
    to believe - Crërti - Sinecirti
    to listen - Eskuqarti - Entzunti
    to talk - Góvórti - Parlerti
    to make - Aserti - Fairti
    to put - Ponerti - Errunti
    to want - Kërti - Nahirti
    to know - Znarti - Gauzeirti
    to be - Birti / Jesti - Izanti / Bajanti
    to have - Terti - Edukirti
    to bring - Traerti - Ekarrirti
    to come - Venirti - Vendrerti
    to sell - Venderti - Salduarti
    to dress - Vestirti - Janzkerarti
    to live - Vivirti - Bizirti

Conjugation

See Ubell Verb Conjugation

Adverbs

Adverbs typically answer questions such as how?, when?, where?, why? and to what extent?. They often end in -ly.

fast/rapid + ly = rapidly

afet + mens = afetmens

or

afet + marú = afetmarú

Prepositions

Prepositions
Ubell	English
t, et	and
k	to, toward
k-ma	away (from)
p, por	to, for, in order to/for, by
n, em	in, on
auf	out, off
z	of, from
s	with
s-ma	without
sobor	over, above
sobor-ma	under, beneath
v	if
c	up
c-ma	down
q	in addition to, near, by
cem	upon
nu	but
añet	before
ftos	after
l, ól	even if
d, ód	although
b, ób	about, by
kolj	since
tolj	because (of)
tilj	until

Conjunctions

Preposition Article Conjuctions
	O	A	I	E
t, et	to	ta	ti	te
k	ko	ka	ki	ke
k-ma	ko-ma	ka-ma	ki-ma	ke-ma
p, por	pro	pra	pri	pre
n, em	no	na	ni	ne
auf	auf	auf	auf	auf
z	zo	za	zi	ze
s	so	sa	si	se
s-ma	so-ma	sa-ma	si-ma	se-ma
sobor	sobro	sobra	sobri	sobre
sobor-ma	sobro-ma	sobra-ma	sobri-ma	sobre-ma
v	vo	va	vi	ve
c	co	ca	ci	ce
c-ma	co-ma	ca-ma	ci-ma	ce-ma
q	qo	qa	qi	qe
cem	cno	cna	cni	cne
nu	nuho	nuha	nuhi	nuhe
añet	añto	añta	añti	añte
ftos	fco	fca	fci	fce
l, ól	lo	la	li	le
d, ód	do	da	di	de
b, ób	bo	ba	bi	be
kolj	klo	kla	kli	kle
tolj	tlo	tla	tli	tle
tilj	ótlo	ótla	ótli	ótle

Syntax

Ubell syntax is very similar to that of the languages in both families of which it is comprised. It's word order is SVO/SOV. Generally speaking it is SVO (Subject Verb Object); with the exception of when object pronouns are being used in place of the noun, then it shifts to SOV. The indirect object pronoun always precedes the direct object pronoun. Adjectives can either go before or after the noun they modify.

Questions

English	Ubell
How	Kako
What	Xto
Why	Zaxto
When	Kana
Where	Gdje
Who	Kva, Kto
Which	Qmale
How much/many	Ckolkó

Dialectal variation

Góvórski

Góvórski is deemed the standard. This website is written in Góvórskim Ubell.

Ariqki

Ariqki has a series of “inconsistencies” between spelling and pronunciation, thus causing the break down into multiple sub-dialects.

• A key clue to recognize Ariqki speakers is that they tend to drop the word final /ú/

Verbal Differentiation

Unlike Góvóorski, Ariqki does not use the copula 'be,' thus the present tense of 'jesti' is not used.

    I'm happy. Ja srtan.
    I'm from Ipps. Ja z Ippsjevò.

Ariqki also does not make use of the verb 'birti.'It uses a special construction of 'jesti,' based upon the Vacroqki (a Middle Ubell language) verb 'asti'-'to be' in order to convey the same meaning as 'birti.'

Sub-Dialects

Vest Gallözki

The major sub-dialectal branch is 'Vest Gallözki'. Vest Gallözki is broken into 2 parts:

Vrazírßki

• Final /o/ > [u]
• Final /e/ > [i]
• Final /l/ > [u]
• Unstressed /e/ > [i]
• Unstressed /e/ in /de/ > [dʒi]
• Unstressed /e/ in /te/ > [t͡ɕi]
• Word final /s/ > [ʂ]

Karibßki

• Final /s/ > ø; (final /s/, meaning syllable final and word final)
• /b/ > [v] or [w]
• /v/ > [b]
• /f/ > [p]
• /p/ > [f]
• /ado/, /d/ > ø; /ado/ >[ao]
• /gua/,/gue/, /gwa/, /gwe/ => /g/ > ø; /gua/ > [ua]

Jevóxlovski

Jevóxlovski uses a modified Cyrillic script

Jevóxlovski also does not make use of the verb 'birti.'It uses a special construction of 'jesti,' based upon the Vacroqki (a Middle Ubell language) verb 'asti'-'to be' in order to convey the same meaning as 'birti.'

Jevóxlovski does not use some diacritics. The circumflex, acute, and grave accents above vowels are the only vowel accents permitted

Verbs do not us the infixes to represent progressive, perfect, nor perfect progressive. The progressive particle hwa is used

Góvórski group of verbs known as 'Kausolevsk', are not used in that manner in Jevóxlovski. In Jevóxlovski, there are known as 'Perfektlevsk' verbs (or perfect verbs). These verbs have the meaning "To have ..."

    ex: Góvórti means 'to talk'. It is paired with the verb Parlerti. 
    Parlerti's 'Kausolevsk' translation is 'To be caused to talk', 
    whereas its 'Perfektlevsk' translation is 'To have talked'.

Ruxqèvíqski

• The pronunciation of some word final consonants change. The only way to stop this is gemination
  • Final /l/ > [u], /ll/ > [l]
  • Final /b/ > [p], /bb/ > [b]
  • Final /d/ > [t], /dd/ > [d]
  • Final /g/ > [k], /gg/ > [g]
  • Final /v/ > [f], /vv/ > [v]
  • Final /z/ > [s], /zz/ > [z]
• Unlike Góvórski, Ruxqèvíqski does not use the copula 'be,' thus the present tense of 'jesti' is not used.

    I'm happy. Йа сртан.
    I'm from Ipps. Йа з Иппсйевъо.

Hrvbjelacki

• The pronunciation of some word final consonants change. The only way to stop this is gemination
  • Final /l/ > [u], /ll/ > [l]
  • Final /b/ > [p], /bb/ > [b]
  • Final /d/ > [t], /dd/ > [d]
  • Final /g/ > [k], /gg/ > [g]
  • Final /v/ > [f], /vv/ > [v]
  • Final /z/ > [s], /zz/ > [z]
• Unlike Ruxqèvíqski, Hrvbjelacki does use the copula 'be'.

    I'm happy. Йем сртан.
    I'm from Ipps. Сам з Иппсйевъо.

Talamàsčaski

• A key clue to recognize Talamàsčaski speakers is that they tend to drop the word final /ú/
• Final /o/ > [u]
• Final /s/ > ø; (final /s/, meaning syllable final and word final)
• /b/ > [v] or [w]
• /v/ > [b]
• Word final /s/ > [ʂ]
• /f/ > [p]
• /p/ > [f]
• /ado/, /d/ > ø; /ado/ >[ao]
• /gua/,/gue/, /gwa/, /gwe/ => /g/ > ø; /gua/ > [ua]
• The pronunciation of some word final consonants change. The only way to stop this is gemination
  • Final /l/ > [u], /ll/ > [l]
  • Final /b/ > [p], /bb/ > [b]
  • Final /d/ > [t], /dd/ > [d]
  • Final /g/ > [k], /gg/ > [g]
  • Final /v/ > [f], /vv/ > [v]
  • Final /z/ > [s], /zz/ > [z]
  • Final /ž/ > [ʂ], /žž/ > [ʒ]
• Unlike Góvórski, Talamàsčaski does not use the copula 'be,' thus the present tense of 'jesti' is not used.

    I'm happy. Ja srtan.
    I'm from Ipps. Ja z Ippsjevò.

Talamàsčaski also does not make use of the verb 'birti.'It uses a special construction of 'jesti,' based upon the Vacroqki (a Middle Ubell language) verb 'asti'-'to be' in order to convey the same meaning as 'birti.'

Verbs do not us the infixes to represent progressive, perfect, nor perfect progressive. The progressive particle hwa is used

Góvórski group of verbs known as 'Kausolevsk', are not used in that manner in Talamàsčaski. In Talamàsčaski, there are known as 'Perfektlevsk' verbs (or perfect verbs). These verbs have the meaning "To have ..."

    ex: Góvórti means 'to talk'. It is paired with the verb Parlerti. 
    Parlerti's 'Kausolevsk' translation is 'To be caused to talk', 
    whereas its 'Perfektlevsk' translation is 'To have talked'.

Sample Vocabulary

(sing., pl - english) - (any text in red denotes spelling changes of all types)

1. ovisarj, ovisarjúx - sheep
2. qko, qkos - boy
   1. qka - girl
   2. qki - child
3. gru, grus - group
4. animal, animals - animal
   1. gru z animalogis - flock (lit. group of animals)
5. vilja, viljas - village
   1. viljajer, viljajers - villager
6. bromo, bromos - joke
   1. bromarti - to joke
   2. igu eqarti bromoges (z) [k] - to make fun (of) [at]...
7. prto - black
8. alb - white
9. garje - gray
10. rùbica - red
11. albastro - blue
12. galben - yellow
13. virens - green
14. portokalj - orange
15. mov - purple
16. maro - brown

Example text

English	A vacation is a countdown, t-minus your life and counting, time to drag your tongue across the sugar cube and hope you get a taste... isn't that sweet?-- stonesour
Góvórski	"Vakacja bjetú kontolú’ce-ma, temp miniaje krb vitogirú t kontexar, bjetú orat pre pasarx awaŧogi sobre zukarrepsélla et deseajstes xta recibjutjex saboroge...öy ŧuo bjetú dols?"
Ariqki	"Vakacja je kontolú’ce-ma, temp miniaje krb vitogirú t kontexar, je orat pre pasarx awaŧogi sobre zukarrepsélla et deseajstes xta recibjutjex saboroge...öy ŧuo je dols?"
Ruxqèvíqski	Вакацйа контольу'це-ма, темп миниайе крб витогирьу т контар хюа, таамаа орат пре пасарш аюатдоги собре зукаррепсьелла ет десеайстйеш шта рецибйутйеш сабороге...ооя тдуо долс? (Vakacja kontolú'ce-ma, temp miniaje krb vitogirú t kontar hwa, taamaa orat pre pasarx awatdogi sobre zukarrepsélla et deseajstjex xta recibjutjex saboroge...ooy tduo dols?)
Hrvbjelacki	Вакацйа йе контольу'це-ма, темп миниайе крб витогирьу т контар хюа, йе орат пре пасарш аюатдоги собре зукаррепсьелла ет десеайстйеш шта рецибйутйеш сабороге...ооя тдуо йе долс? (Vakacja je kontolú'ce-ma, temp miniaje krb vitogirú t kontar hwa, je orat pre pasarx awatdogi sobre zukarrepsélla et deseajstes xta recibjutjex saboroge...ooy tduo je dols?)
Talamàsčaski	"Vakacja kontolú’ce-ma, temp miniaje krb vitogirú t kontar hwa, tämä orat pre pasarx awaŧogi sobre zukarrepsélla et deseajstes xta recibjutjex saboroge...öy ŧuo dols?"

Excerpt Song Lyrics: Soular Flares, by The Ready Set

This is to show how Perfect verbs (and Perfect constructions) occur in the different dialects, as well as the Causatives.

English	"so darling do you know how you got so lovely? was it self-taught, learned from life? you've got skills making boys go crazy, and i've been running down the stairs again, i think you're in my head girl, i think i'm freaking out girl. sometimes i wonder if you're even real, if not it's cool, i don't wanna go back to the way that it was, i don't wanna go back 'cause i think i may be (in love) "
Góvórski	"Ik, carinja, öy znajex jak venabil birtirx mu belŧä? Öy xtú k’icu ensenjar, öy aprender z vitén? Tejex znartijakoges xta b iqoma terjale kiholömogi qkos, t kohoheju c-ma ekolern tonenjét tempt, pensaju xta jutex n nuholöméša qkinja, pensaju xta perdohautju nuholömogi qkinja. Jokkozza-temps ice preokupaju ól bidàs hryal, v ma tóh je hós, žvlagju-ma hrgrsarm k ŧü maneru sidelo, žvlagju-ma hrgrsarm tolj pensaju xta bio amarm jedd."
Ariqki	""
Ruxqèvíqski	"" ()
Hrvbjelacki	"" ()
Talamàsčaski	""

Imperfektlevsk Verb Book

Ubellskin-Añlesku (Ubell-English)

ex entry in order to read properly. The primary verbs listed are the imperfektlevsk verbs, and their pair is written with them.

true infinitive (imperfektlevsk) / true infinitive (kausolevsk/perfektlevsk)

english meaning

differential meaning	differential meaning
verb class	verb class
radical vowel change	radical vowel change
radical stem change	radical stem change
translation of "I (verb)"	translation of "I (verb)"

Ubell

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