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+ | | "What's money? A man is a success if he gets up in the morning and goes to bed at night and in between does what he wants to do" -Bob Dylan || "" |
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+ | | "Basically, I'm for anything that gets you through the night - be it prayer, tranquilizers or a bottle of Jack Daniels. " ~ Frank Sinatra || "" |
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+ | | "I feel sorry for people who don't drink. When they wake up in the morning, that's as good as they're going to feel all day." ~ Frank Sinatra || "" |
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+ | | "Love is like a butterfly, if you hold it too tight, you risk crushing it -- too loosely, you may let it get away!" ~ Unknown || "" |
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+ | | "Trust in the Lord with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all your ways acknowledge him, and he will make your paths straight." ~ Proverbs 3:5,6 || "" |
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+ | | There will one day spring from the brain of science a machine or force so fearful in its potentialities, so absolutely terrifying, that even man, the fighter, who will dare torture and death in order to inflict torture and death, will be appalled, and so abandon war forever. --Thomas Alva Edison || "" |
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+ | | "Whether I shall turn out to be the hero of my own life, or whether that station will be held by anybody else, these pages must show. To begin my life with the beginning of my life, I record that I was born (as I have been informed and believe) on a Friday, at twelve o'clock at night. It was remarked that the clock began to strike, and I began to cry, simultaneously." -Opening of Charles Dickens' 'David Copperfield' || "" |
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+ | | Choose life. Choose a job. Choose a career. Choose a family. Choose a big fucking television. Choose washing machines, cars, compact disc players and electric tin openers. Choose good health, low cholesterol and dental insurance. Choose fixed interest mortgage payments. Choose a starter home. Choose your friends. Choose leisure wear and matching luggage. Choose a three-piece suite and higher purchase a wide range of fucking fabrics. Choose D.I.Y. and wondering who the fuck you are on Sunday morning. Choose sitting in a large couch watching mind-numbing spirit-crushing game shows stuffing fucking junk food in your mouth. Choose rotting away at the end of it all, pissing your last in a miserable home, nothing more than an embarrassment to the selfish fucked-up brats you've sworn to replace yourself. Choose your future, choose life. But why would you want to do a thing like that? I chose not to choose life. I chose something else. -Ewan McGregor as Renton, from Trainspotting || "" |
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+ | | Don't worry, I'll wait. --Katt Williams || "" |
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+ | | Trying is the first step towards failure. -- Walter Beck || "" |
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+ | | A vacation is a countdown, t-minus your life and counting, time to drag your tongue across the sugar cube and hope you get a taste... isn't that sweet?-- stonesour || "" |
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+ | | “He possessed every virtue of the great commanders, without their vices. He was a foe without hate; a friend without treachery; a private citizen without wrong; a neighbor without reproach; a Christian without hypocrisy, and a man without guilt. He was a Caesar without his ambition; a Frederick without his tyranny; a Napoleon without his selfishness; and a Washington without his reward. He was obedient to authority as a servant, and loyal in authority as a true king. He was gentle as a woman in life; modest and pure as a virgin in thought; watchful as a Roman vestal in duty; submissive to law as Socrates, and grand in battle as Achilles.” (Character Of Lee) || "" |
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+ | |} |
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Revision as of 22:47, 24 February 2009
Ubell is a constructed language, classified by it's creator as a Roman-Slavic. It draws influence from Romance languages (Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, Galician, Italian, French), Slavic languages (Croatian, Russian, Polish, Czech), K'iche' (a Mayan language), and Finnish.
- NB This website is written about the Standard Dialect (colloquially known as Góvórski)
Writing System
Ubell uses a total of three different alphabets.
Latin Script (modified) Cyrillic Script (modified) Ubell Script
The latin script is used for the purposes of this website
Orthography
Basics
Vowels
Letter | IPA | sound ex. | Ubell ex. | IPA |
---|---|---|---|---|
a | [a] | father | a | [a] |
e | [e] | mate | prehoh | [prexox] |
i | [i] | beet | adin | [adin] |
o | [o] | doe | qko | [t͡ɕko] |
u | [u] | boot | gru | [gru] |
á | [æ] | hat | ||
é | [ɛ] | bet | ||
í | [ɨ] | bit | ||
ó | [ɔ] | long | ||
ú | [ə] | uh |
Consonants
Letter | IPA | Sound ex. | Ubell ex | IPA |
---|---|---|---|---|
b | [b] | brother | bahrt | [bax'rt] |
c | [ʦ] | cats | icam | [iʦam] |
d | [d] | dog | prdlog | [prɛdlog] |
f | [f] | father | ftos | [ftos] |
g | [g] | dog | ||
h | [x] | hat, bach | ||
j | [j] | yam, boy | ||
k | [k] | car | ||
l | [l] | leather | ||
m | [m] | yam | ||
n | [n] | can | ||
p | [p] | open | ||
q | [t͡ɕ] | church | ||
r | [r] | reed | ||
s | [s] | song | ||
t | [t] | cat | ||
v | [v] | van | ||
w | [w] | wait | ||
x | [ʂ] | show | xto | [ʂto] |
z | [z] | zebra | zadna | [zadna] |
č | [k] | car | basč | [bask] |
đ / dž | [dʒ] | judge | đija / džija | [dʒija] |
ĵ | /Vj jV/ | |||
ķ | [q] | |||
ń / ñ | [ŋ] | |||
r / ŕ / ř | [rɛ] | red | Rrŕt | [rɛrɛrɛt] |
ß / š | [ss] | |||
ŧ | [θ] or [ð] | eth, theta | ||
ž | [ʒ] | pleasure | ||
y | [ʔ] |
Orthographic Spelling Changes
t + s => c t + x => q n + g => ñ d + ž => đ a + a => ä e + e => ë i + i => ï o + o => ö u + u => ü s + s ~> ß s + s ~> š t + d => ŧ
Grammar
Ubell grammar is the study of the rules governing the use of the Ubell language, a constructed Indo-European language. It is in the composite sub-family of Romano-slavic.
Morphology
Nouns
Number
All Ubell nouns are inflected to show 1 of 2 numbers, singular or plural. There are 3 suffixes to show the nouns number:
-s, used with most nouns. Ex.: qko - qkos,
-es
-úx, used where -, cannot be used. Ex: Ovisarj - Ovisarjúx (Though some dialects may use Ovisarjes.)
-rj Nouns
- NB - this rule applies to all nouns ending with a consonant followed by j
-rj nouns are pluralized by adding -úx to the end of the noun. However, Ruxqèvíqski (a sub-dialect of Jevóxlovski) maintains the -es plural marker from Middle Ubell. The reason the 'new' plural marker -úx came to be is the ambiguity of the spoken language.
In Old and Middle Ubell, the word-final 's' was pronounced as the 'x' is (a feature of which majority of the Ariqkian branch of dialects has maintained). With using this feature, speaking of certain nouns would bring about much ambiguity, for example:
Ovisarjes (while pronouncing the 's' as a 'x') would be misconstrued as "ovisar jex"
Where Ovisarjes is the plural for sheep, Ovisar jex meaning "the sound you make, caused by the act of herding"
Gender
Ubell nouns are not generally marked for gender. Gender is divided into 2 categories: Animate and Inanimate.
The Animate contains: masculine (m), feminine (f), and animate neuter (am). The Inanimate contains: inanimate neuter (in).
Nouns are generally IN, unless they are living. If the noun is male then it's M, the same goes for female.
AN is used normally for plants and animals, unless the sex of the plant or animal is known. It is also used in cases where sex of the noun is irrelevant or unknown.
ex: Jane's having a baby. - Jana darexje luciensoge ki qku.
We know Jane's is having a baby, but the sex of the baby is unknown, thus ki = to a(AN) is used.
Declension
(*) - indicates that the case has historically retained it's gender markers throughout the case's declension
- Also, nouns can be inflected for more than one case.
Ubell cases | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
case | suffix | English prep. | example | translation |
Grammatical | ||||
nominackim | ... | kazza | house | |
*akkusackim | -og | ... | kazzoge | house |
dackim | -u | to, for, at | kazzu | for the house |
đenackim | -irú | of (possession) | kazzirú | of the house, the house's |
Locative | ||||
lokkackim 1 | -jevò | at, from, of | kazzajevò | from the house |
lokkackim 2 | -(é)n | at, from, of | kazzan | from the house |
Locative (internal) | ||||
ineßkim | -(é)ßa | in | kazzaßa | in the house |
elackim | -(é)sta | from (inside) | kazzasta | from the house |
*illackim | -(é)žnó | into | kazzažne | into the house |
Locative (external) | ||||
adeßkim | -(é)lla | at, on | kazzalla | at the house |
avlackim | -(é)lta | from | kazzalta | from the house |
allackim | -(é)lle | to | kazzalle | to the house |
Marginal | ||||
eßkim | -(é)na | as (temporary state) | kazzana | as the house |
translackim | -(é)ksi | becoming (change of state) | kazzaksi | becoming the house |
instruqkim | -álti | with (the aid of) | kazzálti | with the house |
*instrumentaliqxkim | -om | with, by | kazzome | with the house |
abeßkim | -(é)tta | without | kazzatta | without the house |
Comparative | ||||
ekwackim | -(é)đìn | superlative, is | kazzađìn | is the house |
komparackim | -(é)lú | comparative, like | kazzalú | like the house |
Evaluative | ||||
benefaqkim | -alaķ | for, for the benefit of | kazzalaķ | for the house |
averskim | -(é)lan | avoided or feared | kazzalan | house |
Other | ||||
temporaliqxkim | -t | at, in, on, time phrases | (kazzat) | (at house o'clock) - used with numbers, months, yrs, people |
*vokackim | -oj | exclamation | kazzej! | house! |
Articles
Ubell does not utilize definite and indefinite articles.
There are four historical definite articles that represent article and gender, that are now used only for contractions with prepositions when needed.
o - masculine a - feminine i - animate neuter e - inanimate neuter
Pronouns
Personal
Singular Personal Pronoun Declension
1st Per | 2nd Per | 3rd Per | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
You (inf) | You (inf/for) | You (for) | Masc | Fem | A.Neut. | I.Neut. | ||
Nominackim | Ja | Iqi | Vos | Kos | Oñ | Añ | Iñ | Eñ |
Akkusackim | Mja | Tje | Vja | Kja | On | Ona | Oni | Ono |
Dackim | Menja | Tebja | Vosu | Kosu | Jevo | Jeva | Jevi | Jeve |
Đenackim | Mne | Trb | Vrb | Krb | Oñrb | Añrb | Iñrb | Eñrb |
Lokackim-a | Meh | Teh | Veh | Keh | Pan | Pana | Panu | Pane |
Lokackim-b | Jan | Iqin | Vosén | Kosén | Oñén | Añén | Iñén | Eñén |
Ineßkim | Jaßa | Iqißa | Voséßa | Koséßa | Oñéßa | Añéßa | Iñéßa | Eñéßa |
Elackim | Jasta | Iqista | Vosésta | Kosésta | Oñsta | Añsta | Iñsta | Eñsta |
Illackim | Jažnó | Iqižnó | Voséžnó | Koséžnó | Oñžnó | Añžna | Iñžni | Eñžne |
Adeßkim | Jalla | Iqilla | Vosélla | Kosélla | Oñélla | Añélla | Iñélla | Eñélla |
Avlackim | Jalta | Iqilta | Vosélta | Kosélta | Oñélta | Añélta | Iñélta | Eñélta |
Allackim | Jalle | Iqille | Vosélle | Kosélle | Oñélle | Añélle | Iñélle | Eñélle |
Eßkim | Jana | Iqina | Vosna | Kosna | Oñna | Añna | Iñna | Eñna |
Translackim | Jaksi | Iqiksi | Voséksi | Koséksi | Oñéksi | Añéksi | Iñéksi | Eñéksi |
Instruqkim | Jálti | Iqálti | Vosálti | Kosálti | Oñálti | Añálti | Iñálti | Eñálti |
Instrumentaliqxkim | Jom | Iqom | Vosom | Kosom | Oñom | Añoma | Iñomi | Eñome |
Abeßkim | Jatta | Iqitta | Vosétta | Kosétta | Oñétta | Añétta | Iñétta | Eñétta |
Ekwackim | Jađìn | Iqiđìn | Vosđìn | Kosđìn | Oñđìn | Añđìn | Iñđìn | Eñđìn |
Komparackim | Jalú | Iqilú | Voslú | Koslú | Oñlú | Añlú | Iñlú | Eñlú |
Benefaqkim | Jalaķ | Iqalaķ | Vosalaķ | Kosalaķ | Oñalaķ | Añalaķ | Iñalaķ | Eñalaķ |
Averskim | Jalan | Iqilan | Voslan | Koslan | Oñén | Añén | Iñén | Eñén |
Temporaliqxkim | Jat | Iqit | Vost | Kost | Oñét | Añét | Iñét | Eñét |
Vokackim | Mnoj | Toboj | Voj | Koj | Onoj | Anaj | Inij | Enej |
Plural Personal Pronoun Declension
1st Per | 2nd Per | 3rd Per | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
You (inf) | You (inf/for) | You (for) | Masc | Fem | A.Neut. | I.Neut. | ||
Nominackim | San | Xi | Vúj | Kúj | Oñs | Añs | Iñs | Eñs |
Akkusackim | Sja | Xbja | Vsja | Ksja | Cu | Cjej | Cho | Cego |
Dackim | Senja | Xbas | Vas | Kas | Cuh | Cjeh | Choh | Cegoh |
Đenackim | Nam | Bam | Vam | Kam | Mu | Jej | Mho | Mego |
Lokackim-a | Nax | Beh | Vah | Kah | Nim | Niej | Nijo | Nhim |
Lokackim-b | Sanén | Xin | Vén | Kén | Oñsén | Añén | Iñén | Eñén |
Ineßkim | Sanßa | Xißa | Vußa | Kußa | Oñséßa | Añséßa | Iñséßa | Eñséßa |
Elackim | Sansta | Xista | Vusta | Kusta | Oñsésta | Añsésta | Iñsésta | Eñsésta |
Illackim | Sanžnó | Xižnó | Vžnó | Kžnó | Oñséžnó | Añséžna | Iñséžni | Eñsžne |
Adeßkim | Sanélla | Xilla | Vulla | Kulla | Oñsélla | Añsélla | Iñsella | Eñsélla |
Avlackim | Sanélta | Xilta | Vulta | Kulta | Oñsélta | Añsélta | Iñselta | Eñsélta |
Allackim | Sanélle | Xille | Vulle | Kulle | Oñsélle | Añsélle | Iñselle | Eñsélle |
Eßkim | Sanna | Xina | Vuna | Kuna | Oñsna | Añsna | Iñsna | Eñsna |
Translackim | Sanksi | Xiksi | Vuksi | Kuksi | Oñséksi | Añséksi | Iñséksi | Eñséksi |
Instruqkim | Sanálti | Xálti | Válti | Kálti | Oñsálti | Añsálti | Iñsálti | Eñsálti |
Instrumentaliqxkim | Sanom | Xom | Vom | Kom | Oñsom | Añsoma | Iñsomi | Eñsome |
Abeßkim | Sanétta | Xitta | Vutta | Kutta | Oñsétta | Añsétta | Iñsétta | Eñsétta |
Ekwackim | Sanđìn | Xiđìn | Vuđìn | Kuđìn | Oñsđìn | Añsđìn | Iñsđìn | Eñsđìn |
Komparackim | Sanlú | Xilú | Vulú | Kulú | Oñslú | Añslú | Iñslú | Eñslú |
Benefaqkim | Sanalaķ | Xalaķ | Valaķ | Kalaķ | Oñsalaķ | Añsalaķ | Iñsalaķ | Eñsalaķ |
Averskim | Sanlan | Xilan | Vulan | Kulan | Oñslan | Añslan | Iñslan | Eñslan |
Temporaliqxkim | Sant | Xit | Vut | Kut | Oñst | Añst | Iñst | Eñst |
Vokackim | Namoj | Xamoj | Vamoj | Kamoj | Oñsoj | Añsaj | Iñsij | Eñsej |
Possessive
See Đenackim above.
Demonstrative
Demonstrative pronouns | |
---|---|
Ubell | English |
Singular | |
tämä | this |
tuo | that |
le | that (far away, over there) |
Plural | |
nämä | these |
nuo | those |
ljec | those (far away, over there) |
Interrogative
English | Ubell |
---|---|
How | Kako |
What | Xto |
Why | Zaxto |
When | Kana |
Where | Gdje |
Who | Kva, Kto |
Which | Qmale |
How much/many | Ckolkó |
Relative
English | Ubell |
---|---|
How | Jak |
What | Xta |
Why | Poqëmu |
When | Kwan |
Where | Kudah |
Who | Kem |
Which | Icam |
How much/many | Kuiñka |
Reciprocal
Reciprocal pronouns | ||
---|---|---|
Pronoun | Example | English |
esi | " amajut s'esomi" | "they love each other" (plural) |
ođi | " amajut ođogi" | "they love one another" (double singular) |
Reflexive
Reflexive pronouns | |||
---|---|---|---|
Pronoun | Suffix | Example | English |
ice | plus corresponding prepositional prefix and declensional suffix | "Prpare p'icu teogi" | "(I) made myself some tea" |
Passive
Reflexive pronouns | |||
---|---|---|---|
Pronoun | Suffix | Example | English |
ipo | "Manžu ipo kocinalo" | "The food was cooked" |
Indefinite
A large group that entails all of the pronouns that do not fall into any of the categories above. Notice that there are no negative pronouns, such as "nobody", but the positive pronoun has to be negated in the same manner as verbs, suffixed "-ma." It may also be preceded by "nó."
Indefinite pronouns | |
---|---|
Ubell | English |
joka | every, each |
jokpsoa | every, everyone |
adnipsoa | some, someone (person) |
-> nódnipsoa | nobody |
jompkumi | either one |
-> jompkum-ma | neither one |
jokkozza(i) | some, something (animal, thing) |
kuken | each one |
ampk | both |
ambul | both |
kakerpsoa | anyone |
-> kakerpsoa-ma | no one |
kakerkozza(i) | anything -> nó-kakerkozza(i)-ma = nothing |
Numerals
This chart is just an example of Ubell numbers (0-10). For further details, please see Ubell Numbers
Cardinal numbers and key inflected forms | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Cardinal | Ordinal | Adverbial | Temporal | Name |
0 | zro | jerž | ser | zro | bado |
1 | mek | ixtën | bal | ena | and |
2 | jerkou | xena | tel | doj | hulät |
3 | jerek | xalax | kil | trej | sast |
4 | qors | erbe | fol | patru | arat |
5 | hiñ | hamix | lul | qinq | ammúst |
6 | vec | xixxu | mäl | xase | súddúst |
7 | jot | sebe | vel | xapte | säbat |
8 | ut | samäne | jöl | opt | súmmúnt |
9 | inó | tixe | zül | nowú | zätäñ |
10 | tahsz | exer | deg | zeqe | asúr |
Adjectives
Types of Adjectives
Indefinite
Some indefinite adjectives are often perceived as indefinite pronouns. These include:
Indefinite adjectives | |
---|---|
Ubell | English |
hano | only |
eräs | some, certain, one |
harva | few |
itseh (non-reflexive) | self |
kajkij | all, everyone, everything |
molemmat | both |
moni | many |
mü | other |
mütama | some, a few |
sama | same |
tonenj (non-reciprocal, non-numeral use) | another |
True
True adjectives are what Ubell considers to be natural adjectives. They (generally) do not evolve from other types of words.
ex. - fast, slow, weird, black, blue, purple
Verbal
Ubell, like many other languages, have special verb forms that act as adjectives. Though in structure, these are special verb forms, they ARE NOT considered as such. They are adjectives. There are two types of the adjective class: Infinitive, and Participle.
Infinitive
Infinitive phrases (as in English "pizza to die for"), are viewed in an adjectival light. To die for is formed by taking the infinitive of the verb and stripping it of its verb marker (leave the root vowel of the marker) (morirti => mori. Then add -smogij.
Morirti => Mori => Morismogij
Now that pesky preposition in our adj. to die for, add the appropriate prepositional prefix.
Picza bjetú premorismogij - The pizza is to die for
Participle
Many languages have special verbal forms called participles that can act as noun modifiers. In some languages, including English, there is a strong tendency for participles to evolve into adjectives. English examples of this include relieved (the past participle of the verb relieve, used as an adjective in sentences (such as "I am so relieved to see you"), spoken (as in "the spoken word"), and going (the present participle of the verb go, used as an adjective in sentences such as "Ten dollars per hour is the going rate").
To form this construction, take the consonant stem of the verb, and add -ivjaxij
Vadivjaxi palä - The spoken word
Comparative formation
When forming comparatives, add -alni
Blue => Bluer
Albastro => Albastralni
Superlative formation
When forming superaltives, add - ilàn
Blue => Bluer => Bluest
Albastro => Albastralni => Albastrilàn
Verbs
Ubell has 5 verb classes.
(i) verbs end in -arti, Vadarti to speak (ii) verbs end in -erti, Komerti to eat (iii) verbs end in -irti, Vivirti to live, exist (iv) verbs end in -[consonant]ti, Pixti, to write (v) verbs are irregular verbs, Jesti to be (v.#) verbs that irregular, in the fact that they appear to be (iv), but conjugate in which ever class as determined by it's radical stem change, Müßenti(v.iii), to have to do (something)
Infinitive
The infinitive of a verb is its basic form. They are not inflected to agree with any subject, and their subject.
Personal
The personal infinitive, a non-finite form which does not show tense, but is inflected for person and number. Used with the subjunctive mood (see below) when the subject of the dependent is the same as the independent clause. This form is also used when auxiliary verbs are used.
Tense
Grammatical tense is a temporal linguistic quality expressing the time at, during, or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs.
Tense is one of at least five qualities, along with mood, voice, aspect, and person, which verb forms may express.
Tenses cannot always be translated from one language to another. While verbs in all languages have typical forms by which they are identified and indexed in dictionaries, usually the most common present tense or an infinitive, their meanings vary among languages.
There are languages (such as isolating languages, like Chinese) in which tense is not used, but implied in temporal adverbs when needed, and some (such as Japanese) in which temporal information appears in the inflection of adjectives, lending them a verb-like quality. In some languages (such as Russian) a simple verb may indicate aspect and tense.
The number of tenses in a language may be controversial, since its verbs may indicate qualities of uncertainty, frequency, completion, duration, possibility, and even whether information derives from experience or hearsay.
Ubell has 5 tenses:
- Present
- Preterite (Simple Past)
- Imperfect (Complex Past)
- Future
- Conditional
Present
The present tense is the tense (that is, the form of the verb) that may be used to express:
* action at the present * a state of being; * a habitual action; * an occurrence in the (very) near future; or * an action that occurred in the past and continues up to the present.
Preterite
The preterite (also praeterite, in American English also preterit, simple past, or past historic) is the grammatical tense expressing actions that took place in the past. It is similar to the aorist in languages such as Greek.
The preterite is a verb tense that indicates that an action taken once in the past was completed at a specific point in time in the past. Usually, a definite start time or end time for the action is stated. This is opposed to the imperfect tense, which refers to any repeated, continuous, or habitual past action. Thus, "I ran five miles yesterday" would use the first-person preterite form of ran, corrí, whereas "I ran five miles every morning" would use the first-person imperfect tense form, corría. This distinction is actually one of perfective vs. imperfective aspect.
Imperfect
The imperfect tense, in the classical grammar of several Indo-European languages, denotes a past tense with an imperfective aspect. In English, it is referred to as the past continuous tense.
The term originated with the Latin language because "imperfect" refers to an uncompleted or abandoned action.
the imperfect is generally a past tense. Its uses include representing:
* An action that was happening, used to happen, or happened regularly in the past and ongoing * People, things, or conditions of the past * A time in the past * A situation that was in progress in the past when another isolated and important event occurred (the former using the imperfect, while the latter uses the preterite). * A physical or mental state or condition in progress in the past. Often used with verbs of being, emotion, capability, or conscience.
Future
In grammar, the future tense is a verb form that marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future (in an absolute tense system), or to happen subsequent to some other event, whether that is past, present, or future (in a relative tense system).
Conditional
The conditional tense is the form of the verb used in conditional sentences to refer to a hypothetical state of affairs, or an uncertain event that is contingent on another set of circumstances. This tense is thus similar to the subjunctive mood, although languages that have distinct verb forms for the two use them in distinct ways.
Conditional verb forms can also have temporal uses, often for expressing "future in the past" tense.
Mood
Grammatical mood is one of a set of distinctive verb forms that are used to signal modality.[1] It is distinct from grammatical tense or grammatical aspect, although these concepts are conflated to some degree in many languages, including English and most other modern Indo-European languages, insofar as the same word patterns are used to express more than one of these concepts at the same time.
Ubell has 3 moods:
*Indicative *Subjunctive *Imperative
Indicative
The indicative mood or evidential mood is used for factual statements and positive beliefs. All intentions that a particular language does not categorize as another mood are classified as indicative. In English, questions are considered indicative. It is the most commonly used mood and is found in all languages. Example: "Paul is eating an apple" or "John eats apples".
The indicative mood is for statements of actuality or strong probability: The spine-tailed swift flies faster than any other bird in the world.
The following Ubell verb tenses occur in the indicative mood:
*Present *Preterite *Imperfect *Future *Conditional
Subjunctive
n grammar, the subjunctive mood (sometimes referred to as the conjunctive mood, as it often follows a conjunction) is a verb mood that exists in many languages. It is typically used in dependent clauses to express wishes, commands, emotion, possibility, judgment, necessity, or statements that are contrary to fact at present. The details of subjunctive use vary from language to language.
The following Ubell verb tenses occur in the subjunctive mood:
*Present *Imperfect *Future
Imperative
The imperative mood is a grammatical mood that expresses direct commands or requests. It is also used to signal a prohibition, permission or any other kind of exhortation.
The following Ubell verb tenses occur in the imperative mood:
*Present *Future
The imperative mood in Ubell is also used as a vocative or exclamatory verb form, In this instance, the following verb tenses occur:
*Present *Preterite *Imperfect *Future *Conditional
Voice
In grammar, the voice (also called gender or diathesis) of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc.). When the subject is the agent or actor of the verb, the verb is in the active voice. When the subject is the patient, target or undergoer of the action, it is said to be in the passive voice.
Active vs Passive
In grammar, the voice (also called gender or diathesis) of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc.). When the subject is the agent or actor of the verb, the verb is in the active voice. When the subject is the patient, target or undergoer of the action, it is said to be in the passive voice.
For example, in the sentence:
The cat ate the mouse.
the verb "ate" is in the active voice, but in the sentence:
The mouse was eaten by the cat.
the verbal phrase "was eaten" is passive.
Aspect: Verbal Pairs
Ubell utilizes what appears to be two grammatical aspects: Normalevsk and Kausolevsk.
Every Ubell verb comes paired with another verb, essencially meanign the exact same thing. The first verb being classified as Normalevsk, and the other as Kausolevsk. They are used in different situations, and are not necessarily in the same verb class.
Normalevsk
All of the verbs in the Conjugation section are Normalevsk verbs.
Kausolevsk
Kausolevsk verbs have a specific meaning and use. The Kausolevsk verbs essencially mean To cause to do....
ex: Vadarti is a normalevsk verb that means to speak. It is paired with the kausolevsk verb, Hicti which means to cause to speak
Top 20 Most Common Verb Pairs
English - Normalevsk - Kausolevsk
to walk - Caminarti - Ibilirti to learn - Aprenderti - Ikasirti to drink - Beberti - Edanti to look for - Buxkarti - Bilatuarti to sing - Kantarti - Ktarikti to run - Koherti - Lasterkarti to believe - Crërti - Sinecirti to listen - Eskuqarti - Entzunti to talk - Góvórti - Parlerti to make - Aserti - Fairti to put - Ponerti - Errunti to want - Kërti - Nahirti to know - Znarti - Gauzeirti to be - Birti / Jesti - Izanti / Bajanti to have - Terti - Edukirti to bring - Traerti - Ekarrirti to come - Venirti - Vendrerti to sell - Venderti - Salduarti to dress - Vestirti - Janzkerarti to live - Vivirti - Bizirti
Conjugation
Adverbs
Adverbs typically answer questions such as how?, when?, where?, why? and to what extent?. They often end in -ly.
fast/rapid + ly = rapidly
afet + mens = afetmens
or
afet + marú = afetmarú
Prepositions
Prepositions | |
---|---|
Ubell | English |
t, et | and |
k | to, toward |
k-ma | away (from) |
p, por | to, for, in order to/for, by |
n, em | in, on |
auf | out, off |
z | of, from |
s | with |
s-ma | without |
sobor | over, above |
sobor-ma | under, beneath |
v | if |
c | up |
c-ma | down |
q | in addition to, near, by |
cem | upon |
nu | but |
añet | before |
ftos | after |
l, ól | even if |
d, ód | although |
b, ób | about, by |
kolj | since |
tolj | because (of) |
tilj | until |
Conjunctions
Preposition Article Conjuctions | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
O | A | I | E | |||||
t, et | to | ta | ti | te | ||||
k | ko | ka | ki | ke | ||||
k-ma | ko-ma | ka-ma | ki-ma | ke-ma | ||||
p, por | pro | pra | pri | pre | ||||
n, em | no | na | ni | ne | ||||
auf | auf | auf | auf | auf | ||||
z | zo | za | zi | ze | ||||
s | so | sa | si | se | ||||
s-ma | so-ma | sa-ma | si-ma | se-ma | ||||
sobor | sobro | sobra | sobri | sobre | ||||
sobor-ma | sobro-ma | sobra-ma | sobri-ma | sobre-ma | ||||
v | vo | va | vi | ve | ||||
c | co | ca | ci | ce | ||||
c-ma | co-ma | ca-ma | ci-ma | ce-ma | ||||
q | qo | qa | qi | qe | ||||
cem | cno | cna | cni | cne | ||||
nu | nuho | nuha | nuhi | nuhe | ||||
añet | añto | añta | añti | añte | ||||
ftos | fco | fca | fci | fce | ||||
l, ól | lo | la | li | le | ||||
d, ód | do | da | di | de | ||||
b, ób | bo | ba | bi | be | ||||
kolj | klo | kla | kli | kle | ||||
tolj | tlo | tla | tli | tle | ||||
tilj | ótlo | ótla | ótli | ótle |
Syntax
Ubell syntax is very similar to that of the languages in both families of which it is comprised. It's word order is SVO/SOV. Generally speaking it is SVO (Subject Verb Object); with the exception of when object pronouns are being used in place of the noun, then it shifts to SOV. The indirect object pronoun always precedes the direct object pronoun. Adjectives can either go before or after the noun they modify.
Questions
English | Ubell |
---|---|
How | Kako |
What | Xto |
Why | Zaxto |
When | Kana |
Where | Gdje |
Who | Kva, Kto |
Which | Qmale |
How much/many | Ckolkó |
Dialectal variation
Góvórski
Góvóraki is deemed the standard. This website is written in Ubell.
Ariqki
Ariqki has a series of “inconsistencies” between spelling and pronunciation, thus causing the break down into multiple sub-dialects.
- A key clue to recognize Ariqki speakers is that they tend to drop the word final /ú/
Verbal Differentiation
Unlike Góvóorski, Ariqki does not use the copula 'be,' thus the present tense of 'jesti' is not used.
I'm happy. Ja srtan. I'm from Ipps. Ja z Ippsjevò.
Ariqki also does not make use of the verb 'birti.'It uses a special construction of 'jesti,' based upon the Vacroqki (a Middle Ubell language) verb 'asti'-'to be' in order to convey the same meaning as 'birti.'
Sub-Dialects
Vest Gallözki
The major sub-dialectal branch is 'Vest Gallözki'. Vest Gallözki is broken into 2 parts:
Vrazírßki
- Final /o/ > [u]
- Final /e/ > [i]
- Final /l/ > [u]
- Unstressed /e/ > [i]
- Unstressed /e/ in /de/ > [dʒi]
- Unstressed /e/ in /te/ > [t͡ɕi]
- Word final /s/ > [ʂ]
Karibßki
- Final /s/ > ø; (final /s/, meaning syllable final and word final)
- /b/ > [v] or [w]
- /v/ > [b]
- /f/ > [p]
- /p/ > [f]
- /ado/, /d/ > ø; /ado/ >[ao]
- /gua/,/gue/, /gwa/, /gwe/ => /g/ > ø; /gua/ > [ua]
Jevóxlovski
Ruxqèvíqski
Hrvbjelacki
Talamàsčaski
Sample Vocabulary
(sing., pl - english) - (any text in red denotes spelling changes of all types)
- ovisarj, ovisarjúx - sheep
- qko, qkos - boy
- qka - girl
- qki - child
- gru, grus - group
- animal, animals - animal
- gru z animalogis - flock (lit. group of animals)
- vilja, viljas - village
- viljajer, viljajers - villager
- bromo, bromos - joke
- bromarti - to joke
- igu eqarti bromoges (z) [k] - to make fun (of) [at]...
- prto - black
- alb - white
- garje - gray
- rùbica - red
- albastro - blue
- galben - yellow
- virens - green
- portokalj - orange
- mov - purple
- maro - brown
Example text
English | Ubell |
---|---|
"What's money? A man is a success if he gets up in the morning and goes to bed at night and in between does what he wants to do" -Bob Dylan | "" |
"Basically, I'm for anything that gets you through the night - be it prayer, tranquilizers or a bottle of Jack Daniels. " ~ Frank Sinatra | "" |
"I feel sorry for people who don't drink. When they wake up in the morning, that's as good as they're going to feel all day." ~ Frank Sinatra | "" |
"Love is like a butterfly, if you hold it too tight, you risk crushing it -- too loosely, you may let it get away!" ~ Unknown | "" |
"Trust in the Lord with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all your ways acknowledge him, and he will make your paths straight." ~ Proverbs 3:5,6 | "" |
There will one day spring from the brain of science a machine or force so fearful in its potentialities, so absolutely terrifying, that even man, the fighter, who will dare torture and death in order to inflict torture and death, will be appalled, and so abandon war forever. --Thomas Alva Edison | "" |
"Whether I shall turn out to be the hero of my own life, or whether that station will be held by anybody else, these pages must show. To begin my life with the beginning of my life, I record that I was born (as I have been informed and believe) on a Friday, at twelve o'clock at night. It was remarked that the clock began to strike, and I began to cry, simultaneously." -Opening of Charles Dickens' 'David Copperfield' | "" |
Choose life. Choose a job. Choose a career. Choose a family. Choose a big fucking television. Choose washing machines, cars, compact disc players and electric tin openers. Choose good health, low cholesterol and dental insurance. Choose fixed interest mortgage payments. Choose a starter home. Choose your friends. Choose leisure wear and matching luggage. Choose a three-piece suite and higher purchase a wide range of fucking fabrics. Choose D.I.Y. and wondering who the fuck you are on Sunday morning. Choose sitting in a large couch watching mind-numbing spirit-crushing game shows stuffing fucking junk food in your mouth. Choose rotting away at the end of it all, pissing your last in a miserable home, nothing more than an embarrassment to the selfish fucked-up brats you've sworn to replace yourself. Choose your future, choose life. But why would you want to do a thing like that? I chose not to choose life. I chose something else. -Ewan McGregor as Renton, from Trainspotting | "" |
Don't worry, I'll wait. --Katt Williams | "" |
Trying is the first step towards failure. -- Walter Beck | "" |
A vacation is a countdown, t-minus your life and counting, time to drag your tongue across the sugar cube and hope you get a taste... isn't that sweet?-- stonesour | "" |
“He possessed every virtue of the great commanders, without their vices. He was a foe without hate; a friend without treachery; a private citizen without wrong; a neighbor without reproach; a Christian without hypocrisy, and a man without guilt. He was a Caesar without his ambition; a Frederick without his tyranny; a Napoleon without his selfishness; and a Washington without his reward. He was obedient to authority as a servant, and loyal in authority as a true king. He was gentle as a woman in life; modest and pure as a virgin in thought; watchful as a Roman vestal in duty; submissive to law as Socrates, and grand in battle as Achilles.” (Character Of Lee) | "" |