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Ubell is a constructed language, classified by it's creator as a Roman-Slavic. It draws influence from Romance languages (Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, Galician, Italian, French), Slavic languages (Croatian, Russian, Polish, Czech), K'iche' (a Mayan language), and Finnish.

  • NB This website is written about the Standard Dialect (colloquially known as Góvórski)

Writing System

Ubell uses a total of three different alphabets.

    Latin Script (modified)
    Cyrillic Script (modified)
    Ubell Script 

The latin script is used for the purposes of this website

Orthography

Basics

Vowels

Letter IPA sound ex. Ubell ex. IPA
a [a] father a [a]
e [e] mate prehoh [prexox]
i [i] beet adin [adin]
o [o] doe qko [t͡ɕko]
u [u] boot gru [gru]
á [æ] hat
é [ɛ] bet
í [ɨ] bit
ó [ɔ] long
ú [ə] uh


Consonants

Letter IPA Sound ex. Ubell ex IPA
b [b] brother bahrt [bax'rt]
c [ʦ] cats icam [iʦam]
d [d] dog prdlog [prɛdlog]
f [f] father ftos [ftos]
g [g] dog
h [x] hat, bach
j [j] yam, boy
k [k] car
l [l] leather
m [m] yam
n [n] can
p [p] open
q [t͡ɕ] church
r [r] reed
s [s] song
t [t] cat
v [v] van
w [w] wait
x [ʂ] show xto [ʂto]
z [z] zebra zadna [zadna]
č [k] car basč [bask]
đ / dž [dʒ] judge đija / ija [dʒija]
ĵ /Vj jV/
ķ [q]
ń / ñ [ŋ]
r / ŕ / ř [rɛ] red Rrŕt [rɛrɛrɛt]
ß / š [ss]
ŧ [θ] or [ð] eth, theta
ž [ʒ] pleasure
y [ʔ]

Orthographic Spelling Changes

    t + s => c
    t + x => q
    n + g => ñ
    d + ž => đ
    a + a => ä
    e + e => ë
    i + i => ï
    o + o => ö
    u + u => ü
    s + s ~> ß
    s + s ~> š
    t + d => ŧ

Grammar

Ubell grammar is the study of the rules governing the use of the Ubell language, a constructed Indo-European language. It is in the composite sub-family of Romano-slavic.

Morphology

Nouns

Number

All Ubell nouns are inflected to show 1 of 2 numbers, singular or plural. There are 3 suffixes to show the nouns number:

-s, used with most nouns. Ex.: qko - qkos,

-es

-úx, used where -, cannot be used. Ex: Ovisarj - Ovisarjúx (Though some dialects may use Ovisarjes.)

-rj Nouns
  • NB - this rule applies to all nouns ending with a consonant followed by j

-rj nouns are pluralized by adding -úx to the end of the noun. However, Ruxqèvíqski (a sub-dialect of Jevóxlovski) maintains the -es plural marker from Middle Ubell. The reason the 'new' plural marker -úx came to be is the ambiguity of the spoken language.

In Old and Middle Ubell, the word-final 's' was pronounced as the 'x' is (a feature of which majority of the Ariqkian branch of dialects has maintained). With using this feature, speaking of certain nouns would bring about much ambiguity, for example:

Ovisarjes (while pronouncing the 's' as a 'x') would be misconstrued as "ovisar jex"

Where Ovisarjes is the plural for sheep, Ovisar jex meaning "the sound you make, caused by the act of herding"

Gender

Ubell nouns are not generally marked for gender. Gender is divided into 2 categories: Animate and Inanimate.

The Animate contains: masculine (m), feminine (f), and animate neuter (am). The Inanimate contains: inanimate neuter (in).

Nouns are generally IN, unless they are living. If the noun is male then it's M, the same goes for female.

AN is used normally for plants and animals, unless the sex of the plant or animal is known. It is also used in cases where sex of the noun is irrelevant or unknown.

ex: Jane's having a baby. - Jana darexje luciensoge ki qku.

We know Jane's is having a baby, but the sex of the baby is unknown, thus ki = to a(AN) is used.

Declension

(*) - indicates that the case has historically retained it's gender markers throughout the case's declension

- Also, nouns can be inflected for more than one case.

Ubell cases
case suffix English prep. example translation
Grammatical
nominackim   ... kazza house
*akkusackim -og ... kazzoge house
dackim -u to, for, at kazzu for the house
đenackim -irú of (possession) kazzirú of the house, the house's
Locative
lokkackim 1 -jevò at, from, of kazzajevò from the house
lokkackim 2 -(é)n at, from, of kazzan from the house
Locative (internal)
ineßkim -(é)ßa in kazzaßa in the house
elackim -(é)sta from (inside) kazzasta from the house
*illackim -(é)žnó into kazzažne into the house
Locative (external)
adeßkim -(é)lla at, on kazzalla at the house
avlackim -(é)lta from kazzalta from the house
allackim -(é)lle to kazzalle to the house
Marginal
eßkim -(é)na as (temporary state) kazzana as the house
translackim -(é)ksi becoming (change of state) kazzaksi becoming the house
instruqkim -álti with (the aid of) kazzálti with the house
*instrumentaliqxkim -om with, by kazzome with the house
abeßkim -(é)tta without kazzatta without the house
Comparative
ekwackim -(é)đìn superlative, is kazzađìn is the house
komparackim -(é)lú comparative, like kazzalú like the house
Evaluative
benefaqkim -alaķ for, for the benefit of kazzalaķ for the house
averskim -(é)lan avoided or feared kazzalan house
Other
temporaliqxkim -t at, in, on, time phrases (kazzat) (at house o'clock) - used with numbers, months, yrs, people
*vokackim -oj exclamation kazzej! house!

Articles

Ubell does not utilize definite and indefinite articles.

There are four historical definite articles that represent article and gender, that are now used only for contractions with prepositions when needed.

    o - masculine
    a - feminine
    i - animate neuter
    e - inanimate neuter

Pronouns

Personal

Singular Personal Pronoun Declension

1st Per 2nd Per 3rd Per
You (inf) You (inf/for) You (for) Masc Fem A.Neut. I.Neut.
Nominackim Ja Iqi Vos Kos
Akkusackim Mja Tje Vja Kja On Ona Oni Ono
Dackim Menja Tebja Vosu Kosu Jevo Jeva Jevi Jeve
Đenackim Mne Trb Vrb Krb Oñrb Añrb Iñrb Eñrb
Lokackim-a Meh Teh Veh Keh Pan Pana Panu Pane
Lokackim-b Jan Iqin Vosén Kosén Oñén Añén Iñén Eñén
Ineßkim Jaßa Iqißa Voséßa Koséßa Oñéßa Añéßa Iñéßa Eñéßa
Elackim Jasta Iqista Vosésta Kosésta Oñsta Añsta Iñsta Eñsta
Illackim Jažnó Iqižnó Voséžnó Koséžnó Oñžnó Añžna Iñžni Eñžne
Adeßkim Jalla Iqilla Vosélla Kosélla Oñélla Añélla Iñélla Eñélla
Avlackim Jalta Iqilta Vosélta Kosélta Oñélta Añélta Iñélta Eñélta
Allackim Jalle Iqille Vosélle Kosélle Oñélle Añélle Iñélle Eñélle
Eßkim Jana Iqina Vosna Kosna Oñna Añna Iñna Eñna
Translackim Jaksi Iqiksi Voséksi Koséksi Oñéksi Añéksi Iñéksi Eñéksi
Instruqkim Jálti Iqálti Vosálti Kosálti Oñálti Añálti Iñálti Eñálti
Instrumentaliqxkim Jom Iqom Vosom Kosom Oñom Añoma Iñomi Eñome
Abeßkim Jatta Iqitta Vosétta Kosétta Oñétta Añétta Iñétta Eñétta
Ekwackim Jađìn Iqiđìn Vosđìn Kosđìn Oñđìn Añđìn Iñđìn Eñđìn
Komparackim Jalú Iqilú Voslú Koslú Oñlú Añlú Iñlú Eñlú
Benefaqkim Jalaķ Iqalaķ Vosalaķ Kosalaķ Oñalaķ Añalaķ Iñalaķ Eñalaķ
Averskim Jalan Iqilan Voslan Koslan Oñén Añén Iñén Eñén
Temporaliqxkim Jat Iqit Vost Kost Oñét Añét Iñét Eñét
Vokackim Mnoj Toboj Voj Koj Onoj Anaj Inij Enej

Plural Personal Pronoun Declension

1st Per 2nd Per 3rd Per
You (inf) You (inf/for) You (for) Masc Fem A.Neut. I.Neut.
Nominackim San Xi Vúj Kúj Oñs Añs Iñs Eñs
Akkusackim Sja Xbja Vsja Ksja Cu Cjej Cho Cego
Dackim Senja Xbas Vas Kas Cuh Cjeh Choh Cegoh
Đenackim Nam Bam Vam Kam Mu Jej Mho Mego
Lokackim-a Nax Beh Vah Kah Nim Niej Nijo Nhim
Lokackim-b Sanén Xin Vén Kén Oñsén Añén Iñén Eñén
Ineßkim Sanßa Xißa Vußa Kußa Oñséßa Añséßa Iñséßa Eñséßa
Elackim Sansta Xista Vusta Kusta Oñsésta Añsésta Iñsésta Eñsésta
Illackim Sanžnó Xižnó Vžnó Kžnó Oñséžnó Añséžna Iñséžni Eñsžne
Adeßkim Sanélla Xilla Vulla Kulla Oñsélla Añsélla Iñsella Eñsélla
Avlackim Sanélta Xilta Vulta Kulta Oñsélta Añsélta Iñselta Eñsélta
Allackim Sanélle Xille Vulle Kulle Oñsélle Añsélle Iñselle Eñsélle
Eßkim Sanna Xina Vuna Kuna Oñsna Añsna Iñsna Eñsna
Translackim Sanksi Xiksi Vuksi Kuksi Oñséksi Añséksi Iñséksi Eñséksi
Instruqkim Sanálti Xálti Válti Kálti Oñsálti Añsálti Iñsálti Eñsálti
Instrumentaliqxkim Sanom Xom Vom Kom Oñsom Añsoma Iñsomi Eñsome
Abeßkim Sanétta Xitta Vutta Kutta Oñsétta Añsétta Iñsétta Eñsétta
Ekwackim Sanđìn Xiđìn Vuđìn Kuđìn Oñsđìn Añsđìn Iñsđìn Eñsđìn
Komparackim Sanlú Xilú Vulú Kulú Oñslú Añslú Iñslú Eñslú
Benefaqkim Sanalaķ Xalaķ Valaķ Kalaķ Oñsalaķ Añsalaķ Iñsalaķ Eñsalaķ
Averskim Sanlan Xilan Vulan Kulan Oñslan Añslan Iñslan Eñslan
Temporaliqxkim Sant Xit Vut Kut Oñst Añst Iñst Eñst
Vokackim Namoj Xamoj Vamoj Kamoj Oñsoj Añsaj Iñsij Eñsej

Possessive

See Đenackim above.

Demonstrative

Demonstrative pronouns
Ubell English
Singular
tämä this
ŧuo that
le that (far away, over there)
Plural
nämä these
ñuo those
ljec those (far away, over there)

Interrogative

English Ubell
How Kako
What Xto
Why Zaxto
When Kana
Where Gdje
Who Kva, Kto
Which Qmale
How much/many Ckolkó

Relative

English Ubell
How Jak
What Xta
Why Poqëmu
When Kwan
Where Kudah
Who Kem
Which Icam
How much/many Kuiñka

Reciprocal

Reciprocal pronouns
Pronoun Example English
esi " amajut s'esomi" "they love each other" (plural)
ođi " amajut ođogi" "they love one another" (double singular)

Reflexive

Reflexive pronouns
Pronoun Suffix Example English
ice plus corresponding prepositional prefix and declensional suffix "Prpare p'icu teogi" "(I) made myself some tea"

Passive

Reflexive pronouns
Pronoun Suffix Example English
ipo "Manžu ipo kocinalo" "The food was cooked"

Indefinite

A large group that entails all of the pronouns that do not fall into any of the categories above. Notice that there are no negative pronouns, such as "nobody", but the positive pronoun has to be negated in the same manner as verbs, suffixed "-ma." It may also be preceded by "nó."

Indefinite pronouns
Ubell English
joka every, each
jokpsoa every, everyone
adnipsoa some, someone (person)
-> nódnipsoa nobody
jompkumi either one
-> jompkum-ma neither one
jokkozza(i) some, something (animal, thing)
kuken each one
ampk both
ambul both
kakerpsoa anyone
-> kakerpsoa-ma no one
kakerkozza(i) anything -> nó-kakerkozza(i)-ma = nothing

Numerals

This chart is just an example of Ubell numbers (0-10). For further details, please see Ubell Numbers

Cardinal numbers and key inflected forms
Number Cardinal Ordinal Adverbial Temporal Name
0 zro jerž ser zro bado
1 mek ixtën bal ena and
2 jerkou xena tel doj hulät
3 jerek xalax kil trej sast
4 qors erbe fol patru arat
5 hiñ hamix lul qinq ammúst
6 vec xixxu mäl xase súddúst
7 jot sebe vel xapte säbat
8 ut samäne jöl opt súmmúnt
9 inó tixe zül nowú zätäñ
10 tahsz exer deg zeqe asúr

Adjectives

Types of Adjectives

Indefinite

Some indefinite adjectives are often perceived as indefinite pronouns. These include:

Indefinite adjectives
Ubell English
hano only
eräs some, certain, one
harva few
itseh (non-reflexive) self
kajkij all, everyone, everything
molemmat both
moni many
other
mütama some, a few
sama same
tonenj (non-reciprocal, non-numeral use) another
True

True adjectives are what Ubell considers to be natural adjectives. They (generally) do not evolve from other types of words.

ex. - fast, slow, weird, black, blue, purple

Verbal

Ubell, like many other languages, have special verb forms that act as adjectives. Though in structure, these are special verb forms, they ARE NOT considered as such. They are adjectives. There are two types of the adjective class: Infinitive, and Participle.

Infinitive

Infinitive phrases (as in English "pizza to die for"), are viewed in an adjectival light. To die for is formed by taking the infinitive of the verb and stripping it of its verb marker (leave the root vowel of the marker) (morirti => mori. Then add -smogij.

Morirti => Mori => Morismogij

Now that pesky preposition in our adj. to die for, add the appropriate prepositional prefix.


Picza bjetú premorismogij - The pizza is to die for

Participle

Many languages have special verbal forms called participles that can act as noun modifiers. In some languages, including English, there is a strong tendency for participles to evolve into adjectives. English examples of this include relieved (the past participle of the verb relieve, used as an adjective in sentences (such as "I am so relieved to see you"), spoken (as in "the spoken word"), and going (the present participle of the verb go, used as an adjective in sentences such as "Ten dollars per hour is the going rate").

To form this construction, take the consonant stem of the verb, and add -ivjaxij

Vadivjaxi palä - The spoken word

Comparative formation

When forming comparatives, add -alni

Blue => Bluer

Albastro => Albastralni

Superlative formation

When forming superaltives, add - ilàn

Blue => Bluer => Bluest

Albastro => Albastralni => Albastrilàn

Verbs

Ubell has 5 verb classes.

    (i) verbs end in -arti, Vadarti to speak
    (ii) verbs end in -erti, Komerti to eat
    (iii) verbs end in -irti, Vivirti to live, exist
    (iv) verbs end in -[consonant]ti, Pixti, to write
    (v) verbs are irregular verbs, Jesti to be
    (v.#) verbs that irregular, in the fact that they appear to be (iv),
          but conjugate in which ever class as determined by it's radical stem change,
          Müßenti(v.iii), to have to do (something)


Infinitive

The infinitive of a verb is its basic form. They are not inflected to agree with any subject, and their subject.

Personal

The personal infinitive, a non-finite form which does not show tense, but is inflected for person and number. Used with the subjunctive mood (see below) when the subject of the dependent is the same as the independent clause. This form is also used when auxiliary verbs are used.

Tense

Grammatical tense is a temporal linguistic quality expressing the time at, during, or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs.

Tense is one of at least five qualities, along with mood, voice, aspect, and person, which verb forms may express.

Tenses cannot always be translated from one language to another. While verbs in all languages have typical forms by which they are identified and indexed in dictionaries, usually the most common present tense or an infinitive, their meanings vary among languages.

There are languages (such as isolating languages, like Chinese) in which tense is not used, but implied in temporal adverbs when needed, and some (such as Japanese) in which temporal information appears in the inflection of adjectives, lending them a verb-like quality. In some languages (such as Russian) a simple verb may indicate aspect and tense.

The number of tenses in a language may be controversial, since its verbs may indicate qualities of uncertainty, frequency, completion, duration, possibility, and even whether information derives from experience or hearsay.

Ubell has 5 tenses:

  • Present
  • Preterite (Simple Past)
  • Imperfect (Complex Past)
  • Future
  • Conditional
Present

The present tense is the tense (that is, the form of the verb) that may be used to express:

   * action at the present
   * a state of being;
   * a habitual action;
   * an occurrence in the (very) near future; or
   * an action that occurred in the past and continues up to the present.
Preterite

The preterite (also praeterite, in American English also preterit, simple past, or past historic) is the grammatical tense expressing actions that took place in the past. It is similar to the aorist in languages such as Greek.

The preterite is a verb tense that indicates that an action taken once in the past was completed at a specific point in time in the past. Usually, a definite start time or end time for the action is stated. This is opposed to the imperfect tense, which refers to any repeated, continuous, or habitual past action. Thus, "I ran five miles yesterday" would use the first-person preterite form of ran, corrí, whereas "I ran five miles every morning" would use the first-person imperfect tense form, corría. This distinction is actually one of perfective vs. imperfective aspect.

Imperfect

The imperfect tense, in the classical grammar of several Indo-European languages, denotes a past tense with an imperfective aspect. In English, it is referred to as the past continuous tense.

The term originated with the Latin language because "imperfect" refers to an uncompleted or abandoned action.

the imperfect is generally a past tense. Its uses include representing:

   * An action that was happening, used to happen, or happened regularly in the past and ongoing
   * People, things, or conditions of the past
   * A time in the past
   * A situation that was in progress in the past when another isolated and important event occurred (the former using the imperfect, while the latter uses the preterite).
   * A physical or mental state or condition in progress in the past. Often used with verbs of being, emotion, capability, or conscience.
Future

In grammar, the future tense is a verb form that marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future (in an absolute tense system), or to happen subsequent to some other event, whether that is past, present, or future (in a relative tense system).

Conditional

The conditional tense is the form of the verb used in conditional sentences to refer to a hypothetical state of affairs, or an uncertain event that is contingent on another set of circumstances. This tense is thus similar to the subjunctive mood, although languages that have distinct verb forms for the two use them in distinct ways.

Conditional verb forms can also have temporal uses, often for expressing "future in the past" tense.

Mood

Grammatical mood is one of a set of distinctive verb forms that are used to signal modality.[1] It is distinct from grammatical tense or grammatical aspect, although these concepts are conflated to some degree in many languages, including English and most other modern Indo-European languages, insofar as the same word patterns are used to express more than one of these concepts at the same time.

Ubell has 3 moods:

    *Indicative
    *Subjunctive
    *Imperative
Indicative

The indicative mood or evidential mood is used for factual statements and positive beliefs. All intentions that a particular language does not categorize as another mood are classified as indicative. In English, questions are considered indicative. It is the most commonly used mood and is found in all languages. Example: "Paul is eating an apple" or "John eats apples".

The indicative mood is for statements of actuality or strong probability: The spine-tailed swift flies faster than any other bird in the world.

The following Ubell verb tenses occur in the indicative mood:

    *Present
    *Preterite
    *Imperfect
    *Future
    *Conditional
Subjunctive

n grammar, the subjunctive mood (sometimes referred to as the conjunctive mood, as it often follows a conjunction) is a verb mood that exists in many languages. It is typically used in dependent clauses to express wishes, commands, emotion, possibility, judgment, necessity, or statements that are contrary to fact at present. The details of subjunctive use vary from language to language.

The following Ubell verb tenses occur in the subjunctive mood:

    *Present
    *Imperfect
    *Future
Imperative

The imperative mood is a grammatical mood that expresses direct commands or requests. It is also used to signal a prohibition, permission or any other kind of exhortation.

The following Ubell verb tenses occur in the imperative mood:

    *Present
    *Future

The imperative mood in Ubell is also used as a vocative or exclamatory verb form, In this instance, the following verb tenses occur:

    *Present
    *Preterite
    *Imperfect
    *Future
    *Conditional

Voice

In grammar, the voice (also called gender or diathesis) of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc.). When the subject is the agent or actor of the verb, the verb is in the active voice. When the subject is the patient, target or undergoer of the action, it is said to be in the passive voice.


Active vs Passive

In grammar, the voice (also called gender or diathesis) of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc.). When the subject is the agent or actor of the verb, the verb is in the active voice. When the subject is the patient, target or undergoer of the action, it is said to be in the passive voice.

For example, in the sentence:

   The cat ate the mouse.

the verb "ate" is in the active voice, but in the sentence:

   The mouse was eaten by the cat.

the verbal phrase "was eaten" is passive.

Aspect: Verbal Pairs

Ubell utilizes what appears to be two grammatical aspects: Normalevsk and Kausolevsk.

Every Ubell verb comes paired with another verb, essencially meanign the exact same thing. The first verb being classified as Normalevsk, and the other as Kausolevsk. They are used in different situations, and are not necessarily in the same verb class.

Normalevsk

All of the verbs in the Conjugation section are Normalevsk verbs.

Kausolevsk

Kausolevsk verbs have a specific meaning and use. The Kausolevsk verbs essencially mean To cause to do....

ex: Vadarti is a normalevsk verb that means to speak. It is paired with the kausolevsk verb, Hicti which means to cause to speak

Top 20 Most Common Verb Pairs

English - Normalevsk - Kausolevsk

    to walk - Caminarti - Ibilirti
    to learn - Aprenderti - Ikasirti
    to drink - Beberti - Edanti
    to look for - Buxkarti - Bilatuarti
    to sing - Kantarti - Ktarikti
    to run - Koherti - Lasterkarti
    to believe - Crërti - Sinecirti
    to listen - Eskuqarti - Entzunti
    to talk - Góvórti - Parlerti
    to make - Aserti - Fairti
    to put - Ponerti - Errunti
    to want - Kërti - Nahirti
    to know - Znarti - Gauzeirti
    to be - Birti / Jesti - Izanti / Bajanti
    to have - Terti - Edukirti
    to bring - Traerti - Ekarrirti
    to come - Venirti - Vendrerti
    to sell - Venderti - Salduarti
    to dress - Vestirti - Janzkerarti
    to live - Vivirti - Bizirti

Conjugation

See Ubell Verb Conjugation

Adverbs

Adverbs typically answer questions such as how?, when?, where?, why? and to what extent?. They often end in -ly.


fast/rapid + ly = rapidly

afet + mens = afetmens

or

afet + marú = afetmarú

Prepositions

Prepositions
Ubell English
t, et and
k to, toward
k-ma away (from)
p, por to, for, in order to/for, by
n, em in, on
auf out, off
z of, from
s with
s-ma without
sobor over, above
sobor-ma under, beneath
v if
c up
c-ma down
q in addition to, near, by
cem upon
nu but
añet before
ftos after
l, ól even if
d, ód although
b, ób about, by
kolj since
tolj because (of)
tilj until


Conjunctions

Preposition Article Conjuctions
O A I E
t, et to ta ti te
k ko ka ki ke
k-ma ko-ma ka-ma ki-ma ke-ma
p, por pro pra pri pre
n, em no na ni ne
auf auf auf auf auf
z zo za zi ze
s so sa si se
s-ma so-ma sa-ma si-ma se-ma
sobor sobro sobra sobri sobre
sobor-ma sobro-ma sobra-ma sobri-ma sobre-ma
v vo va vi ve
c co ca ci ce
c-ma co-ma ca-ma ci-ma ce-ma
q qo qa qi qe
cem cno cna cni cne
nu nuho nuha nuhi nuhe
añet añto añta añti añte
ftos fco fca fci fce
l, ól lo la li le
d, ód do da di de
b, ób bo ba bi be
kolj klo kla kli kle
tolj tlo tla tli tle
tilj ótlo ótla ótli ótle

Syntax

Ubell syntax is very similar to that of the languages in both families of which it is comprised. It's word order is SVO/SOV. Generally speaking it is SVO (Subject Verb Object); with the exception of when object pronouns are being used in place of the noun, then it shifts to SOV. The indirect object pronoun always precedes the direct object pronoun. Adjectives can either go before or after the noun they modify.

Questions

English Ubell
How Kako
What Xto
Why Zaxto
When Kana
Where Gdje
Who Kva, Kto
Which Qmale
How much/many Ckolkó

Dialectal variation

Góvórski

Góvórski is deemed the standard. This website is written in Góvórskim Ubell.

Ariqki

Ariqki has a series of “inconsistencies” between spelling and pronunciation, thus causing the break down into multiple sub-dialects.

  • A key clue to recognize Ariqki speakers is that they tend to drop the word final /ú/

Verbal Differentiation

Unlike Góvóorski, Ariqki does not use the copula 'be,' thus the present tense of 'jesti' is not used.

    I'm happy. Ja srtan.
    I'm from Ipps. Ja z Ippsjevò.

Ariqki also does not make use of the verb 'birti.'It uses a special construction of 'jesti,' based upon the Vacroqki (a Middle Ubell language) verb 'asti'-'to be' in order to convey the same meaning as 'birti.'

Sub-Dialects

Vest Gallözki

The major sub-dialectal branch is 'Vest Gallözki'. Vest Gallözki is broken into 2 parts:

Vrazírßki
  • Final /o/ > [u]
  • Final /e/ > [i]
  • Final /l/ > [u]
  • Unstressed /e/ > [i]
  • Unstressed /e/ in /de/ > [dʒi]
  • Unstressed /e/ in /te/ > [t͡ɕi]
  • Word final /s/ > [ʂ]
Karibßki
  • Final /s/ > ø; (final /s/, meaning syllable final and word final)
  • /b/ > [v] or [w]
  • /v/ > [b]
  • /f/ > [p]
  • /p/ > [f]
  • /ado/, /d/ > ø; /ado/ >[ao]
  • /gua/,/gue/, /gwa/, /gwe/ => /g/ > ø; /gua/ > [ua]

Jevóxlovski

Jevóxlovski uses a modified Cyrillic script

Jevóxlovski also does not make use of the verb 'birti.'It uses a special construction of 'jesti,' based upon the Vacroqki (a Middle Ubell language) verb 'asti'-'to be' in order to convey the same meaning as 'birti.'

Jevóxlovski does not use some diacritics. The circumflex, acute, and grave accents above vowels are the only vowel accents permitted

Verbs do not us the infixes to represent progressive, perfect, nor perfect progressive. The progressive particle hwa is used

Góvórski group of verbs known as 'Kausolevsk', are not used in that manner in Jevóxlovski. In Jevóxlovski, there are known as 'Perfektlevsk' verbs (or perfect verbs). These verbs have the meaning "To have ..."

    ex: Góvórti means 'to talk'. It is paired with the verb Parlerti. 
    Parlerti's 'Kausolevsk' translation is 'To be caused to talk', 
    whereas its 'Perfektlevsk' translation is 'To have talked'.

Ruxqèvíqski

  • The pronunciation of some word final consonants change. The only way to stop this is gemination
    • Final /l/ > [u], /ll/ > [l]
    • Final /b/ > [p], /bb/ > [b]
    • Final /d/ > [t], /dd/ > [d]
    • Final /g/ > [k], /gg/ > [g]
    • Final /v/ > [f], /vv/ > [v]
    • Final /z/ > [s], /zz/ > [z]
  • Unlike Góvórski, Ruxqèvíqski does not use the copula 'be,' thus the present tense of 'jesti' is not used.
    I'm happy. Йа сртан.
    I'm from Ipps. Йа з Иппсйевъо.

Hrvbjelacki

  • The pronunciation of some word final consonants change. The only way to stop this is gemination
    • Final /l/ > [u], /ll/ > [l]
    • Final /b/ > [p], /bb/ > [b]
    • Final /d/ > [t], /dd/ > [d]
    • Final /g/ > [k], /gg/ > [g]
    • Final /v/ > [f], /vv/ > [v]
    • Final /z/ > [s], /zz/ > [z]
  • Unlike Ruxqèvíqski, Hrvbjelacki does use the copula 'be'.
    I'm happy. Йем сртан.
    I'm from Ipps. Сам з Иппсйевъо.

Talamàsčaski

  • A key clue to recognize Talamàsčaski speakers is that they tend to drop the word final /ú/
  • Final /o/ > [u]
  • Final /s/ > ø; (final /s/, meaning syllable final and word final)
  • /b/ > [v] or [w]
  • /v/ > [b]
  • Word final /s/ > [ʂ]
  • /f/ > [p]
  • /p/ > [f]
  • /ado/, /d/ > ø; /ado/ >[ao]
  • /gua/,/gue/, /gwa/, /gwe/ => /g/ > ø; /gua/ > [ua]
  • The pronunciation of some word final consonants change. The only way to stop this is gemination
    • Final /l/ > [u], /ll/ > [l]
    • Final /b/ > [p], /bb/ > [b]
    • Final /d/ > [t], /dd/ > [d]
    • Final /g/ > [k], /gg/ > [g]
    • Final /v/ > [f], /vv/ > [v]
    • Final /z/ > [s], /zz/ > [z]
    • Final /ž/ > [ʂ], /žž/ > [ʒ]
  • Unlike Góvórski, Talamàsčaski does not use the copula 'be,' thus the present tense of 'jesti' is not used.
    I'm happy. Ja srtan.
    I'm from Ipps. Ja z Ippsjevò.

Talamàsčaski also does not make use of the verb 'birti.'It uses a special construction of 'jesti,' based upon the Vacroqki (a Middle Ubell language) verb 'asti'-'to be' in order to convey the same meaning as 'birti.'


Verbs do not us the infixes to represent progressive, perfect, nor perfect progressive. The progressive particle hwa is used


Góvórski group of verbs known as 'Kausolevsk', are not used in that manner in Talamàsčaski. In Talamàsčaski, there are known as 'Perfektlevsk' verbs (or perfect verbs). These verbs have the meaning "To have ..."

    ex: Góvórti means 'to talk'. It is paired with the verb Parlerti. 
    Parlerti's 'Kausolevsk' translation is 'To be caused to talk', 
    whereas its 'Perfektlevsk' translation is 'To have talked'.

Sample Vocabulary

(sing., pl - english) - (any text in red denotes spelling changes of all types)

  1. ovisarj, ovisarjúx - sheep
  2. qko, qkos - boy
    1. qka - girl
    2. qki - child
  3. gru, grus - group
  4. animal, animals - animal
    1. gru z animalogis - flock (lit. group of animals)
  5. vilja, viljas - village
    1. viljajer, viljajers - villager
  6. bromo, bromos - joke
    1. bromarti - to joke
    2. igu eqarti bromoges (z) [k] - to make fun (of) [at]...
  7. prto - black
  8. alb - white
  9. garje - gray
  10. rùbica - red
  11. albastro - blue
  12. galben - yellow
  13. virens - green
  14. portokalj - orange
  15. mov - purple
  16. maro - brown

Example text

English A vacation is a countdown, t-minus your life and counting, time to drag your tongue across the sugar cube and hope you get a taste... isn't that sweet?-- stonesour
Góvórski "Vakacja bjetú kontolú’ce-ma, temp miniaje krb vitogirú t kontexar, bjetú orat pre pasarx awaŧogi sobre zukarrepsélla et deseajstes xta recibjutjex saboroge...öy ŧuo bjetú dols?"
Ariqki "Vakacja je kontolú’ce-ma, temp miniaje krb vitogirú t kontexar, je orat pre pasarx awaŧogi sobre zukarrepsélla et deseajstes xta recibjutjex saboroge...öy ŧuo je dols?"
Ruxqèvíqski Вакацйа контольу'це-ма, темп миниайе крб витогирьу т контар хюа, таамаа орат пре пасарш аюатдоги собре зукаррепсьелла ет десеайстйеш шта рецибйутйеш сабороге...ооя тдуо долс?

(Vakacja kontolú'ce-ma, temp miniaje krb vitogirú t kontar hwa, taamaa orat pre pasarx awatdogi sobre zukarrepsélla et deseajstjex xta recibjutjex saboroge...ooy tduo dols?)

Hrvbjelacki Вакацйа йе контольу'це-ма, темп миниайе крб витогирьу т контар хюа, йе орат пре пасарш аюатдоги собре зукаррепсьелла ет десеайстйеш шта рецибйутйеш сабороге...ооя тдуо йе долс?

(Vakacja je kontolú'ce-ma, temp miniaje krb vitogirú t kontar hwa, je orat pre pasarx awatdogi sobre zukarrepsélla et deseajstes xta recibjutjex saboroge...ooy tduo je dols?)

Talamàsčaski "Vakacja kontolú’ce-ma, temp miniaje krb vitogirú t kontar hwa, tämä orat pre pasarx awaŧogi sobre zukarrepsélla et deseajstes xta recibjutjex saboroge...öy ŧuo dols?"

Excerpt Song Lyrics: Soular Flares, by The Ready Set

This is to show how Perfect verbs (and Perfect constructions) occur in the different dialects.


English "so darling do you know how you got so lovely?

was it self-taught, learned from life? you've got skills making boys go crazy, and i've been running down the stairs again, i think you're in my head girl, i think i'm freaking out girl. sometimes i wonder if you're even real, if not it's cool, i don't wanna go back to the way that it was, i don't wanna go back 'cause i think i may be (in love) "

Góvórski ""
Ariqki ""
Ruxqèvíqski ""

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Hrvbjelacki ""

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Talamàsčaski ""
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