| Urracas Japanese Urakasn Kotonpa [uɾakasəŋkotompa] 裏滓言葉 | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Agglutinative | ||||||||||||
| Alignment | Indirective | ||||||||||||
| Head direction | Final | ||||||||||||
| Tonal | No | ||||||||||||
| Declensions | No | ||||||||||||
| Conjugations | Yes | ||||||||||||
| Genders | No | ||||||||||||
| Nouns decline according to... | |||||||||||||
| Case | Number | ||||||||||||
| Definiteness | Gender | ||||||||||||
| Verbs conjugate according to... | |||||||||||||
| Voice | Mood | ||||||||||||
| Person | Number | ||||||||||||
| Tense | Aspect | ||||||||||||
| Meta-information | |||||||||||||
| Progress | 0% | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Creator | [[User:|]] | ||||||||||||
Urracas Japanese[]
Classification and Dialects[]
A language of a forgotten Japanese community in Farallón de Pájaros, also known as Urracas, located at the northernmost tip of the Northern Mariana Islands. It underwent significant transformation during its isolation from mainland Japan and contact with the Chamorros, making it incomprehensible with mainlanders.
Phonology[]
Consonants[]
| Labial | Denti-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ||
| Plosive | p | t | k | |
| Fricative | s | |||
| Approximant | w | j | ||
| Flap or tap | ɾ |
Vowels[]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| Low | a |
Phonotactics[]
Nasal consonants in syllable-final positions are allophones, assimilating with their subsequent consonants.
Urakasn Kotonpa [uɾakasəŋkotompa] "Urracas language"
Pronunciation of loan words is inconsistent, but generally pronounced with close phonemes.
libro [ɾipəɾo] "book", from Spanish libro via Chamorro libru.
Chamorro [tsamoɾo] "Chamorro"
Writing System[]
Latin alphabets have been adapted.
Consonants[]
| Labial | Denti-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | M, m /m/ | N, n /n/ | ||
| Plosive | P, p /p/ | T, t /t/ | K, k /k/ | |
| Fricative | S, s /s/ | |||
| Approximant | W, w /w/ | Y, y /j/ | ||
| Flap or tap | R, r /ɾ/ |
Vowels[]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | I, i /i/ | U, u /u/ | |
| Mid | E, e /e/ | (ə) | O, o /o/ |
| Low | A, a /a/ |
Inconjugative[]
Nouns[]
Nominalizing Suffix[]
Common nouns in nominative case often get suffixed by diminutive nominalizer -kwa.
amankwa "hermit crab"; Pamani amankwa woryor. "There are hermit crabs on the beach."
nawikwa "earthquake"; Torikwa nigyortat aryorya, nawikwa okyorkamo. "If the birds escape, there might be an earthquake."
Cases[]
Noun cases are indicated by case markers.
| Case | Suffix |
|---|---|
| Nominative | ∅ |
| Genitive | -n |
| Dative | -ni |
| Accusative | -wo |
| Ablative | -ra |
| Vocative | -y |
Maria librowo yomyorta. "Maria read a book."
Mariay, wan librowo wani kayesyore. "Maria, give me my book back."
Wa librowo Mariara toryorta. "I took the book from Maria."
Adjectival nouns[]
Adjectival nouns are nouns playing adjectival rolls. Adjectival nouns are indicated by -n which derives from the genitive case marker.
siman "islandic"; Moro siman piyorikwa naryor. "Such a typical islandic weather."
Yamaton "Japanese"; Yamaton tanpin pitoni totowo uryor. "Sell fish to Japanese travellers."
Merikan "American"; Merikan akintora Merikan sisiwo kapyor. "Buy American meat (SPAM®) from American merchants."
Conjugative[]
Verbs[]
Verbs are indicated by -yor- or -tor-, preceded by verb stems and followed by conjugational morphemes.
yomyor- "read"
sumyor- "complete"
Conjugations[]
| Conjugation | Forms |
|---|---|
| Negative | -an |
| Volitional | -aw |
| Conjunctive | ∅ |
| Terminal | ∅ |
| Attributive | ∅ |
| Hypothetical | -ya |
| Imperative | -e |
| Prohibitive | -na |
yomyoran "does not read"; Maria mantinidotwo yomyoran. "Maria does not read newspapers."
yomyoraw "I will/let us read"; Mariaran tenkamiya atonte yomyoraw. "I will read Maria's letter later."
yomyor "read"; Mariaran tenkamiwo yomwasuryorta. "I forgot to read Maria's letter."
yomyor "read"; Wa itunpimo mantinidotwo yomyor. "I read newspaper everyday."
yomyor "read"; Kon librowo yomyor pitokwa conmoverse'syurntaraw. "Whoever read this book will get touched."
yomyorya "if read"; Wan tenkamiwo yomyorya, wan kurasinpuri(wo) wakaryoraw. "Read my letters and you will know how I am doing."
yomyore "read"; Estudienten minay, lepbrosuwo sunpete yomyore. "Students, read the whole text."
yomyorna "do not read"; Examin tokini kon lepbrosuwo yomyorna. "Do not read this text during examinations."
Tense[]
| Tense | Perfective | Imperfective |
|---|---|---|
| Past | -yorta | -torta |
| Nonpast | -yor | -tor |
Maria yomyorta. "Maria read."
Maria yomtorta. "Maria was reading."
Maria yomyor. "Maria reads."
Maria yomtor. "Maria is reading."
Adjectival verbs[]
Adjectival verbs are verbs playing adjectival rolls. Adjectival verbs are indicated by -aryor-, which derives from the attributive verb *ariyoru "to be". Adjectival verbs conjugates in the same manner as verbs.
Atukaryor- "hot"; Guam Urakasyori atukaryorta. "Guam was hotter than Urracas"
Takakaryor- "high" Saipann yamamo Pagann ponto takakaryorant omopu. "I guess even Saipan's mountain is not as high as Pagan's."
Lexicon[]
Example[]
Amaneyon Piton Derechon Norikwa
Sunpeten pitokwa, umarera mintukaraniyori, katu, pokorito pomaretonte pitosikaryor. Pitokwa kotowarito mankokorotowo santukartorte, tankapini parakaran omopiwo motyorte purumapyoraw.
Kana & Chinese characters:
遍世ん人んデレツォん宣くゎ
全てん人くゎ、生まれら自らに由り、且つ、誇りと誉れとんて等しかりょㇽ。人くゎ理と真心とを授かㇽとㇽて、互ひに同胞ん思ひを以ちょㇽて振る舞ひょらゥ。