Brïïwlä /ˈbɹɪːwlɑ/[]

Spelling & Phonology[]

Consonant inventory: b c d f fː g h hː j jː k l lː m mː n nː p q r rː s sː t v vː w wː x xː z zː ç çː ð ðː ħ ħː ŋ ŋː ɓ ɟ ɣ ɣː ɲ ɲː ɹ ɹː ɾ ʀ ʀː ʁ ʁː ʃ ʃː ʍ ʍː ʎ ʎː ʒ ʒː ʔ ʘ ʙ ʣ ʤ ʤː ʦ ʧ ʧː θ θː χ χː

↓Manner/Place→	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Palato-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Nasal	m mː			n nː		ɲ ɲː	ŋ ŋː
Stop	p b			t d		c ɟ	k g	q		ʔ
Implosive	ɓ
Affricate				ʦ ʣ	ʧ ʧː ʤ ʤː
Fricative		f fː v vː	θ θː ð ðː	s sː z zː	ʃ ʃː ʒ ʒː	ç çː	x xː ɣ ɣː	χ χː ʁ ʁː	ħ ħː	h hː
Approximant				ɹ ɹː		j jː
Tap				ɾ
Trill	ʙ			r rː				ʀ ʀː
Lateral approximant				l lː		ʎ ʎː
Click	ʘ

Co-articulated phonemes

↓Manner/Place→	Labial-velar
Approximant	ʍ ʍː w wː

Vowel inventory: a aː e eː i iː o oː u uː y yː æ æː ø øː ɑ ɑː ɔ ɔː ə əː ə˞ ə̃ ə̃ː ɛ ɛː ɨ ɨː ɪ ɪː ʉ ʉː ʊ ʊː ʌ ʌː

	Front	Central	Back
High	i iː y yː	ɨ ɨː ʉ ʉː	u uː
Near-high	ɪ ɪː		ʊ ʊː
High-mid	e eː ø øː		o oː
Mid		ə ə̃ ə˞ əː ə̃ː
Low-mid	ɛ ɛː		ʌ ʌː ɔ ɔː
Near-low	æ æː
Low	a aː		ɑ ɑː

Syllable structure: (C)(C)V(C)

Stress pattern: Penultimate — stress is on the second last syllable

Spelling rules:[]

Pronunciation	Spelling
ɛ	ë
ɑ	ä
ə	à
ə˞	à˞
ə̃	à̃
ɔ	aw
ʊ	ü
ʉ	ù
ʌ	uh
ɪ	ï
ɨ	ì
y	ú
r	r̈
ɹ	r
θ	th
ɾ	r̀
ʒ	zh
ð	dh
j	y
ʃ	sh
ŋ	ng
ʁ	ŕ
ʀ	r̂
ʤ	j
ɟ	jy
ʎ	ÿ
c	chy
ʧ	ch
ɓ	b’
ʙ	b̮
ʣ	dz
ħ	ḫ
ɲ	ny
ç	shy
ʦ	ts
ʍ	wh
x	kh
ɣ	gh
χ	k̮h
ʔ	ʻ
Vː	VV
Cː	CC

Grammar[]

Main word order: Subject Verb Object (Prepositional phrase). “Mary opened the door with a key” turns into Mary opened the door with a key.
Adjective order: Adjectives are positioned before the noun.
Adposition: postpositions ?

Nouns[]

Singular

No affix

nyaak /ɲaːk/

dog

Plural

Reduplicate whole word

nyaaknyaak /ˈɲaːkɲaːk/

dogs

Articles[]

	Definite	Indefinite
Singular	bro /bɹo/ the	gàk /gək/ a
Plural	dzhadhh /dʒaðː/ the	lüss /lʊsː/ some

Uses of indefinite article that differ from English:

Not used for non-specific mass (uncountable) nouns: non-specific means ‘Would you like some (any) tea?’ whereas specific means ‘Some tea (a specific amount) fell off the truck’

Pronouns[]

	Nominative	Accusative
1st singular	r̂ːùùkhh /ʀːʉːxː/ I	jjà˞ /ʤːə˞/ me
2nd singular	chhëj /ʧːɛʤ/ you	shhää /ʃːɑː/ you
3rd singular masc	chyìì /cɨː/ he, it (masc)	wwïï /wːɪː/ his, it (masc)
3rd singular fem	dr̀ë /dɾɛ/ she, it (fem)	nr̈onyy /nroɲː/ her, it (fem)
1st plural	ngüü /ngʊː/ we	va /va/ us
2nd plural	shhà˞ /ʃːə˞/ you all	b̮äf /ʙɑf/ you all
3rd plural	chàà /ʧəː/ they	r̂ë /ʀɛ/ them

Possessive determiners[]

	Possessive
1st singular	r̂ːùùkhh /ʀːʉːxː/ my
2nd singular	chhëj /ʧːɛʤ/ your
3rd singular masc	chyìì /cɨː/ his
3rd singular fem	dr̀ë /dɾɛ/ her
1st plural	ngüü /ngʊː/ our
2nd plural	shhà˞ /ʃːə˞/ your (pl)
3rd plural	chàà /ʧəː/ their

Verbs[]

Present

No affix

shyyær̀ʻù /ˈçːæɾʔʉ/

learn

Past

If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʃræː

Else: Suffix -ɪːʃræː shyyær̀ʻùshr̈ææ /çːæɾˈʔʉʃræː/ learned

Future

If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʒ

Else: Suffix -ʌʒ shyyær̀ʻùzh /ˈçːæɾʔʉʒ/ will learn

Imperfective aspect[]

The ‘imperfective’ aspect refers to ongoing actions, such as I am learning and habitual actions, such as I learn (something new every day).

Brïïwläian uses an affix for imperfective:

Imperfective

If ends with vowel: Suffix -hː

Else: Suffix -ʉhː shyyær̀ʻùhh /ˈçːæɾʔʉhː/ learns/is learning

Numbers[]

Brïïwläian has a base-10 number system:

1 - chhi
2 - vr̀ee
3 - r̂æ
4 - gà̃
5 - rrà̃à̃
6 - gæ
7 - benyy
8 - gu
9 - woy
10 - väk̮hh
100 - ee
1000 - fäwh

Derivational morphology[]

Adjective → adverb = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʁːɪ
- Else: Suffix -ə̃ʁːɪ
Adjective → noun (the quality of being [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʒː
- Else: Suffix -ə˞ʒː
Adjective → verb (to make something [adj]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɣ
- Else: Suffix -eɣ
Noun → adjective (having the quality of [noun]) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ʍː
- Else: Suffix -ɨʍː
Noun → adjective relating to noun (e.g. economy → economic) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -f
- Else: Suffix -ɑf
Noun to verb = Suffix -ɑʃ
Verb → adjective (result of doing [verb]) = Suffix -ə˞g
Tending to = Suffix -ə̃d
Verb → noun (the act of [verb]) = Suffix -o
Verb → noun that verb produces (e.g. know → knowledge) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ð
- Else: Suffix -ɪð
One who [verb]s (e.g. paint → painter) = Suffix -æ
Place of (e.g. wine → winery) = If ends with vowel: Suffix -ɾ
- Else: Suffix -ʊɾ
Diminutive = Suffix -aʍː
Augmentative = If ends with vowel: Suffix -r
- Else: Suffix -er

Brïïwläian - English Dictionary[]

Key: spelling /pronunciation/ part of speech. definition(s)

a /a/ n. war
ää /ɑː/ v. care
äättø /ˈɑːttø/ n. glue
ànbuu /ˈənbuː/ n. grease
b’à /ɓə/ n. court (of law), tribunal
b’ak̮hh drà̃ /ɓaχː dɹə̃/ n. orchard
b’ïsh /ɓɪʃ/ adj. past
b̮à /ʙə/ v. influence
bahh /bahː/ n. face, side, front, expression, facade, surface
bë /bɛ/ adv. quite, rather
b̮ììgfa /ˈʙɨːgfa/ v. employ, recruit
blanyye /ˈblaɲje/ v. lose
bne /bne/ n. wing
br̀a /bɾa/ v. educate
br̀akïdh /ˈbɾakɪð/ n. building
br̀ì /bɾɨ/ adj. white, clear
bü /bʊ/ n. star
búú bà̃ /byː bə̃/ n. midnight
chë /ʧɛ/ n. staff, crew
chhææ /ʧhæː/ v. tread, step on
chher /ʧːeɹ/ n. resource
chhü /ʧːʊ/ n. community, colony
chtëbläŕ /ˈʧtɛblɑʁ/ v. cry, shout, sob, weep
chyächhe /ˈcɑʧːe/ n. air, oxygen
chyøøp /cøːp/ v. feel (examine by touch)
da /da/ n. weather, climate
däk̮hh /dɑχː/ adj. real
dhà˞dh /ðə˞ð/ n. wood
dhhæpzii /ˈðːæpziː/ v. call (refer to by name), dub
dhhúr̀zæ /ˈðːyɾzæ/ adj. best
dhuh /ðʌ/ v. hit, beat (strike), slap, collide
drà̃ /dɹə̃/ n. garden, park
drà̃æ /ˈdɹə̃æ/ n. gardener
dramìwhh /ˈdɹamɨʍː/ adj. heavy
dr̀ì bà̃ /dɾɨ bə̃/ adv. tonight
drur̈ /dɹur/ n. law
dvëërmà˞ /ˈdvɛːɹmə˞/ adj. black, blue
dyü /djʊ/ n. section, compartment, piece
dzazhh /ʣaʒː/ n. ability
dzhaw /dʒɔ/ n. smoke, gas
dzhuu /dʒuː/ v. regret, lament
ë /ɛ/ adj. sorry, sad
ëzhh /ɛʒː/ n. sadness
fày /fəj/ n. nest, den
ffëëo /ˈfːɛːo/ n. repetition
fr̈a /fra/ n. death
fr̀æ /fɾæ/ v. torture, oppress
frï /fɹɪ/ v. sneeze
fr̀iwwo /ˈfɾiwːo/ n. perception
frujey /ˈfɹuʤej/ v. discuss
ftawwzhh /ftɔːʒː/ n. confidence
füür̈à̃ŕːï /fʊːˈrə̃ʁːɪ/ adv. previously
fyëë /fjɛː/ n. fan (enthusiast)
gächh /gɑʧː/ n. language, dialect
gææv /gæːv/ n. employee
gee /geː/ v. twist
ghe /ɣe/ n. child (son or daughter of any age)
ghheg /ɣːeg/ prep. from
ghhúú /ɣːyː/ n. line
ghnæshyúr̀ /ˈɣnæçyɾ/ n. grocer
ghr̀à˞y /ɣɾə˞j/ n. bar (pub)
ghüü /ɣʊː/ v. jump, skip
glæo /ˈglæo/ n. appearance (act of appearing)
gøchy /gøc/ v. leave (depart), depart
gŕìdnye /ˈgʁɨdɲe/ adv. never
gugh /guɣ/ adj. early
ḫːäg /ħːɑg/ n. second (time)
ḫæ /ħæ/ v. hope
ḫawg /ħɔg/ n. hag (old woman)
hhaj /hːaʤ/ n. plan, strategy (plan), program
hi /hi/ n. slave
høøæ /ˈhøːæ/ n. visitor
húng /hyŋ/ n. chemical
hyäzvà̃ /ˈhjɑzvə̃/ n. pencil
hyúú /hjyː/ n. need
ïï /ɪː/ adj. former
jää /ʤɑː/ prep. throughout
jaw /ʤɔ/ n. fur
jëbaw /ˈʤɛbɔ/ adv. once
jjà˞ /ʤːə˞/ pron. me
jjùb’ /ʤːʉɓ/ n. rod, shaft, bar, cylinder, axle
jyà̃ /ɟə̃/ n. forest, jungle
jyaanyænyy /ˈʤjaːɲæɲː/ v. catch, capture, seize
jyësh /ɟɛʃ/ conj. even
jyïr̀ /ɟɪɾ/ n. winery
kà̃b’ /kə̃ɓ/ n. gold
khäq /khɑq/ prep. of
khee /xeː/ n. sheep
k̮hhààzhh /χːəːʒː/ n. width
khhi /xːi/ n. muscle
k̮hhùùf /χːʉːf/ adj. religious
khle /xle/ n. ash, coal
khr̈uhkhyuh /ˈxrʌxjʌ/ n. impulse
khr̈úwh /xryʍ/ v. chase
kkhabiw /ˈkxabiw/ v. starve
knà̃ /knə̃/ n. species
kr̈à̃th /krə̃θ/ v. wonder
kshï /kʃɪ/ n. plague
kvæ /kvæ/ n. question
kyä /kjɑ/ n. knife
kyaww /kjɔː/ v. make, produce (manufacture), create, prepare, organize, compel, induce, put (cause to be)
làà /ləː/ n. energy (strength, stamina)
lë /lɛ/ n. mouth, beak, language
lëzh kyejy /lɛʒ kjeɟ/ n. dungeon
llæzhààæ /lːæzˈhəːæ/ n. leader
lüss /lʊsː/ art. some
makhh /maxː/ v. may
mlà˞ /mlə˞/ n. cat
mlii /mliː/ v. chew
mmææʻøøjyà˞zhh /mːæːˈʔøːɟə˞ʒː/ n. sickness
mmø /mːø/ adj. fat, big, obese
mmuu /mːuː/ n. interview
mpæqi /ˈmpæqi/ adj. stubborn
mr̀àà /mɾəː/ n. person
múŕː /myʁː/ n. victim
naaghh /naːɣː/ adj. guilty
ndà̃ /ndə̃/ n. loop
ngashæŕːï /ngaˈʃæʁːɪ/ adv. clearly
nggøø /ŋːøː/ n. throne
ni /ni/ n. effort
nløø /nløː/ adj. local
nno /nːo/ n. mask, veil
nr̈uhhvnuhh /ˈnrʌːvnʌː/ n. beach
núshvú /ˈnyʃvy/ n. culture
nyaa /ɲaː/ n. tail
nyaak /ɲaːk/ n. dog
nyëë /ɲɛː/ n. desk
nyü /ɲʊ/ n. past
nyùth /njʉθ/ prep. like
nyyï /ɲːɪ/ v. enjoy
øwh /øʍ/ v. please
pææm /pæːm/ n. dragon
päznùb̮ /ˈpɑznʉʙ/ v. defend, protect, secure, resist, prevent, justify
pìnyy /pɨɲː/ n. cord
pshyezz /pçezː/ v. damage, impair
psü /psʊ/ adv. down
puhss /pʌsː/ n. shadow
qà̃à̃ /qə̃ː/ adv. so, very, really
qeŕzo /ˈqeʁzo/ n. task
ŕːæʘ /ʁːæʘ/ v. return, go back
r̈ːëk /rːɛk/ n. friend
r̈ːoo /rːoː/ v. clear
r̂ːùùkhh /ʀːʉːxː/ pron. I
r̂à̃ /ʀə̃/ n. insect
ŕàày /ʁəːj/ n. floor
r̀alfüj /ˈɾalfʊʤ/ n. ceiling
ŕëë /ʁɛː/ v. separate, isolate
rïdhh /ɹɪðː/ v. wiggle
r̀on /ɾon/ n. job
rrii /ɹːiː/ n. stump
r̀u /ɾu/ adj. last (final), last (previous)
ŕyawf /ʁjɔf/ n. paint
ŕyuhh /ʁjʌː/ adj. neat, fine (okay)
sdà˞khh /sdə˞xː/ v. bring, carry
shàà /ʃəː/ adj. popular, famous
she /ʃe/ v. deal, haggle
shhää /ʃːɑː/ pron. you
shhïïngà˞g /ˈʃːɪːŋə˞g/ adj. final
shka /ʃka/ v. steal, rob, snatch
shlaj /ʃlaʤ/ n. lounge, couch, sofa
shpì /ʃpɨ/ n. list, menu, catalog, column, pillar
shuhh /ʃʌː/ n. flavor
shyee /çeː/ n. train
shyyà /çːə/ v. cost
shyyàwhh /çːəʍː/ adj. expensive
smà /smə/ adj. quick
smúp /smyp/ n. net
sr̈aww /srɔː/ adj. complicated, complex
ssääwhh /sːɑːʍː/ adj. skilled
stà nnàb /stə nːəb/ n. agriculture
stüziy /ˈstʊzij/ n. power, force
tägfúy /ˈtɑgfyj/ n. youth
thha /θːa/ v. charge
thhøo /ˈθːøo/ n. description
thräsh /θɹɑʃ/ adv. that
thruhzëzhh /ˈθɹʌzɛʒː/ adj. quiet, calm, shy
toŕzaw /ˈtoʁzɔ/ n. prostitute
tr̈ú /try/ n. cigarette
tsaash /ʦaːʃ/ n. steam
tsææzhh /ʦæːʒː/ n. heat
tshà˞ /ʦhə˞/ n. rhythm
tshër̂ː /ʦhɛʀː/ n. partner
tsù /tsʉ/ det. what
tsvø /ʦvø/ n. web
tú /ty/ v. cook (prepare food)
tyààk̮hhà̃ /ˈtjəːχːə̃/ n. reason, logic, rationale
uh /ʌ/ adj. special, rare
uhgvu /ˈʌgvu/ adj. big, great (very large)
uŕ /uʁ/ n. honor, integrity, pride
va /va/ pron. us
veng /veŋ/ adj. ready
voo /voː/ n. magic
vr̀i /vɾi/ n. excitement
vùùv /vʉːv/ n. cell (room in a prison)
vvì /vːɨ/ v. complain, criticize
vyïshh /vjɪʃː/ n. gun, rifle, firearm
wæḫmä /ˈwæħmɑ/ adj. only
whawkhh /whɔxː/ n. pump
whøḫ /whøħ/ n. thread, strand
wïny /wɪɲ/ v. place
wøtsül /ˈwøʦʊl/ n. support
wuu /wuː/ n. coast
wwee /wːeː/ n. witch
yààr̂ː chhúúth /jəːʀː ʧːyːθ/ n. foil
ÿez /ʎez/ adj. hard, solid
ÿù /ʎʉ/ n. bit
yyi /jːi/ n. shade, hue, umbrella
ÿÿú /ʎːy/ n. career
zan /zan/ n. reward, award, prize
zbï /zbɪ/ n. chain, bracelet
zbozz /zbozː/ v. like
zha /ʒa/ n. lot
zhëq /ʒɛq/ v. close, shut
zhïï /ʒɪː/ adv. already
zluho /ˈzlʌo/ n. failure
zødhh /zøðː/ n. tie

brïïwlä

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