Vāgøgjaskt/Lexicon

This is the page of a thematic lexicon of Våg Islander, otherwise also known as Vāgøgjaskt Stömm.

Avians

þröstʀ - masc. u-s. [*þrastuz]

bird, (specifically) small bird

fljūgą (flaug, flugum, flogað) - str. II [*fleuganą]

intr. fly

trn. transport sth/sby. (acc) by flight

egg (eggjum, eggją) - neu. ą-s. [*ajją]

egg, ovum

fjöðʀ (fjaðʀaʀ) - fem. a-s. [*feþrǭ]

feather

hrafni - masc. an-s. [from ON hrafn]

raven

ari - masc. an-s. [*arô]

falcon

örnʀ - masc. u-s. [from ON ǫrn]

eagle

ugvil (ugvili, ugvils) - fem. a-s. [*uwwilǭ]

owl

þjöðʀ (þjöðʀ, þjöðri, þjöðʀs) - masc. ʀ-s. [*þeduraz]

wood grouse

höfkʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*habukaz]

hawk

önd (endaʀ) - fem. a-s. [from ON ǫnd]

duck

kuldʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*kuldaz]

flock/murder (of birds)

paðʀ (panns) - masc. ʀ-s. [from *paþaz by analogy with maðʀ]

migratory route, migration path

Metallurgy

ūr - neu. ą-s. [*ūrą]

raw bog iron

īsarn - neu. ą-s [*īsarną]

natively smelted iron; iron

jārn - neu. ą-s. [from ON járn]

Norse iron, foreign iron

sylfir - neu. ą-s. [from an alternation of *silubrą]

silver

gull - neu. ą-s. [*gulþą]

gold

tin - neu. ą-s. [*tiną]

tin

blȳ (blȳvi, etc.) - neu. ą-s. [*blīwą]

lead

āʀ (ā, eiʀi, āʀs, eijaʀ, ȫjum, āją) - masc. irr/ʀ-s. [*āz~*aiz]

bronze

jaskri - masc. an-s. [*h₁ésh₂orHom??]

copper

jāʀnʀ - adj. a-s. [same origin as <jaskri>, probably influenced by <jārn>]

coppery, copper-red

jārnʀ - adj. a-s. [jārn-ʀ]

ironish, iron-grey

rauði - masc. an-s. [*raudô?]

iron ore

grōni - masc. an-s. [*grōnô?]

copper ore

akʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*akraz < *akrą?]

steel, iron alloy

stāl - neu. ą-s. [from ON stál]

steel

stēlji - masc. an-s. [*stahlijǫ̂ < *stahl-ij-ō < *stahliją < *stahlą]

steel object; steel weapon

massingʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*massingaz]

brass

eirr (eiʀ) - masc. ʀ-s. [*aizaz]

ore, mineral

Gemology

ybriʀ - masc. an-s [*urb-ijaz < *arbô]

gem, gemstone

remark: the word shifted the meaning of **urbą "heirloom" from *arbô

urb (urf) - neu. ą-s. [*urbą < *arbô]

gem, gemstone

gnōʀi - masc. an-s. [*gnōzô < *grōzô < *greus-aną]

dark-hued opal (most commonly red or black)

remark: the meaning is a partial calque-translation from Greek; the original meaning derives from a now-lost verb *greusaną, giving an unattested *gnjūʀą (to cry, be agitated/scared)

ryðniʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [ryð-(i)niʀ]

ruby

ūrögn (ūragnaʀ) - fem. a-s. [ūr-ögn]

pearl

mersniʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*mar-isō-nārijaz]

topaz, sapphire (blue); blue gemstone

Soil, Ground

ögn (agnaʀ) - fem. a-s. [*agnō]

grain of sand

sandʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*sandaz]

sand

söndʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*samdaz]

sand

remark: stylistic variant of sandʀ

fuld - fem. a-s. [*fuldō]

soil, dirt

Names and Nicknames

heitą (heit, hytum, hetað) - str. I [*haitaną]

itr. be named, be called

trn. regional be named (gen/dat)

Styrmiʀ (Styrmi, Styrmi, Styrmi, Styrmis) - masc. ʀ-s. [*sturm-ijaz]

stormmaker, stormgiver

Dvargetniʀ (Dvargetni, Dvargetni, Dvargetni, Dvargentis) - masc. ʀ-s. [dvarg-et-niʀ]

dwarfeater

Dvargetnja (Dvargetnją, Dvargetnją, Dvargetni, Dvargetnjaʀ) - fem. a-s. [dvarg-et-nja]

dwarfeatress

Colours, Optics

gølʀ (gølją/gulį gøli/gulimʀ gølt/gulla) - adj. u-s/irr. [*geluz~*gulwaz]

yellow, golden

remark: the adjective preserves an ancient ablauting paradigm; the nominative and accusative have the stem gøl-, from the u-umlaut of *gel-, and the dative and genitive have *gul-

hēgvi (hēgg, hēgva) - adj. i-s. [*hēwjaz]

blue, dark blue

hēfi (hēf, hēfa) - adj. i-s. [*hēwjaz]

blue, dark blue

myrkvʀ (myrkvi, myrkt) - adj. u-s. [from ON myrkr]

dark, dim, black

sölʀ (söl, sölt) - adj. a-s. [*salwaz]

pale, faint, not opaque; yellowish

bląkkʀ (blǫ̈kk, bląkkt) - adj. a-s. [*blankaz]

black, dark

blāʀ (blȫ, blātt) - adj. a-s. [*blēaz < *blēwaz]

blue, black, livid

døkkʀ (døkk, døkkt) - adj. a-s. [from ON døkkr]

dark, dull

jarpʀ (jörp, jarpt) - adj. a-s. [from ON jarpr]

beige, skin-coloured

svartʀ (svört, svart) - adj. a-s. [*swartaz]

black

rauðʀ (rauð, rautt) - adj. a-s. [*raudaz]

red

ryðją (-dda, -ddum, -ðjað) - reg. I [*rudjaną]

itr. turn red

trn. turn sby. (gen) red; paint sby. (gen) red

fient. be red, have a red hue

grø̄ni (grø̄n, grø̄na) - adj. i-s. [*grōniz]

green

gylli (gyll, gylla) - adj. i-s. [gull-i]

golden

bjartʀ (björt, bjart) - adj. a-s. [*berhtaz]

bright; pale, white

hvītʀ (hvīt, hvītt) - adj. a-s. [*hwītaz]

white

remark: although a native Vāgøgjaskt word, its frequency and usage are reinforced and backed by its prevalence in Old Norse

Greetings

heill (heil, heili, heilaʀ, heil) - adj. a-s. [*hailaz]

phrs. hello, good day; hail

gōðą dag - phrs.

good day, hello

strangnaðu - phrs.

hello, be healthy

Humans

maðʀ (manns) - masc. ʀ-s. [*mann-az]

man, human

hjöllʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*heluþaz]

poet. man, yeoman

kvanną - fem. a-s. [*kwennǭ]

woman

barn (börn) - neu. ą-s. [*barną]

child, offspring

ungbarn (ungbörn) - neu. ą-s. [ung-barn]

infant, baby

Warfare, Exploration

Maritime

syltja - fem. a-s. [*sultjō]

brine, coarse saltwater

byrla - neu. an-s. [*burilô < *birilô]

mast

teinn - masc. ʀ-s. [*tainaz]

forestay, backstay

tørvą - fem. a-s. [*terwǭ]

tar, pitch

tjūn - neu. ą-s. [*teuną]

loss of life at sea, man overboard

nōti - masc. an-s. [*nōtô?]

bowsprit

nōʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*nōz]

ship deck

skip - neu. ą-s [*skipą]

ship

nökkvi - masc. an-s. [from ON nǫkkvi]

boat, fishing/whaling boat

ferją - fem. a-s. [*farjǭ]

ferry between two places

fergją (-gða, -gðum, -gjað) - reg. I [*fargijaną]

itr. sink (at sea)

trn. push sth. down, press sth.

trn. squeeze sth. tight

raufʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*raubaz]

loot, plunder, booty

Violence

ękkją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*a(n)k-ijaną?]

trn. kill sby. with a sharp object; stab sby. to death

tēją (tā, tēgum, tegað) - str. VII [*teh-janą < *tah-janą]

trn. tear, lacerate

trn. +dat tear, pierce sby's (dat) skin on body part (acc)

rekją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*rek-janą]

trn. cause sby. to be buried, kill sby.

trn. +dat cause sby. (dat) to bury sby. (acc)

remark: semantically very emphatic verb, almost never used in a way that doesn't imply a marked difference in status, rank or power

rjūfą (rauf, rufum, rofað) - str. II [*reuf-aną]

trn. have a bone broken

rȳfją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*reuf-ijaną]

trn. +dat break sby's (dat) limb, bone, joint (acc)

botją (-tta, -ttum, -jað) - reg. I [unknown, of Sámi origin; cf NSm botnjat (twist, turn)]

trn. +dat dislocate sby's (dat) joint, limb (acc)

remark: very strong and crude, not used for generic descriptions or renarrations as it conjures a specifically cruel image

rȳkją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*reuk-janą]

trn. burn sby. alive, burn sby. to death

lekją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*lek-janą]

trn. cause sby. (acc) to leak

trn. cause sby. (acc) to leak sth. (dat)

aflepją (-ta, -tum, -jað) - reg. I [*ab-lep-janą]

trn. de-lip, remove lips; render unable to speak, physically silence (acc)

leðją (-tta, -ttum, -ðjað) - reg. I [*leþ-janą < *leþr-ijaną]

trn. skin/flay sby. (acc)

trn. skin/flay sby's (dat) body part (acc)

hinkją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*hink-janą]

trn. break sby's legs, make sby. limp (dat)

serðą (sarð, surðum, sorðað) - str. II [*serþ-aną]

itr/trn. rape, sexually violate (acc)

sjarrą (-aði, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*serþ-ōną]

trn. rape out of hate, defile (acc)

skjąrfą (skarf, skurfum, skorfað) - str. II [*skerb-aną]

trn. rape during war, rape as a punishment, rape so as to shame sby. (acc)

skjąrtą (skjąrt, skjųrtum, skjǫrtað) - str. II [*skert-aną]

trn. geld, castrate (acc)

skrø̨ppją (skrø̨pða, skrø̨pðum, skrø̨ppjað) - reg. I [*skimp-ijaną]

trn. cause sby. to die of hypothermia, freeze sby. (dat)

sprengją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*sprang-ijaną]

trn. make sby. jump, push sby. off a cliff or high place (dat)

skeggją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*skag-janą]

trn. twist, shake (acc)

derją (dar, durjum, dyrjað) - str. III [*darj-aną < *dar-janą]

trn. damage, make incapable of work, incapacitate (gen)

remark: the verb is a strong verb that came about as an analogisation of a weak causative verb into the pattern of third class strong verbs

stingvą (-vaði, -vaðum, -vað) - reg. II [Latin stinguó]

trn. put out, extinguish (of fires, acc)

trn. extinguish (a people, species, nation, state acc)

hvātą (hveit, hvitum, hvātað) - str. I [from ON hvátȧ]

trn. stab sby. (acc)

Verbal Abuse

skondą (skaund, skundum, skonda) - str. II [*skōnd-aną]

trn. scold, humble, toss insults at sby. (acc)

høggją (-jaða, -jaðum, -jað) - reg. II [*haw-j-ōną < *haw-ēną?]

trn. mock sby. (acc)

Warfare

tēnðʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*tahja-n-þiz]

war, warfare

reką (rak, rēkum, rekað) - str. V [*wrek-aną]

trn. drive out, expel

trn. exterminate, systematically eliminate

rekją (-kta, -ktum, -kjað) - reg. I [*wrek-janą]

trn. sow discord amongst sby/sth. (acc), incite violence in, put in a warlike state

trn. cause sby/sth. (acc) to wipe self out

sjaɡʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*seguz]

victory, conquest

böð (baðaʀ) - fem. a-s. [of Sámi origin; cf SSm báđar (refugee)]

flight, exodus; usually from a warzone

escape

Weapons

gelgja - fem. a-s. [*galgijō]

stick, staff; mace

barða - fem. a-s. [*bardō]

one-handed axe

øxʀ (øxjaʀ) - fem. i-s. [*akwisī]

two-handed axe, lumberjack axe

Glory

hjarð (hjörð) - neu. ą-s. [*herþą < *herþaz]

courage, honour

Appearance

skjallʀ (skjöll, skjallt) - adj. a-s. [*skelhaz]

small, small-faced; small-eyed

fagʀ (fög, fagt) - adj. a-s. [*fagaz]

handsome, possessing attractive attributes linked to strength

Hair

snöggvʀ (snögg, snöggt) - adj. a-s. [*snawwaz]

bald, short-haired

hrjūfʀ (hrjūf, hrjūft) - adj. a-s. [*hreubaz]

unshaven, rugged, rough

Body

kūt - neu. ą-s. [*kūtą]

body fat; soft tissues

kūtʀ (kūt, kūtt) - adj. a-s. [kūt-ʀ]

plump, fat

hurr (huʀ, huʀt) - adj. a-s. [*hurhaz]

lean, thin, not fat

Body Modification

māsi - masc. an-s. [*mēsô < *mēsǭ]

scar

mēsją (mēʀða, mēʀðum, mēsjað) - reg. I [mās-ją]

trn. scar sby. (dat)

brandʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*brandaz]

scar, branding mark, thane/slave mark

Architecture

heimʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*haimaz]

home, household; Heimat

hūs - neu. ą-s. [*hūsą]

house, dwelling

geðmʀ - masc. i-s. [*gadmiz? gaþmiz?]

room

rēfʀ - neu. ą-s. [*rēfizą]

roof

dalla - neu. a-s. [unknown, of Sámi origin; cf NSm dállu (house, farmhouse)]

hut, hovel

höll (hallaʀ) - fem. a-s. [*hallō]

hall, main chamber

delją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [dall-ją]

itr/trn. build, construct

hyrðʀ - fem. i/ja-s? [*hurdiz ~ *hurdijō < *hurdiz]

door, gate

remark: the noun has two acceptable inflectional paradigms; no matter the declension it is in, it takes the definite case suffixes of ja-stem nouns

rēfją (-fða, -fðum, -fjað) - reg. I [rēf-ją]

trn. house sby, shelter sby, let sby. (acc) live with nom

bȳją (bȳða, bȳðum, bȳjað) - reg. I [*bū-janą < *bū-aną]

itr. live in, reside at etc.

staki - masc. an-s. [*stakō]

stick, small wooden beam

døypą (-pta, -ptum, -pjað) - reg. I [from ĪD døypȧ]

itr/trn. dig (a hole/ditch)

hrauʀ - neu. ą-s. [*hrauzą]

grave, burial mound

hrjūfʀ (hrjūf, hrjūft) - adj. a-s. [*hreubaz]

rough (of soil, rock, clay)

uneven, irregular (of building, construction, architectural object)

døppną (-pða, -pðum, -pnjað) - reg. I? [from ĪD døppnȧ]

itr dig a grave (for sby. +dat)

heggja - fem. a-s. [*hagjō]

wall, house fence

Interior

gøðją (-ðða, -ððum, -ðjað) - reg. I [*gadō-janą]

trn. stuff sth. (acc)

trn. + höndu, stuff sth. (acc) with sth (dat)

Tools, Utilities

þreifją (-fða, -fðum, -fjað) [*þraibjaną]

trn. use sth. as a tool, use tool

skökull - masc. ʀ-s. [*skakulaz]

chain, fetter; link in a chain

mark - neu. ą-s. [*marką]

mark, etching, sign

ląss - neu. ą-s. [*lamsą]

lock

lęssją (lęssta, lęsstum, lęssjað) - reg. I [ląss-ją]

itr. lock

trn. lock sth. acc (a door, box etc. )

trn. lock sth. acc behind sth. gen (a door, box etc.)

meis - neu. ą-s. [*maisą < *maisaz]

box, chest; (storage item carved from a) trunk

leija - fem. a-s. [*lajō]

chisel

skrūð - neu. ą-s. [*skrūdą]

gear; buckle

Economy, Commerce

farmʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*farmaz]

goods, merchandise; a good, item of merchandise

gefą (gaf, gēfum, gefað) - str. V [*geb-aną]

trn. give sth. (acc), give sth. to sby. (dat)

enną (ann, unnum, unnað) - str. III [*winnaną]

itr. work, perform commercialised activities

ynną (ann, unnum, unnað) - str. III [*winnaną]

itr. work, perform commercialised activities

virðją (-dda, -ddum, -ðjað) - reg. I [*wirþ-ijaną]

itr/trn. be worth, have value

fermją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*farm-ijaną]

trn. to move goods, money; to transfer ownership of X to dat

feyją (fau, fyjum, føjað) - irr/str. II [*fauj-aną]

itr/trn. to sift (through acc), to seek riches

fjörvą (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*ferhw-ōną]

itr/trn. to log/clear (an area acc); to clear area for further exploitation

rȳją (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*rūj-ōną?]

trn. shear, pluck wool off of

gjatą (gat, gētum, gjatað) - str. V [*getaną]

trn. get, receive, obtain

fala - fem. a-s. [*falō < *falǭ]

field, plot of land

penningʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*panningaz]

penny, coin

belgʀ - masc. i-s. [*balgiz]

wallet

hrjūð - fem. a-s. [*hreudą]

mint, peppermint

starf - neu. ą-s. [*starfą]

labour, effort

skattʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*skattaz]

wealth

remark: most frequently in the plural

dȳri (dȳr, dȳra) - adj. i-s. [*deuriz < *deurjaz]

expensive, pricy

dȳrniʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [dȳr-niʀ]

expensive item, finery

mjalið - neu. ą-s. [*meliþą]

honey (as a trade good)

gaʀðʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*gazdaz]

ingot, bar

milð - neu. ą-s. [*miliþ- < *mili(þ)]

unit approx. 4.89898kg of honey; general quantity of ~4.89898kg (+gen)

salt - neu. ą-s. [*saltą]

salt

mēðja - fem. a-s. [*mēþijō]

measurement, unit of measurement

mjötuðʀ - masc. u-s. [*metōduz]

mercantile ruling, trading pass

mjatą (mat, mutum, mutað) - str. III [*met-aną]

itr/trn. measure, weigh, estimate an unit of measurement of sth.

hagą (-aði, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*hag-ōną? from ON?]

trn. order, make an order to acquire, purchase sth, have sth. acquired (dat)

hȳʀðją (hȳʀddi, hȳʀddum, hȳrðjað) - reg. I [merger of *huzdą & *hūz-janą]

trn. rent an item, area, building (gen)

trn. hire sby. (dat)

pakki - masc. an-s. [*pakkô]

pack; hoard

pekkją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*pakk-ijaną]

trn. pack

refl. pack own belongings

Animal Husbandry

stī - neu. ą-s. [*stiją]

sty, swine pen

stjūrr (stjūr, etc.) - masc. ʀ-s. [*steuraz]

one unit of cattle; bull or cow

geldʀ (geld, geltt) - adj. a-s. [*galdjaz]

infertile (of cattle)

not giving milk, unmilkable

rīðą (reið, riðum, reðað) - str. I [*rīd-aną]

itr. ride, travel on horseback

trn. ride acc

Relationships

sø̄kją ā (-ði, -ðum, -ðjað) [sø̄kją + ā]

itr. visit

trn. visit sby. (acc)

Romance, Marriage, Lust

tȫ (tǫ̈̄, tỹ̄ji, tāʀ; tȫʀ, tȫjum, tāją) - fem. a-s. [*tawō]

romantic couple

snōta - fem. a-s. [*snōtō]

kidnapped bride, abducted bride, forced bride

mjaðlīkʀ/-līka - masc/fem. ʀ/a-s. [mjað-līkʀ/lika]

endear. mead-like, intoxicating

elską (alsk, ēlskum, elskað) - str. V [*alisk-aną]

trn. love, cherish

elskʀ (elsk, elskt) - adj. a-s. [*aliskaz]

dear, beloved, cherished

elskuðʀ - fem. ja-s. [elsk-u-ðʀ]

love, affection

hunanglīkʀ/-līka - masc/fem. ʀ/a-s. [hunang-līkʀ/līka]

endear. honey-like, honeyed

kvamną (kōmn, kōmnum, kamnað) - str. VI [*kwemn-aną < *kwenn-aną]

itr. get married

trn. get married to sby.

trn. get sby. (acc) married to sby. (gen)

trn. get a couple (acc) to marry each other

Animosity

fjandʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*fijandz]

enemy, nemesis

hverfą (hvarf, hurfum, horfað) - str. III [*hwerb-aną]

itr. disappear

trn. betray sby, disappear on sby. (dat)

regni - masc. an-s. [*raginô < *raginą]

coll. conspirators

conspiracy

Friendship

gāʀa - adv. [gāʀ-a]

together, with one another

vinʀ - masc. i-s. [*winiz]

friend

nāð - fem. a-s. [*nēþō]

grace, politeness, hospitality

friendship

senną þurr (sann, sunnum, sunnað) - str. III [*sinnaną]

trn. long for sby, miss sby. dearly

trn. long for a place, head for a place

trn. crave a substance, food, drink

Family, Kinship

mōðiʀ (mø̄ðiʀ) - fem. i-s. [*mōþer]

mother

brōðiʀ (brø̄ðiʀ) - masc. i-s. [*brōþēr]

brother

faðiʀ - masc. i-s. [*faþer]

father

ȫheimlingʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*awa-haim-ilingaz]

maternal uncle (mother's brother, mother's sister's husband)

ȫheimlingja - fem. a-s. [ȫheimling-ja]

maternal aunt (mother's sister, mother's brother's wife)

föðri - masc. an-s. [*fadurjô]

paternal uncle

föðrja - fem. a-s. [föðr-ja]

paternal aunt

tøgʀ - masc. u-s. [*teguz]

siblings, group of siblings

föðriggi - masc. an-s. [*fadurwjô]

paternal cousin

mōðriggi - masc. an-s. [by analogy with föðriggi]

maternal cousin

alą (el; ōl, ōlum, alað) - str. VI [*alaną]

trn. bring up, raise

LGBTQIA+

gaʀkynslung - masc/fem. a-s. [gaʀ-kyns-lung]

cisgendered person

gaʀkynslingʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [gaʀ-kyns-lingʀ]

cisgendered male

gaʀkynslingja - fem. a-s. [gaʀ-kyns-lingja]

cisgendered female

gaʀkyndʀ - fem. ja-s. [gaʀ-kyn-ðʀ]

cisgenderism

Nobility, Authority

brax (brag, bragi, brax) - masc. ʀ-s? [*bragz]

prince, son of a noble

remark: unlike its reanalogised synonym bragʀ, the noun brax has two acceptable plurals: both bragaʀ and bregjaʀ are equally valid plurals of the noun

bragʀ (brag, bragi, brax) - masc. ʀ-s? [*bragz]

see brax

jarlʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [from PN *erilaz]

lord, earl, jarl; king

løyfą (-fta, -ftum, -fjað) - reg. I [from ĪD løyfȧ]

trn. permit sby. (dat) sth. (gen)

konungʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [from ON konungr]

king

kybliʀ (kybli, kyblis) - masc. ʀ-s. [*kubl-ijaz]

noble; wool-owner

remark: derives from a word for a piece of wood; the semantic shift occurred primarily due to the fact that wool was often wound up around the sticks and presented to noblemen in the form of a tithe -- the shift was: stick > piece of wool > wool tithe > wool-owner

þegn (þegn, þegni, þegns) - masc. ʀ-s. [from ON þegn]

thane, slave

gēflung - masc/fem. a-s. [*gēbi- + -lung]

gifted servant, gifted slave

hlysną (-aði, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*hlus-in-ōną]

dep. itr/fient. be sung in songs, be notable

kragi - masc. an-s. [*kragô]

collar, necklace (of dogs, slaves)

(rare) leash

bjagą (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [unknown, likely of Sámi origin; cf NSm beahkit (crawl)]

itr. 'bend the knee', swear fealty

itr. + uf swear fealty to dat

Clothes, Garments

dȳki - masc. an-s. [from ON dýki]

clothes, apparel

henpʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*hanipaz]

ribbon; rope

röggva - fem. a-s. [*rawwō]

wool, woolen cloth, woolen clothing

spinnsröggva - fem. a.s. [spinn-s-röggva]

lace

rȳmi - masc. an-s. [*reumô]

belt

nȫld (nāldaʀ) - fem. a-s. [*nēlþō < *nēþlō]

sewing needle

nökkvaðʀ (nökkuð, nökkvatt) - adj. a-s. [*nakwadaz]

naked, without clothing

fękką (fąkk, fųkkum, fųkkað) - str. III [*finkaną]

fient. be dressed nicely

itr. have nice clothes

bāną (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [unknown, likely of Sámi origin; cf NSm batnit (spin)]

trn. weave, spin thread; knit

Common, Mundanity

gmeinʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*ga-mainaz]

common folk, populace

remark: the noun is a reanalysed adjective

Legal

fagri (fagʀ, fagra) - adj. i-s. [*fagraz]

fair, of a fair judgement, unbiased

equal, of equal standing and/or rights

kunną (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*kunn-ōną]

trn. try, judge sby. (dat)

galgi - masc. an-s. [*galgô]

gallows

remark: the noun seems to be related to gelgja in some way

Occupations

lēkjaʀ (lēkja, lēki, lēkjas) - masc. ʀ-s. [*lēkjaz]

doctor, medicus

þauli - masc. an-s [*þaulô]

law-speaker, þing-speaker

Religion

hami - masc. an-s. [*hamô]

religious fact, religious truth

Ymjaʀ (Ymja, Ymi, Ymjas/Ymis) - masc. ʀ-s? [*Jumjōz < *Jumjaz]

a mythical giant

nykʀi - masc. an-s. [*nikwazô < *nikwazaz]

sea serpent, sea monster

nȳkaʀ (nȳkʀą) - neu. ą-s [from a vṛddhi derivation of *nikwaz-ą < *nikwaz-az]

ritual sacrifice by drowning or submersion

nȳkją (nȳkða, nȳkðum, nȳkjað) - reg. I [nȳk(ʀ)-ją]

trn. sacrifice sby/sth. by drowning, submersion in water (acc)

itr. practice or perform nȳkaʀ

geistʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*gaistaz]

spirit, ghost

draugʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*draugaz]

apparition, wraith

drug - neu. ą-s. [*drugą]

hallucination, state of seeing apparitions

anda - neu. an-s. [*andô]

soul

tenną (tann, tunnum, tunnað) - str. IV [*tinnaną]

itr. burn (of a funeral pyre)

itr. burn (inside a funeral pyre)

eisą - fem. a-s. [*aisǭ]

funeral pyre

regn (regni, rögn, ragną) - neu. ą-s. [*raginą]

cosmic power, deity (specifically non-giant)

dvargi - masc. an-s. [*dwargô < *dwargaz]

dwarf

dyrgʀ - fem. i-s. [*dwirgī < *dwargī]

she-dwarf

Welfare

heitʀ - fem. ja-s. [*haitį̄]

fever, temperature

bylgją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I. [*bulg-ijaną < *bulgj-aną]

itr. to cough, heave, hack

bylgðʀ - fem. ja-s. [*bulg-iþō]

common cold, fever

plǫ̈̄gʀ - masc. u-s. [*plāg-uz < Lat. plāga]

plague, pestilence

þrastąplǫ̈̄gʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [þrast-ą + plǫ̈̄gʀ]

flu, bird influenza, 'bird plague'

varkʀ - masc. i-s. [*werkiz]

headache, migraine

marrą (mōrr, mōrrum, marrað) - str. VI [*marzjaną? *marzōna? cf. Far <marra> (to plague)]

trn. to pain, to make sick

merðʀ - masc. i-s. [*marz-þiz]

nausea, dizziness

rȳgðą (raugð, rugðum, rogða) - str. II [**reug- ??]

trn. to infect, to pass contagion

rjūgðą (raugð, rugðum, rogða) - str. II [**reug- ??]

trn. to infect, to pass contagion

rȳgsl - neu. ą-s. [*reug-slą?]

infection, disease

fnerrą (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*fnezz-ōną]

itr. sneeze

hinką (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*hinkōną < *hinkaną]

itr. limp, walk with a limp

hink - neu. ą-s [*hinką < *hinkōną]

limp, bad gait, injured gait

reipʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*raipaz]

band, bandage

bati - masc. an-s. [*batô]

recovery

gaupna - fem. a-s. [*gaupnō]

hand injury

strangną (-naða, -naðam, -naði) - reg. VI [*strang-naną]

fient. be healthy, be firm (of body and mind)

háfi - masc. an-s. [of Sámi origin; cf SSm hávvi (wound, gash)]

cut, laceration, gash, wound

Opinions, Morality

gōðʀ (gōð, gōtt; betʀi, betʀ, betʀa; besti, best, besta) - adj. a-s. [*gōdaz]

good, decent, positive

Mental

þykkją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*þunk-ijaną]

+dat +gen cause to recognise, remind of

þỹkkją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*þunk-ijaną]

+dat +gen cause to recognise, remind of

frȫʀ (frȫ, frȫtt) - adj. a-s. [*fraw-az?]

quick, intelligent, with a good memory

teiðą (-aði, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [unknown, of Sámi origin; cf NSm <diehtit> (know)]

itr/trn. understand, know

vanjandi (vanjand, vanjanda) - adj. part. i-s. [venją < **wanaz]

accustomed, used to

remark: the adjective is a participle from <vanją>

vanją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*wan-janą??]

trn. get used/accustomed to

remark: the verb is a reanalysis of the adjective <*wanʀ> in pre-Vāgøgjaskt, paradoxically derived from its own participle

knūą (knau, knuum, knoað) - str. II [*knjūą < *kneuaną??]

fient. to be understanding, be knowing, be intelligent

ylją (yl/ylt/yl/yljum/yljuð/yljų vatta/öttum yli/ylim ylði/ylðim yli/yljand yljuð/yljund) - irr. [*wilaną]

trn. want, desire

biðją (bað, bēðum, bjaðað) - str. V [*bidjaną]

itr. hope, want

trn. hope for, want (acc) to happen; ask sby. (dat) for sth. (acc)

hrāðą (garōð, garōðum, raðað) - irr/str. IV [*(h)rēdaną, *herōd < *rerōd]

itr/trn. decide, decide on, decide to do + at

remark: the verb derives from a reduplicative verb, with a reanalysis of its reduplicated componenent

frekją aftʀ (-kta, -ktum, -kjað) - reg. I [frek-ją + aftʀ]

trn. lust after, want, desire (dat)

þękkją (-kta, -ktum, -kjað) - reg. I [*þank-janą]

trn. think, be of the opinion that

itr. think in a manner of adv

kunni (kunn, kunna) - adj. i-s. [*kunþiz]

known, familiar (of a person, place)

kunni - masc. an-s. [*kunþijô < *kunþiz]

acquaintanceship, familiarity (of/with a person, people, place)

Vocal

rāmʀ (rām, rāmt) - adj. a-s. [*rēmaz]

hoarse, of a hoarse voice

fīsą¹ (feis, fysum, fesað) - str. I [*fīs-aną]

itr. whisper, speak quietly, say quietly

fīsą² (feis, fysum, fesað) - str. I [from ON físȧ]

trn. blow on a fire, fan a fire

fīʀą (feis, fyʀum, feʀað) - str. I [*fīs-aną]

homonymic complement, see → fīsą¹

segją (sagði, sögðum, segjuð) - reg. I [*sag-janą]

trn. say, talk about, utter

telją (taldi, töldum, teljuð) - reg. I [*tal-janą]

trn. count, sum up

trn. + umb talk about, speak about, foretell about, recount about

stemmą (stamm, stummum, stommað) - str. III [*stimn-aną < *stimn-oną?]

trn.'speak (a language, acc)

Physical

gīną (gein, ginum, genað) - str. I [*gīnaną]

fient. be tired

itr. yawn

Age

gamall (gamal, gamalt; eldʀi; eldstʀi) - adj. ʀ-s. [from ON gamall]

old

gōmull (gōmul) - masc. ʀ-s. [vṛddhi-formation from *gōmwalaz < *gamalaz]

sickness, decay, aging

Youth

kjaldą (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*keld-ōną?? < *kelþ-ōną]

itr. play, joke around

trn. play using sth. (acc); con, cheat sby. (acc)

leiką (lek, likum, leikað) - str. II? [*laikaną]

itr. play, have fun

vaxą (ōx, ōxum, vaxað) - str. VI [*wahs-ijaną]

itr. grow, grow up

trn. raise

ungʀ - adj. a-s. [*jungaz]

young

sveinn - masc. ʀ-s. [*swainaz]

boy, lad

mø̄ʀ (mey, mø̄ʀi, meyjaʀ, meyjum, meyją) - fem. ja-s. [*mawīz]

girl, lass

mögʀ - masc. u-s. [*maguz]

young man, boy

ynglung - masc/fem. a-s. [ung-lung]

young person

young man/woman

ösnʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*asnuz < *asunz]

young servant/slave, young thane

male concubine

ystʀ (ystʀ, ystt) - adj. a-s. [*ustrjaz]

energetic, youthful, lively, strong

ystʀ (yst, ysti, ystjaʀ) - fem. ja-s. [*ūstrī < *ustrī]

energy, youth

Food, Food Production

jakką (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*jag-ōną? *jakk-ōną?]

itr. hunt, go hunting

jekkją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*jakk-ijaną?]

trn. hunt, chase after, seek

freyðą (frauð, fruðum, froðað) - str. II [*freuþaną]

itr/trn. make a broth, cook in a stew, be cooked in a stewed

ostʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*justaz]

cheese, white cheese

veiðą (veiðiði, veiðiðum, veiðjaði) - reg. III [from ON veiðȧ]

trn. hunt, trap, stalk sth.

ystją (-stta, -sttum, -stjað) - reg. I [*ust-ją]

itr/trn. curdle (sth. acc)

seltją (-ltta, -lttum, -ltjað) - reg. I [salt-ją]

trn. salten, make salty

fø̄ða - neu. an-s. [from ON fœða]

snack, nourishment

mjöðʀ (mjaðʀ, miðiʀ) - masc. u-s. [*meduz]

mead, honey alcohol

hunang - neu. ą-s. [*hunangą]

honeyed foodstuffs, honeyed food

seltjaskʀ (seltjusk, seltjaskt) - adj. a-s. [salt-j(a)-skʀ]

salty

lø̄ʀ - neu. ą-s. [*lawizą]

ham, dried meat

fengʀ - masc. i-s. [*fangiz]

catch, caught prey (especially of terrestrial animals)

ījakk - neu. ą-s. [ī-jakk]

prey caught during hunting

gummi - masc. an-s. [gumbô]

quickbread, sweet pastry

merki - masc. an-s. [*marikô]

lettuce, celery

skekki (skekka, skokki, skokkʀ, skokkaʀ, skokką) - masc. an-s. [*skink- ~ *skunk-]

dried meat, ham

remark: the noun preserves ablaut where the nominative and accusative singular retain one stem (skekk-) and other forms retain another (skokk-)

Personality

þorną ([þurna], þornaða, þornaðam, --) - reg. IV [*þurz-naną]

fient. be afraid, be a coward

blaðną ([blaðna], blaðnaða, blaðnaðam, --) - reg. IV [*blad-naną]

fient. be cunning, witty

frēgi (frēg, frēga) - adj. i-s. [*frēg-iz]

well-known; charismatic

þekkʀ (þekk, þekkt) - adj. a-s. [*þakkjaz]

elegant, sophisticated, fluently mobile

ų̄viss (ų̄vis, ų̄vist) - adj. a-s. [ų̄-viss]

insecure, unknowing

viss (vis, vist) - adj. a-s. [*wisaz < *wissaz]

observant

kvykki (kvykk, kvykka) - adj. i-s. [*kwikwiz < *kwikwaz]

lively, alive, energetic

frekʀ (frek, frekt) - adj. a-s. [*frekaz]

greedy; lustful, carnal

Emotions, States

glaðʀ (glöð, glatt) - adj. a-s. [*gladaz]

glad, happy; flat, even

frektʀ - fem. ja-s. [frek-ðʀ]

lust, carnal urge

gjall - masc. ʀ-s. [*gelaz]

lust, desire

gaman - neu. ą-s. [*gamaną]

joy, happiness

ękki - masc. an-s. [*ankjô < *a(n)kiz?? *a(n)k(aną)??]

ache, regret, longing

kų̄bʀ - neu. ą-s. [*kumbzą?? < *kumbrą?]

sorrow, deep sadness

kvarą (kvar, kvārum, kvarað) - str. VI [*kwer-aną]

itr. sigh

angarr (angaʀ) - masc. ʀ-s. [*angazaz]

anger, depression-fuelled rage

angʀįsk - neu. ą-s. [*angaz-an-iską]

enraged, angry individual

remark: the noun is a substantivisation of a hypothetical adjective *angʀįskʀ (-sk, -skt)

tār (tāss, tȫgʀ, tȫgʀum, tāgrą) neu. ą-s. [*tahrą]

tear

remark: the noun preserves the Verner alternant of the plural

tērją (-rði, -rðum, -rjað) - reg. I [*tahr-ijaną]

int. tear up, start crying quietly

gremną ([grimna], gremnaða, gremnaðam, --) - reg. IV [*grim-naną]

fient. be angry, be enraged, be furious

gremja (-mða, -mðum, -mjað) - reg. I [*gram-janą? *grim-janą ~ *grim-jōną?]

trn. make sby. (acc) angry, enrage sby.

gremmą (gramm, grummum, grommað) - str. III [*grim=m-aną]

itr. fume, be angry, be enraged, throw a tantrum, go amok

ōgn - fem. a-s. [from ON ógn]

fear, terror

intimidation, terror tactic

Senses and Sensations

ittʀ - masc. i-s. [*jihtiz]

pain, anguish, paralysis

kvöla (kvölą, kvöli, kvalaʀ) - fem. a-s. [*kwalō]

torment, torture

remark: the noun kvöla is a merger of two competing paradigms, *kvöl and *kvala, derived from the same root

sø̄ą (sȫ, sēgum, segvað) [*sehwaną]

itr. be able to see

trn. see sth. (acc)

heyʀą (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*hauzijaną]

itr/trn. hear, perceive

sefją (-fði, -fðum, -fjað) - reg. I [*safjaną]

itr. have the taste of sth. (dat)

trn. taste sth, sample flavour of sth. orally, try sth. edible or drinkable in small amounts

Sleep

geymją (-mði, -mðum, -mjað) - reg. I [*gaum-janą]

trn. wake sby. (acc) up

gaumʀ (gaum, gaumt) - adj. a-s. [*gaumaz]

awake, alert, well-rested

afgeymją (-mði, -mðum, -mjað) - reg. I [af-geymją]

trn. tire sby. (ac), make sby. exhausted

Profanity

bogðą (-aði, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [unknown, of Sámi origin; cf SSm <bohkedh> (fuck)]

trn. fuck

(varðaðu) bogðaʀ - phrs.

get fucked; fuck off

skītą - (skeit, skitum, sketað) - str. I [*skītaną]

trn/itr. shit, defecate

skītʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [skīt-az]

shit

skītją - (-tti, -ttum, -jað) - reg. I [skīt-janą]

trn. cause to shit; poison

vamją - (-ði, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*wamm-janą]

int. barf, regurgitate

int. be utterly repulsed by

vamʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [**wam-az? < *wamm-az < *wamm-iz]

vomit

excl. used with extreme displeasure or surprise; comparable to "shit!"

Narrative, Story

töl (talaʀ) - fem. a-s. [*talō ~ *talą]

tale, story, recap, recounting, recollection

Linguistics, Literacy

stömm - neu. ą/a-s? [*stamnō < *stamnijō <~ **stimn-ōną??]

language, speech of a people; dialect

remark: the noun has both an a-stem declension that comes from its etymology, and an ą-stem declension that originated in analogy with other suffixless neuters; it itself is always neuter

orð - neu. ą-s. [from ON orð]

word, utterance

urð - neu. ą-s. [*wurdą]

word, utterance

remark: the noun has partially been supplanted by the Norse borrowing, "orð"; it occurs as an infrequent alternative to the Norse loan

rūna - fem. a-s. [*rūnō]

letter, rune

fuþark - neu. ą-s. [from the names of the runes]

alphabet, futhark

bōkʀ (bōkʀ, bø̄kiʀ) - fem. u-s. [*bōks]

book

Populational

grȫðʀ (grāðʀ) - masc. u-s. [*grēduz]

famine, hunger

grȫðgʀ (grȫðug, grȫðugt) - adj. a-s. [*grēdugaz]

hungry, starved (of a population)

Politics

fani - masc. an-s. [*fanô]

flag, emblem

kreigą (kraug, krugum, krogað) - str. II [*kraig-aną]

trn. stand up to/resist sby. (dat)

Shapes

böllʀ - masc. u-s. [*balluz]

ball

Sequences, Ordinals

sīðʀ (sīð, sītt) - adj. a-s. [from ON síðr]

next, following

Materials

leðʀ - neu. ą-s. [*leþrą]

leather, hide

gruf - neu. ą-s. [*grubą < *grubuz]

coarse leather, hide

hurn - neu. ą-s. [*hurną]

horn

horn - neu. ą-s. [from ON horn]

horn

remark: less frequent, stylistic variant of hurn

steinn - masc. ʀ-s. [*stainaz]

stone, rock

løymi - masc. an-s. [from ĪD løymı]

clay, peat

Material Qualities

deiginn (deigin, deigint) - adj. a-s. [*daig-īnaz]

soft, mushy, rubbery

kolann (kolan, kolant) - adj. a-s. [participle of unattested *kalaną]

stiff, hard, rigid

Water

mjöðmʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*medumaz]

waist-deep water

vötn - neu. ą-s. [*watōr~*watn-]

water

remarks: the noun has a common North Germanic shape: its stem is derived from the oblique stem

afi - masc. an-s. [of Sámi origin; cf SSm áhpi (bay)]

inlet, bay

hrönn - fem. a-s. [*hraznō]

wave

merr (meri, mers, merjum, merją) - neu. ą-s. [*marją < *mariz]

sea, large body of water

leyja (ley, leyʀi, leyjaʀ, leyjum) - fem. a-s. [*lajō?]

bedrock, sea bottom

lauðʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*lauþraz]

sea foam, lather

kremmją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*kramm-ijaną]

itr. (dat) thaw, melt (of ice, hoar)

krammʀ (krömm, krammt) - adj. a-s. [*krammaz]

thawed, molten (of cold liquids)

fųttʀ (fųtti, fųtt) - adj. u-s. [*funhtuz]

wet, swampy, soaked (of terrain, landscapes, biomes)

fukką (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*funk-ōną]

itr. (of streams) flow, flow gently

itr. (of streams) sparkle

fient. (of streams) look drinkable and/or clean

fuss - neu. ą-s. [*fursą < *fursaz]

waterfall

Geography

mörk - fem. a-s. [*markō]

forest, marsh

mȳrr - fem. a-s. [from ON mýrr]

mire, bog

kvappi - masc. an-s. [*kwappaz~*kwabô]

swamp, marsh

dǫ̈ppfala - fem. a-s. [*damp-falǭ; second element attested in Vg fala]

flooded field, flooded flatland

kvøyką (-kta, -ktum, -kjað) - reg. I [from ĪD kvøykȧ]

itr. liven up, bloom (of a forested area); flood (of a forested area)

fjall - neu. ą-s. [*fellą? *felhą?]

mountain

brjāðʀ - masc. i-s. [*brēþiz]

geyser; hot spring, hot pool

dall - masc. ʀ-s. [*dalaz]

dale, valley

øgg (øgjaʀ) - fem. a-s. [*awjō]

island, isle

ǭss (ǭs, ǭsi, ǭss etc.) - masc. ʀ-s. [*̄ōnsaz < *ōsnaz]

lake, pond

ōss (ōs, ōsi, ōss, etc.) - masc. ʀ-s. [*ōsaz]

estuary, river mouth

staðʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*stadaz < *stadiz]

town, settlement, city

nurðʀ (nurð, nurtt) - adj. a-s. [*nurþeraz]

north, northern

suðʀ (sunn, sunnt) - adj. a-s. [*sunþeraz]

south, southern

heimaland - neu. ą-s [heima-land]

homeland, Heimat, native country/area

Locations, Nationalities, Languages

Beyheimʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [Bey-heimʀ]

Bohemia

Vāgøgjaʀ - fem. pl.t. a-s. [Vāg-øgjaʀ]

The Vag Islands

Norðvagʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [Norð-vagʀ]

Norway

Sassi - masc. an-s. [*sahsô]

a Saxon man

Sessja - fem. a-s. [*sahs-ijō]

a Saxon woman

Sassąland - neu. ą-s. [sassą-land]

Saxony, Saxonland

England - neu. ą-s. [eng-land]

England

Englendskt - neu. adj. a-s. [england-sk-t (stömm)]

English, the English language

djūpð - fem. a-s. [*diupiþō]

cave, cavern

arch. depth (of sea, caves)

Albiland - neu. ą-s. [albi-land]

Scotland

Makʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [from OIr. macc]

derog. Scotsman, Irishman

Time, Property

eftri - adv. [*aftiri]

again, anew

tīðją - fem. a-s. [*tīdijǭ < *tīdiz]

time

tīðʀ (tīð, tītt) - adj. a-s. [*tīdijaz]

on time, punctual

sāni - adv. [*sēnê < *sēna]

soon

tīði - adv. [tīð-i]

over time, eventually

tīðą (-aði, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*tīd-ōną]

trn. time sby's time/intervals

bigą̄ (bigigg, bigiggjum, --) - irr. supl. [*bi-gāną]

pass, go by

gārr (gȫʀ, gāʀt) - adj. a-s. [??]

same, consistent

berr (beʀ, beʀt) - adj. a-s. [from ON berr]

only, alone

beʀa - adv. [beʀ-a]

only, in no way other than, nothing/nobody other than

gāʀvag - adv. [gāʀ-vag]

consistently, all the time

allvag - adv. [all-vag]

always, continuously

holvag - adv. [hol-vag]

rarely, infrequently, a small number of times

skolą (mōsa, mø̄sum) - irr. supl. [*skul-aną]

aux. shall, will, is going to (certain)

bēttą (bās, būsum/būʀum, būttað) - irr. supl. [unknown, of Sámi origin; cf SSm båetedh]

aux. will, is going to (impersonal, inactive, without agency)

mēttą (-aði, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [unknown, of Sámi origin; cf SSm maehtedh]

aux. will, is going to (uncertain, flexible)

sneimni (fjarri, fjarsti) - adv. [*snaiman-ê??]

early, before the alloted time

Calendar

myrginn - masc. ʀ-s. [*murgenaz]

morning, sunrise

nyðvi - masc. an-s. [*niþwô < *niþwǭ]

sunset, evening

aðn - neu. ą-s. [*aþną]

season

mānaðʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*mēnōþs]

month, lunar cycle

āʀ - neu. ą-s. [*jērą]

year

ø̨̄tʀ (vątʀ, vǫ̈tum) - masc. u-s. [*wintuz < *wintruz]

winter, cold time

remark: the native word has previously been a rarer alternative to Norse vętʀ, but has since regained ground

vętʀ - masc. u-s. [from ON vėtr]

winter, cold time

remark: the word used to be more frequent than native ø̨̄tʀ, but has since lost ground it had gained

vār - neu. ą-s. [*wērą]

spring

harfst - neu. ą-s. [*harbustą < *harbustaz]

autumn, fall

haldąsk (hagildsk, hagildumsk, haldaðsk) - irr. [*hald-aną-sik]

itr. wait, await, expect

haldiðsk frą̄ (hagilðsk, hagildundsk, --- ) - irr. dep.

dep. gen await nom; be awaited by gen

Physics

lęttʀ - adj. a-s. [*linhtaz]

light, lightweight

Decay

fȳ (fȳja -- fȳ, fūʀ, fȳjaʀ -- fūją) - masc. an-s. [*fūô]

mold

sūką (-aði, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*sūkōną]

itr. spoil (of food)

sȳkvą (-ða, -ðum, -vað) - irr/reg. I [*sūkw-ijaną?]

trn. have food (acc) spoiled

trn. spoil sby's (dat) food (acc)

Polarity

eigi - adv. [from ĪD eigi]

negation adverb; "not"

Anatomy

höfuð - neu. ą-s. [*hafudą]

head

hjaʀni - masc. an-s. [*herzn(az) < *hersnô]

scalp

hjassi - masc. an-s. [*hersnô]

brain

augą - neu. an-s. [*augô]

eye

hjartą - neu. an-s. [*hertô]

heart

möndull - masc. ʀ-s. [*mandulaz]

shoulderblade

kvöðʀ - masc. u-s. [*kweþuz]

uterus, vagina

fyst (fistaʀ) - fem. a-s. [*fistō < *h₂písdeh₂?]

vulva, vagina

Physiology

fluma - neut. an-s. [*pléwmn̥]

air, breath

aną (ōn, ōnum, anað) - str. VI? [*ananą?]

itr/trn. breathe; breathe sth. (acc) in

enją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*an-ijaną]

trn. breathe sth. (acc) into sth. (dat)

drekką (drakk, drukkum, drokkað) - str. III [*drink-aną]

itr. drink

trn. drink sth.

etą (āt, ētum, etað) - str. V [*etaną]

itr. eat

trn. eat sth.

trn. eat sth. out of a set, group, part of collective unity (gen)

burtą (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [of Sámi origin; cf SSm boradit (eat)]

trn. eat (of livestock)

trn. feed livestock

Location

kruttą (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*krutt-ōną < krattô]

itr. be inside sth (gen)

Activities, Actions

byrją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*bur-janą]

trn/itr. begin, start

byrvą (bör, burum, burvað) - str. III [*bur-janą]

trn/itr. begin, start

byrją (ber, byrjum, byrjað) - str. III [*bur-janą]

trn/itr. begin, start

slotą (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*slutōną]

trn/itr. stop, cease doing; cease being (dat)

nenną (nann, nunnum, nonnað) - str. III [*ninþ-aną]

itr. dare, muster up courage

mølvją (-vða, -vðum, -vað) - reg. I [*malw-janą]

trn. crush, pulverise, intentionally turn to powder or small bits

malą (mōl, mōlum, malað) - str. IV [*mal-aną]

trn. break, smash

krękkja (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [krękk + *-ijaną]

trn. make sby. slip, fall; push sby.

vann (vön, vant) - adj. a-s. [*wanaz]

repetitive, annoying

sø̄kją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*sōk-janą]

trn/itr. seek, search, look for

mjaką (mak, mukum, mokað) - str. III [*mek-aną]

trn. hinder, prevent, obstruct

bītą (beit, bitum, bītað) - str. I [*bīt-aną]

trn. bite, chew on

gnagą (gnōg, gnōgum, gnagað) - str. VI [*gnag-aną]

trn. gnaw, chew on, mangle

skaką (skōk, skōkum, skakað) - str. VI [*skak-aną]

itr/trn. swing, shake

irpją (-ta, -tum, -jað) - reg. I [*irp-ijaną]

itr. collect leaves, pick leaves

trn. pick leaves off tree

temja (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*tam-janą]

trn. tame, domesticate

hylją (-da, -dum, -jað) - reg. I [*hul-ijaną]

itr/trn. dig, carve, make hollow

gørvja (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*garw-ijaną]

trn. do, perform, prepare sth to be done

hafą (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. III [*hab-janą]

trn. have, possess

eigą ([ei] eittaða, eittaðum, eittað) - irr/reg. II [*aiganą]

trn. have (be related to, be acquainted with, be in a relationship with)

tāką (gaðōk, gaðōkum, takað) - irr/str. VI [*tēk-aną, *gadōk < *tedōk < *tetōk]

trn. squeeze, hold tightly

remark: the verb derives from a reduplicative verb, with a reanalysis of its reduplicated componenent

tēkją (gaðø̄kta, gaðø̄ktum, tekjað) - irr/reg. I [*tēk-janą]

trn. grasp at; try to get away from (acc)

remark: the verb is extremely peculiar: its paradigm shows it is an extremely old and irregular derivation of the root of tāką, it both has strong-like alternations and weak dental suffixes in its conjugation

bendą (band, bundum, bundað) - str. III [*bind-aną]

trn. bind, tie sth.

magą (mag/matt/mag/mugum/muguð/mugų matta, mattjum, --) - irr. [*mag-aną]

itr/trn. know, be able to

bringą (brątt, brųttum, brǫttað) - str. III [*bring-aną]

trn. bring sth, carry sth. to sth. + til

Canids

hundʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*hundaz]

dog, hound

gjalpą (galp, gulpum, golpað) - str. II [*gelpaną?]

bark, whimper

ylgʀ - fem. ja-s. [*wulgī]

arctic fox; arctic vixen

tȳfʀ - fem. ja-s. [unknown, Germanic; cf ON <tófa> (fox)]

red fox; red vixen

ūlfʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*wulfaz]

wolf

vargʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*wargaz]

poet. arch. wolf, fox; thief

ȳlfją - fem. a-s. [*wulfiljǭ < *wulf-ilǭ]

she-wolf

ylgi - masc. an-s. [*wulg-jô]

arctic fox male

tȳfi - masc. an-s. [tȳf- + *-jô]

red fox male

Felines

lāðʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [lādaz??]

(male) cat

lēðja - fem. a-s. [lāð-ja]

(female) cat

lāðlung - masc/fem. a-s. [lāð-lung]

kitten

Reptilians

yrmʀ - masc. i-s. [*wurmiz]

snake; worm; dragon

urm - neu. ą-s. [*wurmą < *wurmiz]

sea reptile; snake young

ųkki - masc. a-s. [*unkô]

snake

dreki - masc. an-s. [from ON dreki]

dragon

draki - masc. an-s. [*drakô]

dragon

Education

skōli - masc. an-s. [*skōlô < *skōla]

school

freðją (frōð, frōðum, fraðað) - str. VI [*fraþjaną]

itr. learn

trn. study

freðją (-tta, -ttum, -jað) - reg. I [*fraþ-ijaną]

trn. teach

Quantities, Determiners

gnōgʀ (gnōg, gnōgt) - adj. a-s. [*ga-nōgaz]

enough, sufficient

gnōga - adv. [gnōg-a]

sufficiently, decently, to an appropriate extent; a sufficient amount, sufficient

nøkkvarr (nøkkur, nøkkvart) - adj. a-s. [from PN *ne-waitk-hwarjaʀ]

some, an unspecified quantity

nøkklʀ (nøkkl, nøkkt) - adj. a-s. [from PN *ne-waitk-hwilikaʀ]

some (thing/body), an unknown or unspecified entity

nøkka - adv. [nøkk-a]

some, a little bit of

allʀ (öll, allt) - adj. a-s. [*allaz]

all, every, all of

alla - adv. [all-a]

all, all of

mikill (mikil, mikilt; meiʀi, meiʀ, meiʀa; meistʀi, meistʀ, meistʀa) - adj. a-s. [*mikilaz]

much, a lot

mikilt - adv. [mikilt < mikill]

much, a lot; many, plenty

remark: this adverb is directly formed from the adjective; a more regular form such as **mikla is unattested.

hvarr (hvör, hvart) - adj. a-s. [*hwaraz < *hwarjaz]

each, every

Questions

hvaʀ - pron. [*hwaz]

who

hvat - pron. [*hwat]

what

hvas - pron. [hvas]

whose, from whom; gen

hvī - hv-w. [*hwī]

why

hvā - hv-w. [*hwā]

with what

hvaʀa - hv-w. [*hwezō]

with whom

hvar - hv-w. [*hwar]

where

how ... (specifying adverbs)

hvanna - hv-w. [hwann-a?]

when

hvannjaʀ - hv-w. [hvann-*jōz]

whence, where from

hvanni - hv-w. [hvann-i]

where to

hvīlkʀ - hv-w. [*hwilīkaz]

what kind of, which type of

Numbers

einn (einn/einn/einum/eins eina/einu/einiʀ/einnaʀ ein/ein/einum/eins) - adj. irr. [*ainaz]

one

tvann (tvann/tvąnn/tvörjum/tvaną tveinn/tvęinn/tvörjum/tveiną tvą̄/tvąnn/tvörjum/tvaną) - adj. irr. [*twa-?]

two

þrīʀ (þrīʀ/þrī/þrīggjum/þrīgą þrēʀ/þrēʀ/þrīggjum/þrīgą þrjā/þrjų̄/þrīggjum/þrīgą) - adj. irr. [*þrīz]

three

fjöðʀi (fjöðʀi/fjöðʀąʀ/fjöðʀum/fjörrą fjöðʀinn/fjöðʀįnn/fjöðʀum/fjörrą fjöðʀą/fjöðʀąʀ/fjöðʀum/fjörrą) [*fedwōz < *fedwōr]

four

'fjaðʀi (fjaðʀi/fjaðʀąʀ...) [*fedwōz]

four

famf (---) [*femf < *fimf]

five

sex (---) [*sehs]

six

sjūn (---) [*sebun]

seven

attu (---) [*ahtōu]

eight

njų̄ (---) [*newun]

nine

tjų̄ (---) [*tehun]

ten

ęllifu (---) [*ainalif]

eleven

tvalf (---) [*twalif]

twelve

þrīgtjų̄ (---) [þrīg-tjų̄]

thirteen

fjörrtjų̄ (---) [fjörr-tjų̄]

fourteen

famtjų̄ (---) [famf-tjų̄]

fifteen

sextjų̄ (---) [sex-tjų̄]

sixteen

sjų̄tjų̄ (---) [sjūn-tjų̄]

seventeen

njų̄tjų̄ (---) [njų̄-tjų̄]

nineteen

tuttugu (---) [from ON tuttugu]

twenty

tvattugu [hybrid of tva- and (tu)-ttugu]

twenty

þrīttugu [þrī-ttugu]

thirty

fjaðʀugu [fjaðʀ-(tt)ugu]

forty

tvą̄ttugu [tvą̄-ttugu]

forty

famttugu [fam(f)-ttugu]

fifty

sextugu [sex-(t)tugu]

sixty

þrjāttugu [þrjā-ttugu]

sixty

sjūttugu [sjū-ttugu]

seventy

attugu [att-(tt)ugu]

eighty

fjaðʀagu [fjaðʀa-(ttu)gu]

eighty

njų̄ttugu [njų̄-ttugu]

ninety

hondrað (hondraðs) - ą-s. [*hundaradą]

hundred

tvann hondraðs

two hundred

þūsund (þūsandaʀ) - a-s. [* *þūsundjō < *þūsundī]

thousand

tvann þūsandaʀ

two thousand

Properties

snjallʀ - adj. a-s. [*snellaz]

quick, swift

hlūðʀ - adj. a-s. [*hlūþaz]

strong, powerful; booming

kūmʀ - adj. a-s. [*kūmaz]

weak; impotent

Shape

krangʀ (kröng, krangt) - adj. a-s. [*krangaz]

bent, turned, twisted

fattʀ (fött, fatt) - adj. a-s. [*fattaz]

bent, twisted, crooked

valdi (vald, valda) - adj. i-s. [*waldiz]

big, large

holʀ (hol, holt) - adj. a-s. [*hulaz]

small; empty

holl (hol, holt) - adj. a-s. [*hulaz]

small; empty

snø̄fri (snø̄fr, snø̄fra) - adj. i-s. [*snōbriz]

narrow, tight

reitʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*raitaz]

square; square plot of land, square unit of measurement

Identity

samʀ - adj. a-s. [*samaz]

same, the same

ąðʀ (önn, annt) adj. a-s. [*anþaz < *anþeraz]

other, another

Chemistry

brennją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*brannijaną]

trn. burn, light, set ablaze

brenną (brann, brunnum, bronnað) - str. III [*brinnaną]

itr. burn

drukinn (drukin, drukint; drukną) - adj. a-s. [*druknaz]

dry; arid

drokną ([drukna], droknaða, droknaðam, --) - reg. IV [*druk(n)-naną]

fient. be dry, arid

dryknją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*drukn-ijaną]

trn. +gen.o dry, remove moisture

eitri - neu. an-s. [*aitrô < *aitraz]

poison

eitrą (eittja, eittjum, eittjað) - reg. I [**eitr-ją? < *aitr-ijaną]

trn. kill sby. via poison

hyrr (hyrji, hyrji, hyrji, hyrjaʀ etc.) - fem. ja-s. [*hurijō < *hurjō?]

fire, ember

kyndją (-dja, -djum, -djað) - reg. I [*kund-janą]

trn. kindle, light

mjaltą (malt, multum, moltað) - str. III [*meltaną]

itr. melt, dissolve

meltją (-tta, -ttum, -jað) - reg. I [*melt-ijaną]

trn. melt, dissolve

māsla - fem. a-s. [*mēslō]

paste, mush, cream

Astronomy

Svagl - neu. ą-s. [*swagilaz]

Sun, star

Māni - masc. an-s. [*Mēnô]

Moon

skīną (skein, skinum, skenað) - str. I [*skīnaną]

itr. shine

trn. shine upon, illuminate

heimʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*haimaz]

world

allheimʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [all-heimʀ]

all-world; universe, cosmos

heima - adv. [*haimō]

homewards, home

jarða - fem. a-s. [*erþō]

earth

jörð - fem. a-s. [*erþō]

earth

luftʀ (luftʀ, lyftiʀ, luftą) - masc. u-s. [*luftuz]

sky, heaven

dagʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*dagaz]

day, daytime

nātt (nātt(i)/nātt(i)/nātt(i)/nāttu(ʀi)/nētuʀ(aʀ) nētuʀ(niʀ)/nētuʀ(niʀ)/nētuʀ(niʀ)/nȫttum(-unum)/nāttą(ną)) - fem. irr. [*nahts]

night, nighttime

Motion

ōlką (ōlk, ōlkum, ulkað) - str. irr (VI?) [*wulk-ōną]

itr. run, move quickly

trn. race; (+ aftʀ ) chase after

hottą (hottaði, hottaðum, hottað) - reg. II [*hutt-ōną]

itr. run, sprint, move quickly

hyttją (hytti, hyttum, hyttjað) - reg. I [*hutt-ijaną]

trn. make sby. (acc) run; chase sby.

gą̄ ([gāna, gānam] igg, iggjum, --) - irr. supl. [*gāną]

itr. go, move, head towards

kvamą (kvam, kømum, komað) - str. IV [*kwem-aną]

trn. approach

itr. arrive, come, approach

troðą (trað, trøðum, troðað) - str. IV [*trud-aną]

trn. trample, step on; raze (with feet)

krękką (krąkk, krųkkum, krǫkkað) - str. III [*krink-aną]

itr. slip, lose traction

itr. (by extension) fall, slide from prominence

krỹppją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*krump-janą]

trn. bend, twist, deform sth.

leką (lak, lukum, lokað) - str. II [*lekaną]

itr/trn. leak (+acc sth.)

sōttą (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [unknown, possibly of Sámi origin; cf NSm čuoččahit (steady self)]

itr. sit up, rise from a lying-down or prostated position

Direction

niða - adv. [by analogy to uppna]

from below

niði - adv. [by analogy to uppi]

down

niðʀ - adv. [*niþer]

downwards

uppna - adv. [*ubanē]

from above

uppi - adv. [*uppai]

up above, up (static)

upp - adv. [*upp]

upwards

burtna - adv. [by analogy to uppna]

from away

burti - adv. [by analogy to uppi]

away (static)

burt - adv. [from ON burt]

away (lative)

Sounds

syngvą (sang, sungum, songvað) - str. III [*singwaną]

itr/trn. sing, chant

songlą (svangl, sønglum, songlað) - str. IV [song-lą]

itr/trn. chant, hum, recite

hlehją (hlōh, hlōhum, hlahað) - str. VI [*hlahj-aną]

itr. laugh

hlē - neu. ą-s [*hlahją]

laughter, humour

Fish

sīl - neu. ą-s. [*sīlą]

herring, fry

Small Animals

mörðʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*marþuz]

marten

Meteorology

blāsą (blas, blusum, blosað) - str. III [*blēs-aną]

itr. blast, blow (of wind)

blēʀą (blāʀ, blēgʀum, blegʀað) - str. VII [*blehs-aną? *blēs-aną?]

itr. blast, blow (of wind)

vindʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*windaz]

wind

skȳ - neu. ą-s. [*skiwją]

cloud, fog

skȳðʀ - fem. ja-s. [skȳ-ðʀ]

cloudiness, state of fog

svāla - fem. a-s. [unknown, of Sámi origin; cf SSm svaaloe]

snowy weather, snowy landscape

ūr - neu. ą-s. [*uwurą]

drizzling rain, drizzle, soft rain

regn - neu. ą-s. [*regną]

rain, medium rain

stormʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*sturmaz]

storm, torrential rain

tǫ̈̄rr - masc. u-s. [*tanhuz < *tanhuz (adj)]

windy drizzle, windy weather with small amounts of rain

jūsą (aus, usum, osað) - str. II [from ON ausȧ]

itr. to rain, to drizzle

ȳrją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [ūr-ją]

itr. to drizzle, to rain softly

regnją (-gna, -gnum, -gnjað) - reg. I [regn-ją]

itr. to rain

Derivation

-lą - str. IV [*-il-aną]

forms verbal diminutives

-a - adv. [*-ô]

forms adverbs of manner from a-stem adjectives

-i - adv. [*-ê]

forms adverbs of manner from i/u-stem adjectives

-i - adj. i-s. [*-iʀ?]

forms i-stem adjectives from nouns

-vag - adv. [*wegaz]

forms adverbs of iterations (twice, thrice etc.)

-(n)iʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*-(n)āriz < *-(n)ārijaz]

forms agent nouns out of verbs

-(n)(i)ja - fem. a-s. [*-(n)āri-jō]

forms agent nouns out of verbs

-ja^+I - fem. a-s. [*-ijō]

forms feminines from ʀ-stems.

-iʀ (-i, -i, -is) - masc. ʀ-s. [*-ijaz]?

forms nouns out of adjectives, often in the sense of possessing or creating a property or state

-skʀ (-sk, -skt) - adj. a-s. [*-iskaz]

forms a-stem adjectives from nouns; -ish, -y

-ðʀ - fem. ja-s. [*-iþō]

forms abstract nouns, nouns of state or being from adjectives, verbs, other nouns

-są^+I - reg. II [*-isōną]

forms denominative verbs from certain abstract nouns

-ją^+I - reg. I [*-(i)janą]

forms causatives from verbs or nouns

forms verbs relating to production of material

-inn (-in, -int) - adj. a-s. [*-īnaz]

forms adjectives of material from nouns, verbs

-(i)niʀ (-ni, -ni, -nis) - masc. ʀ-s. [*-īn-ijaz]

forms nouns with the material makeup of the material of other nouns, verbs

remark: the longer, bisyllabic variant is used after syllables with a heavy coda

-lingʀ^+I - masc. ʀ-s. [*-il-ingaz]

forms nominal diminutives

forms nouns that possess an attribute from adjectives

forms nouns of descent from adjectives

-lung - masc/fem. a-s. [*-lingō]

forms nouns of descent from adjectives

forms gender-ambiguous diminutives or nouns that possess an attribute from the adjective

forms family names

forms first names

forms gender-ambiguous diminutive agent nouns from verbs

remark: while the noun itself can be either masculine or feminine, primarily as part of first or family names, it declines as an a-stem; it is grammatically feminine and takes feminine adjectives, although the pronouns used to refer to it vary accordingly

-lingja^+I - fem. a-s. [*-il-ingjō < *-il-ing-ilǭ]

forms nominal diminutives

forms nouns of descent from adjectives

Particles, Conjunctions

at [*at]

introduces subordinate clauses; that

þiʀ [*þaizōi]

intruduces subordinate clauses; that

auk [*auk(aną)?]

and; links two phrases, less frequently clauses

ef [*jab < *jabai]

if (factual, real consequence)

if +subj (hypothetical)

enn [from ON enn]

than (in comparisons)

hvaðraʀ [*hwaþeraz]

introduces subordinate clauses; whether

þau [*þauh]

though, but; introduces counter-statements or counterbalancing statements

þun [*þanō]

because of this, thus

ȳn [*jainanō]

because of that, thus

svā þun [svā + þun]

because ....

hvan [*hwannē]

as, while, when

Demonstratives

þat [*þat]

that, it; dummy subject

sā

sā/þann/þimm/þas

sū/þǭ/þeiʀ(a)/þeirr

þat/þat/þimm/þas

this, this one (proximate)

remark: the proximate demonstrative shares its plural with the pronouns

þessi

þessi/þenną/þömm/þas

þessi/þessą/þessaʀi/þessaʀ

þetta/þetta/þött/þas

that, that one (distant)

remark: the distant demonstrative shares its plural with the pronouns

þar [*þar]

there, that place, to that place

Prepositions

aftʀ prep. [*aftri?]

acc. after, just behind (spatial)

dat. after, following (temporal)

į̄ (ī, īn, į) prep. [*in]

dat. in, inside of

acc. into

ųb (ų̄b, umb, umm) prep.

dat. around, in the vicinity of

dat. around, surrounding

höndu [*handū?]

dat. using, with; inst

yfri [*ubiri]

dat. over, above

acc. across, above

yndri [*undiri < *under; by analogy with yfri]

dat. below, beneath

acc. towards the underside (lative)

ūʀ [??]

gen. out of (material)

dat. out of (ablative)

fen [*fanē?]

acc. from (ablative)

dat. from/belonging to (partitive)

dat. about, concerning (topical)

hreng [*hringō]

dat. about, regarding, concerning (topical)

frą̄ [*fram]

gen. by (passive agent)

dat. from (partitive, ethnic)

acc. due to, by

af [*ab]

acc. belonging to

introducing a subordinate clause sentence-initially

þurr [*þurhw]

acc. via, through, using X as the means of locomotion

acc. through, throughout, during (temporal)

acc. in, during (a story, book, tale)

glīx [*galīk-sam]

gen. such as, like

remark: formed by syncope of glīksam and is correspondingly a bit more informal

glīksam [*galīk-sam]

gen. such as, like

uf [*ub]

dat. beneath, below

ā (ą̄, an) [*ana]

dat. on, atop of

dat. at (of time)

Insects

bȳ - fem. a-s. [*bijō]

bee

tīkki - masc. an-s. [*tīkkô]

tick, louse

Arachnids

vafi - neu. ą-s. [*wabją]

web

þǫ̈̄ttʀ - masc. u-s. [*þanhtuz]

arch.́ thread; spider silk thread

þǫ̈ttʀ - masc. u-s. [*þanhtuz]

thread; spider silk thread

spinną (spann, spunnum, spunnað) - str. III [*spinn-aną]

itr. spin a web, weave a web (usually of spiders)

trn. spin sth. (acc) (often out of spider-silk)

spinnlung - masc/fem. a-s. [spinn-lung]

spider, 'spinling'

Biology

svąrą (svąr, sø̨̄rum, sǫrað) - str. IV [*swer-aną]

itr. fester, rot, become infected/infested

stjarfą (stjarf, stjurfum, stjorfað) - str. III [*sterb-aną]

itr. die

svaltą (svalt, sultum, soltað) - str. III [*swelt-aną]

itr. hunger, starve

svaltją (-tta, -ttum, -jað) - reg. I [*swelt-ijaną]

trn. starve, deprive of food

kvalą (kval, kvālum, kvalað) - str. V [*kwel-aną]

itr. become incapacitated

kynn - fem. ja-s. [*kunjō]

sex; grammatical gender

Flora

blōmi - masc. an-s. [*blōmô]

flower

mus - neu. ą-s. [*musą]

moss

gras - neu. ą-s. [*grasą]

grass

Trees

sefją - fem. a-s. [*safjǭ]

sap, tree sap

mast - neu. ą-s. [*mastą]

fragnant fruit

löggva - neu. an-s. [*lawwô?]

tree bark

lögg (löggvi, laggvaʀ) - fem. a-s. [*lawwō]

grove, thicket

lēglingjaʀ - fem. a-s. pl-t. [lāg-lingj-aʀ]

forest stand; cluster of short trees