Elector Dark (talk | contribs) (→Humans) Tag: sourceedit |
Elector Dark (talk | contribs) Tag: sourceedit |
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::doctor, medicus |
::doctor, medicus |
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− | :'''þauli''' - ''masc. an-s'' [*þaulô] |
+ | :'''þauli''' - ''masc. an-s.'' [*þaulô] |
::law-speaker, þing-speaker |
::law-speaker, þing-speaker |
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+ | |||
+ | ===Art and Craft=== |
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+ | :'''kynnari''' - ''masc. an-s.'' [*kunn-ārijô] |
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+ | ::artist, craftsman |
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+ | |||
+ | :'''kynnją''' (kynnða, kynnðum, kynnjað) [*kunn-ijaną] |
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+ | ::''itr. fient.'' be an artist, be capable |
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+ | ::''trn.'' craft sth. ({{SC||ACC}}) |
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===Religion=== |
===Religion=== |
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:'''gōðʀ''' (gōð, gōtt; betʀi, betʀ, betʀa; besti, best, besta) - ''adj. a-s.'' [*gōdaz] |
:'''gōðʀ''' (gōð, gōtt; betʀi, betʀ, betʀa; besti, best, besta) - ''adj. a-s.'' [*gōdaz] |
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::good, decent, positive |
::good, decent, positive |
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+ | |||
+ | :'''hatą''' (-aði, -aðum, -að) - ''reg. II'' [*hat-ōną] |
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+ | ::''trn.'' hate, despise ({{SC||GEN}}) |
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===Mental=== |
===Mental=== |
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:'''kunni''' (kunn, kunna) - ''adj. i-s.'' [*kunþiz] |
:'''kunni''' (kunn, kunna) - ''adj. i-s.'' [*kunþiz] |
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− | ::known, familiar (of a person, place) |
+ | ::known, familiar, famous (of a person, place) |
:'''kunni''' - ''masc. an-s.'' [*kunþijô < *kunþiz] |
:'''kunni''' - ''masc. an-s.'' [*kunþijô < *kunþiz] |
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::acquaintanceship, familiarity (of/with a person, people, place) |
::acquaintanceship, familiarity (of/with a person, people, place) |
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+ | |||
+ | :'''eiktą''' (-aði, -aðum, -að) - ''reg. II'' [unknown, of Sámi origin; cf <abbr title="South Sámi">SSm</abbr> <''njæjhkodh''> (wail, cry)] |
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+ | ::''itr.'' despair, be troubled, be concerned, be in sorrow |
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===Vocal=== |
===Vocal=== |
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:'''stemmą''' (stamm, stummum, stommað) - ''str. III'' [*stimn-aną < *stimn-oną?] |
:'''stemmą''' (stamm, stummum, stommað) - ''str. III'' [*stimn-aną < *stimn-oną?] |
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− | ::''trn.'' |
+ | ::''trn.'' speak (a language, {{SC||ACC}}) |
+ | |||
+ | :'''svarą''' (svōr, svōrum, svarað) - ''str. VI'' [*swar-aną] |
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+ | ::''itr.'' answer, retort, reply |
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+ | ::''trn.'' answer sby's ({{SC||DAT}}) question ({{SC||ACC}}) |
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+ | |||
+ | :'''svar''' (svör) - ''neu. ą-s.'' [*swarą] |
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+ | ::answer, retort, reply |
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===Physical=== |
===Physical=== |
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:'''kvarą''' (kvar, kvārum, kvarað) - ''str. VI'' [*kwer-aną] |
:'''kvarą''' (kvar, kvārum, kvarað) - ''str. VI'' [*kwer-aną] |
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::''itr.'' sigh |
::''itr.'' sigh |
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+ | |||
+ | :'''ø̄lą''' (ȫl, ēglum, eglað) - ''str. VII'' [reanalysed *wōl-janą > *wōlj-aną] |
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+ | ::''itr.'' bemoan, complain |
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:'''angarr''' (angaʀ) - ''masc. ʀ-s.'' [*angazaz] |
:'''angarr''' (angaʀ) - ''masc. ʀ-s.'' [*angazaz] |
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::fear, terror |
::fear, terror |
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::intimidation, terror tactic |
::intimidation, terror tactic |
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+ | |||
+ | :'''ø̄gnją''' (ø̄gða, ø̄gðum, ø̄gnjað) - ''reg. I'' [formed from ''ōgn''] |
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+ | ::''trn.'' terrify, scare, intimidate |
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+ | ::''+ -sk refl.'' become terrified, get scared |
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+ | |||
+ | :'''vāgnją''' (-gða, -gðum, -gnjað) - ''reg. I'' [corruption of ''ø̄gnją''] |
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+ | ::synonimous in use with ''ø̄gnją'' |
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===Senses and Sensations=== |
===Senses and Sensations=== |
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::''itr.'' have the taste of sth. ({{SC||DAT}}) |
::''itr.'' have the taste of sth. ({{SC||DAT}}) |
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::''trn.'' taste sth, sample flavour of sth. orally, try sth. edible or drinkable in small amounts |
::''trn.'' taste sth, sample flavour of sth. orally, try sth. edible or drinkable in small amounts |
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+ | |||
+ | :'''toftą''' (-aði, -aðum, -að) - ''reg. I.'' [possibly from Greek ''τῠ́πτομαι'' (I feel anguish, I am beaten)?] |
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+ | ::''trn.'' feel {{SC||INF}} happen (with formal, negative connotations) |
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===Sleep=== |
===Sleep=== |
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:'''staðʀ''' - ''masc. ʀ-s.'' [*stadaz < *stadiz] |
:'''staðʀ''' - ''masc. ʀ-s.'' [*stadaz < *stadiz] |
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::town, settlement, city |
::town, settlement, city |
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+ | |||
+ | :'''heimaland''' - ''neu. ą-s'' [heima-land] |
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⚫ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ===Cardinal Directions=== |
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+ | :'''austri''' - ''adv.'' [*austerê] |
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+ | ::eastwards, to the east, in the east |
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+ | |||
+ | :'''austir''' (austri) - ''neu. ą-s.'' [*austerą] |
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+ | ::the East |
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+ | |||
+ | :'''vastri''' - ''adv.'' [*westerê] |
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+ | ::westwards, to the west, in the west |
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+ | |||
+ | :'''vastir''' (vastri) - ''neu. ą-s.'' [*westerą] |
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+ | ::the West |
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+ | |||
+ | :'''nyrðri''' - ''adv.'' [*nurþerê] |
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+ | ::northwards, to the north, in the north |
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+ | |||
+ | :'''norð''' (norði) - ''neu. ą-s.'' [*nurþą < *nurþrą] |
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+ | ::the North |
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:'''nurðʀ''' (nurð, nurtt) - ''adj. a-s.'' [*nurþeraz] |
:'''nurðʀ''' (nurð, nurtt) - ''adj. a-s.'' [*nurþeraz] |
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::north, northern |
::north, northern |
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− | :''' |
+ | :'''sỹðri''' - ''adv.'' [*sunþerê] |
− | ::south, |
+ | ::southwards, to the south, in the south |
− | :''' |
+ | :'''sų̄ðir''' - ''neu. ą-s.'' [*sunþerą] |
+ | ::the South |
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⚫ | |||
+ | |||
+ | :'''sų̄ðʀ''' (sunn, sunnt) - ''adj. a-s.'' [*sunþeraz] |
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+ | ::south, southern |
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===Locations, Nationalities, Languages=== |
===Locations, Nationalities, Languages=== |
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:'''sāni''' - ''adv.'' [*sēnê < *sēna] |
:'''sāni''' - ''adv.'' [*sēnê < *sēna] |
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::soon |
::soon |
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+ | |||
+ | :'''nū''' - ''adv.'' [*nu] |
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+ | ::now |
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:'''tīði''' - ''adv.'' [tīð-i] |
:'''tīði''' - ''adv.'' [tīð-i] |
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:'''āʀ''' - ''neu. ą-s.'' [*jērą] |
:'''āʀ''' - ''neu. ą-s.'' [*jērą] |
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::year |
::year |
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+ | |||
+ | :'''ī gjāʀ''' - ''phrs.'' [from ON ''í gjár''] |
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+ | ::yesterday |
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:'''ø̨̄tʀ''' (vątʀ, vǫ̈tum) - ''masc. u-s.'' [*wintuz < *wintruz] |
:'''ø̨̄tʀ''' (vątʀ, vǫ̈tum) - ''masc. u-s.'' [*wintuz < *wintruz] |
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==Polarity== |
==Polarity== |
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− | :'''eigi''' - ''adv.'' [from <abbr title="Īsdalskt">ĪD</abbr> ''eigi''] |
+ | :'''eigi''' - ''adv.'' [from <abbr title="Īsdalskt">ĪD</abbr> ''eigi''?] |
::negation adverb; "not" |
::negation adverb; "not" |
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+ | |||
+ | :'''ei''' - ''adv.'' [reduction of <abbr title="Proto-Germanic">PGmc</abbr> ''*ainaz''] |
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+ | ::negation adverb; "not" |
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+ | |||
+ | :'''eigi var''' - ''adv.'' |
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+ | ::not ... either |
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==Anatomy== |
==Anatomy== |
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:'''magą''' (mag/matt/mag/mugum/muguð/mugų matta, mattjum, --) - ''irr.'' [*mag-aną] |
:'''magą''' (mag/matt/mag/mugum/muguð/mugų matta, mattjum, --) - ''irr.'' [*mag-aną] |
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::''itr/trn.'' know, be able to |
::''itr/trn.'' know, be able to |
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+ | ::'''''remark:''''' in the subjunctive, the verb takes the circumstantial obligative meaning of "could, should, ought to, be motivated to" |
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:'''bringą''' (brątt, brųttum, brǫttað) - ''str. III'' [*bring-aną] |
:'''bringą''' (brątt, brųttum, brǫttað) - ''str. III'' [*bring-aną] |
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:'''-(n)iʀ''' - ''masc. ʀ-s.'' [*-(n)āriz < *-(n)ārijaz] |
:'''-(n)iʀ''' - ''masc. ʀ-s.'' [*-(n)āriz < *-(n)ārijaz] |
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+ | ::forms agent nouns out of verbs |
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+ | |||
+ | :'''-(n)ari''' - ''masc. ʀ-s.'' [*-(n)ārijô < *-(n)ārijaz] |
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::forms agent nouns out of verbs |
::forms agent nouns out of verbs |
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::if (factual, real consequence) |
::if (factual, real consequence) |
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::if +{{SC||SUBJ}} (hypothetical) |
::if +{{SC||SUBJ}} (hypothetical) |
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+ | |||
+ | :'''jū''' [*ju] |
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+ | ::but, whereas |
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+ | |||
+ | :'''meðan''' [from <abbr title="Old Norse">ON</abbr> ''meðan''] |
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+ | ::but, while, whereas |
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:'''enn''' [from <abbr title="Old Norse">ON</abbr> ''enn''] |
:'''enn''' [from <abbr title="Old Norse">ON</abbr> ''enn''] |
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:'''þar''' [*þar] |
:'''þar''' [*þar] |
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::there, that place, to that place |
::there, that place, to that place |
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+ | |||
+ | :'''svā''' [*swa] |
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+ | ::like so, thus, in this manner, so, in such a way |
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==Prepositions== |
==Prepositions== |
Latest revision as of 14:43, 24 June 2017
This is the page of a thematic lexicon of Våg Islander, otherwise also known as Vāgøgjaskt Stömm.
Avians
- þröstʀ - masc. u-s. [*þrastuz]
- bird, (specifically) small bird
- fljūgą (flaug, flugum, flogað) - str. II [*fleuganą]
- intr. fly
- trn. transport sth/sby. (acc) by flight
- egg (eggjum, eggją) - neu. ą-s. [*ajją]
- egg, ovum
- fjöðʀ (fjaðʀaʀ) - fem. a-s. [*feþrǭ]
- feather
- hrafni - masc. an-s. [from ON hrafn]
- raven
- ari - masc. an-s. [*arô]
- falcon
- örnʀ - masc. u-s. [from ON ǫrn]
- eagle
- ugvil (ugvili, ugvils) - fem. a-s. [*uwwilǭ]
- owl
- þjöðʀ (þjöðʀ, þjöðri, þjöðʀs) - masc. ʀ-s. [*þeduraz]
- wood grouse
- höfkʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*habukaz]
- hawk
- önd (endaʀ) - fem. a-s. [from ON ǫnd]
- duck
- kuldʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*kuldaz]
- flock/murder (of birds)
- paðʀ (panns) - masc. ʀ-s. [from *paþaz by analogy with maðʀ]
- migratory route, migration path
Metallurgy
- ūr - neu. ą-s. [*ūrą]
- raw bog iron
- īsarn - neu. ą-s [*īsarną]
- natively smelted iron; iron
- jārn - neu. ą-s. [from ON járn]
- Norse iron, foreign iron
- sylfir - neu. ą-s. [from an alternation of *silubrą]
- silver
- gull - neu. ą-s. [*gulþą]
- gold
- tin - neu. ą-s. [*tiną]
- tin
- blȳ (blȳvi, etc.) - neu. ą-s. [*blīwą]
- lead
- āʀ (ā, eiʀi, āʀs, eijaʀ, ȫjum, āją) - masc. irr/ʀ-s. [*āz~*aiz]
- bronze
- jaskri - masc. an-s. [*h1ésh2orHom??]
- copper
- jāʀnʀ - adj. a-s. [same origin as <jaskri>, probably influenced by <jārn>]
- coppery, copper-red
- jārnʀ - adj. a-s. [jārn-ʀ]
- ironish, iron-grey
- rauði - masc. an-s. [*raudô?]
- iron ore
- grōni - masc. an-s. [*grōnô?]
- copper ore
- akʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*akraz < *akrą?]
- steel, iron alloy
- stāl - neu. ą-s. [from ON stál]
- steel
- stēlji - masc. an-s. [*stahlijǫ̂ < *stahl-ij-ō < *stahliją < *stahlą]
- steel object; steel weapon
- massingʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*massingaz]
- brass
- eirr (eiʀ) - masc. ʀ-s. [*aizaz]
- ore, mineral
Gemology
- ybriʀ - masc. an-s [*urb-ijaz < *arbô]
- gem, gemstone
- remark: the word shifted the meaning of **urbą "heirloom" from *arbô
- urb (urf) - neu. ą-s. [*urbą < *arbô]
- gem, gemstone
- gnōʀi - masc. an-s. [*gnōzô < *grōzô < *greus-aną]
- dark-hued opal (most commonly red or black)
- remark: the meaning is a partial calque-translation from Greek; the original meaning derives from a now-lost verb *greusaną, giving an unattested *gnjūʀą (to cry, be agitated/scared)
- ryðniʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [ryð-(i)niʀ]
- ruby
- ūrögn (ūragnaʀ) - fem. a-s. [ūr-ögn]
- pearl
- mersniʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*mar-isō-nārijaz]
- topaz, sapphire (blue); blue gemstone
Soil, Ground
- ögn (agnaʀ) - fem. a-s. [*agnō]
- grain of sand
- sandʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*sandaz]
- sand
- söndʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*samdaz]
- sand
- remark: stylistic variant of sandʀ
- fuld - fem. a-s. [*fuldō]
- soil, dirt
Names and Nicknames
- heitą (heit, hytum, hetað) - str. I [*haitaną]
- itr. be named, be called
- trn. regional be named (gen/dat)
- Styrmiʀ (Styrmi, Styrmi, Styrmi, Styrmis) - masc. ʀ-s. [*sturm-ijaz]
- stormmaker, stormgiver
- Dvargetniʀ (Dvargetni, Dvargetni, Dvargetni, Dvargentis) - masc. ʀ-s. [dvarg-et-niʀ]
- dwarfeater
- Dvargetnja (Dvargetnją, Dvargetnją, Dvargetni, Dvargetnjaʀ) - fem. a-s. [dvarg-et-nja]
- dwarfeatress
Colours, Optics
- gølʀ (gølją/gulį gøli/gulimʀ gølt/gulla) - adj. u-s/irr. [*geluz~*gulwaz]
- yellow, golden
- remark: the adjective preserves an ancient ablauting paradigm; the nominative and accusative have the stem gøl-, from the u-umlaut of *gel-, and the dative and genitive have *gul-
- hēgvi (hēgg, hēgva) - adj. i-s. [*hēwjaz]
- blue, dark blue
- hēfi (hēf, hēfa) - adj. i-s. [*hēwjaz]
- blue, dark blue
- myrkvʀ (myrkvi, myrkt) - adj. u-s. [from ON myrkr]
- dark, dim, black
- sölʀ (söl, sölt) - adj. a-s. [*salwaz]
- pale, faint, not opaque; yellowish
- bląkkʀ (blǫ̈kk, bląkkt) - adj. a-s. [*blankaz]
- black, dark
- blāʀ (blȫ, blātt) - adj. a-s. [*blēaz < *blēwaz]
- blue, black, livid
- døkkʀ (døkk, døkkt) - adj. a-s. [from ON døkkr]
- dark, dull
- jarpʀ (jörp, jarpt) - adj. a-s. [from ON jarpr]
- beige, skin-coloured
- svartʀ (svört, svart) - adj. a-s. [*swartaz]
- black
- rauðʀ (rauð, rautt) - adj. a-s. [*raudaz]
- red
- ryðją (-dda, -ddum, -ðjað) - reg. I [*rudjaną]
- itr. turn red
- trn. turn sby. (gen) red; paint sby. (gen) red
- fient. be red, have a red hue
- grø̄ni (grø̄n, grø̄na) - adj. i-s. [*grōniz]
- green
- gylli (gyll, gylla) - adj. i-s. [gull-i]
- golden
- bjartʀ (björt, bjart) - adj. a-s. [*berhtaz]
- bright; pale, white
- hvītʀ (hvīt, hvītt) - adj. a-s. [*hwītaz]
- white
- remark: although a native Vāgøgjaskt word, its frequency and usage are reinforced and backed by its prevalence in Old Norse
Greetings
- heill (heil, heili, heilaʀ, heil) - adj. a-s. [*hailaz]
- phrs. hello, good day; hail
- gōðą dag - phrs.
- good day, hello
- strangnaðu - phrs.
- hello, be healthy
Humans
- maðʀ (manns) - masc. ʀ-s. [*mann-az]
- man, human
- hjöllʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*heluþaz]
- poet. man, yeoman
- kvanną - fem. a-s. [*kwennǭ]
- woman
- barn (börn) - neu. ą-s. [*barną]
- child, offspring
- ungbarn (ungbörn) - neu. ą-s. [ung-barn]
- infant, baby
Warfare, Exploration
Maritime
- syltja - fem. a-s. [*sultjō]
- brine, coarse saltwater
- byrla - neu. an-s. [*burilô < *birilô]
- mast
- teinn - masc. ʀ-s. [*tainaz]
- forestay, backstay
- tørvą - fem. a-s. [*terwǭ]
- tar, pitch
- tjūn - neu. ą-s. [*teuną]
- loss of life at sea, man overboard
- nōti - masc. an-s. [*nōtô?]
- bowsprit
- nōʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*nōz]
- ship deck
- skip - neu. ą-s [*skipą]
- ship
- nökkvi - masc. an-s. [from ON nǫkkvi]
- boat, fishing/whaling boat
- ferją - fem. a-s. [*farjǭ]
- ferry between two places
- fergją (-gða, -gðum, -gjað) - reg. I [*fargijaną]
- itr. sink (at sea)
- trn. push sth. down, press sth.
- trn. squeeze sth. tight
- raufʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*raubaz]
- loot, plunder, booty
Violence
- ękkją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*a(n)k-ijaną?]
- trn. kill sby. with a sharp object; stab sby. to death
- tēją (tā, tēgum, tegað) - str. VII [*teh-janą < *tah-janą]
- trn. tear, lacerate
- trn. +dat tear, pierce sby's (dat) skin on body part (acc)
- rekją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*rek-janą]
- trn. cause sby. to be buried, kill sby.
- trn. +dat cause sby. (dat) to bury sby. (acc)
- remark: semantically very emphatic verb, almost never used in a way that doesn't imply a marked difference in status, rank or power
- rjūfą (rauf, rufum, rofað) - str. II [*reuf-aną]
- trn. have a bone broken
- rȳfją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*reuf-ijaną]
- trn. +dat break sby's (dat) limb, bone, joint (acc)
- botją (-tta, -ttum, -jað) - reg. I [unknown, of Sámi origin; cf NSm botnjat (twist, turn)]
- trn. +dat dislocate sby's (dat) joint, limb (acc)
- remark: very strong and crude, not used for generic descriptions or renarrations as it conjures a specifically cruel image
- rȳkją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*reuk-janą]
- trn. burn sby. alive, burn sby. to death
- lekją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*lek-janą]
- trn. cause sby. (acc) to leak
- trn. cause sby. (acc) to leak sth. (dat)
- aflepją (-ta, -tum, -jað) - reg. I [*ab-lep-janą]
- trn. de-lip, remove lips; render unable to speak, physically silence (acc)
- leðją (-tta, -ttum, -ðjað) - reg. I [*leþ-janą < *leþr-ijaną]
- trn. skin/flay sby. (acc)
- trn. skin/flay sby's (dat) body part (acc)
- hinkją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*hink-janą]
- trn. break sby's legs, make sby. limp (dat)
- serðą (sarð, surðum, sorðað) - str. II [*serþ-aną]
- itr/trn. rape, sexually violate (acc)
- sjarrą (-aði, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*serþ-ōną]
- trn. rape out of hate, defile (acc)
- skjąrfą (skarf, skurfum, skorfað) - str. II [*skerb-aną]
- trn. rape during war, rape as a punishment, rape so as to shame sby. (acc)
- skjąrtą (skjąrt, skjųrtum, skjǫrtað) - str. II [*skert-aną]
- trn. geld, castrate (acc)
- skrø̨ppją (skrø̨pða, skrø̨pðum, skrø̨ppjað) - reg. I [*skimp-ijaną]
- trn. cause sby. to die of hypothermia, freeze sby. (dat)
- sprengją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*sprang-ijaną]
- trn. make sby. jump, push sby. off a cliff or high place (dat)
- skeggją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*skag-janą]
- trn. twist, shake (acc)
- derją (dar, durjum, dyrjað) - str. III [*darj-aną < *dar-janą]
- trn. damage, make incapable of work, incapacitate (gen)
- remark: the verb is a strong verb that came about as an analogisation of a weak causative verb into the pattern of third class strong verbs
- stingvą (-vaði, -vaðum, -vað) - reg. II [Latin stinguó]
- trn. put out, extinguish (of fires, acc)
- trn. extinguish (a people, species, nation, state acc)
- hvātą (hveit, hvitum, hvātað) - str. I [from ON hvátȧ]
- trn. stab sby. (acc)
Verbal Abuse
- skondą (skaund, skundum, skonda) - str. II [*skōnd-aną]
- trn. scold, humble, toss insults at sby. (acc)
- høggją (-jaða, -jaðum, -jað) - reg. II [*haw-j-ōną < *haw-ēną?]
- trn. mock sby. (acc)
Warfare
- tēnðʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*tahja-n-þiz]
- war, warfare
- reką (rak, rēkum, rekað) - str. V [*wrek-aną]
- trn. drive out, expel
- trn. exterminate, systematically eliminate
- rekją (-kta, -ktum, -kjað) - reg. I [*wrek-janą]
- trn. sow discord amongst sby/sth. (acc), incite violence in, put in a warlike state
- trn. cause sby/sth. (acc) to wipe self out
- sjaɡʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*seguz]
- victory, conquest
- böð (baðaʀ) - fem. a-s. [of Sámi origin; cf SSm báđar (refugee)]
- flight, exodus; usually from a warzone
- escape
Weapons
- gelgja - fem. a-s. [*galgijō]
- stick, staff; mace
- barða - fem. a-s. [*bardō]
- one-handed axe
- øxʀ (øxjaʀ) - fem. i-s. [*akwisī]
- two-handed axe, lumberjack axe
Glory
- hjarð (hjörð) - neu. ą-s. [*herþą < *herþaz]
- courage, honour
Appearance
- skjallʀ (skjöll, skjallt) - adj. a-s. [*skelhaz]
- small, small-faced; small-eyed
- fagʀ (fög, fagt) - adj. a-s. [*fagaz]
- handsome, possessing attractive attributes linked to strength
Hair
- snöggvʀ (snögg, snöggt) - adj. a-s. [*snawwaz]
- bald, short-haired
- hrjūfʀ (hrjūf, hrjūft) - adj. a-s. [*hreubaz]
- unshaven, rugged, rough
Body
- kūt - neu. ą-s. [*kūtą]
- body fat; soft tissues
- kūtʀ (kūt, kūtt) - adj. a-s. [kūt-ʀ]
- plump, fat
- hurr (huʀ, huʀt) - adj. a-s. [*hurhaz]
- lean, thin, not fat
Body Modification
- māsi - masc. an-s. [*mēsô < *mēsǭ]
- scar
- mēsją (mēʀða, mēʀðum, mēsjað) - reg. I [mās-ją]
- trn. scar sby. (dat)
- brandʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*brandaz]
- scar, branding mark, thane/slave mark
Architecture
- heimʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*haimaz]
- home, household; Heimat
- hūs - neu. ą-s. [*hūsą]
- house, dwelling
- geðmʀ - masc. i-s. [*gadmiz? gaþmiz?]
- room
- rēfʀ - neu. ą-s. [*rēfizą]
- roof
- dalla - neu. a-s. [unknown, of Sámi origin; cf NSm dállu (house, farmhouse)]
- hut, hovel
- höll (hallaʀ) - fem. a-s. [*hallō]
- hall, main chamber
- delją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [dall-ją]
- itr/trn. build, construct
- hyrðʀ - fem. i/ja-s? [*hurdiz ~ *hurdijō < *hurdiz]
- door, gate
- remark: the noun has two acceptable inflectional paradigms; no matter the declension it is in, it takes the definite case suffixes of ja-stem nouns
- rēfją (-fða, -fðum, -fjað) - reg. I [rēf-ją]
- trn. house sby, shelter sby, let sby. (acc) live with nom
- bȳją (bȳða, bȳðum, bȳjað) - reg. I [*bū-janą < *bū-aną]
- itr. live in, reside at etc.
- staki - masc. an-s. [*stakō]
- stick, small wooden beam
- døypą (-pta, -ptum, -pjað) - reg. I [from ĪD døypȧ]
- itr/trn. dig (a hole/ditch)
- hrauʀ - neu. ą-s. [*hrauzą]
- grave, burial mound
- hrjūfʀ (hrjūf, hrjūft) - adj. a-s. [*hreubaz]
- rough (of soil, rock, clay)
- uneven, irregular (of building, construction, architectural object)
- døppną (-pða, -pðum, -pnjað) - reg. I? [from ĪD døppnȧ]
- itr dig a grave (for sby. +dat)
- heggja - fem. a-s. [*hagjō]
- wall, house fence
Interior
- gøðją (-ðða, -ððum, -ðjað) - reg. I [*gadō-janą]
- trn. stuff sth. (acc)
- trn. + höndu, stuff sth. (acc) with sth (dat)
Tools, Utilities
- þreifją (-fða, -fðum, -fjað) [*þraibjaną]
- trn. use sth. as a tool, use tool
- skökull - masc. ʀ-s. [*skakulaz]
- chain, fetter; link in a chain
- mark - neu. ą-s. [*marką]
- mark, etching, sign
- ląss - neu. ą-s. [*lamsą]
- lock
- lęssją (lęssta, lęsstum, lęssjað) - reg. I [ląss-ją]
- itr. lock
- trn. lock sth. acc (a door, box etc. )
- trn. lock sth. acc behind sth. gen (a door, box etc.)
- meis - neu. ą-s. [*maisą < *maisaz]
- box, chest; (storage item carved from a) trunk
- leija - fem. a-s. [*lajō]
- chisel
- skrūð - neu. ą-s. [*skrūdą]
- gear; buckle
Economy, Commerce
- farmʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*farmaz]
- goods, merchandise; a good, item of merchandise
- gefą (gaf, gēfum, gefað) - str. V [*geb-aną]
- trn. give sth. (acc), give sth. to sby. (dat)
- enną (ann, unnum, unnað) - str. III [*winnaną]
- itr. work, perform commercialised activities
- ynną (ann, unnum, unnað) - str. III [*winnaną]
- itr. work, perform commercialised activities
- virðją (-dda, -ddum, -ðjað) - reg. I [*wirþ-ijaną]
- itr/trn. be worth, have value
- fermją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*farm-ijaną]
- trn. to move goods, money; to transfer ownership of X to dat
- feyją (fau, fyjum, føjað) - irr/str. II [*fauj-aną]
- itr/trn. to sift (through acc), to seek riches
- fjörvą (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*ferhw-ōną]
- itr/trn. to log/clear (an area acc); to clear area for further exploitation
- rȳją (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*rūj-ōną?]
- trn. shear, pluck wool off of
- gjatą (gat, gētum, gjatað) - str. V [*getaną]
- trn. get, receive, obtain
- fala - fem. a-s. [*falō < *falǭ]
- field, plot of land
- penningʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*panningaz]
- penny, coin
- belgʀ - masc. i-s. [*balgiz]
- wallet
- hrjūð - fem. a-s. [*hreudą]
- mint, peppermint
- starf - neu. ą-s. [*starfą]
- labour, effort
- skattʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*skattaz]
- wealth
- remark: most frequently in the plural
- dȳri (dȳr, dȳra) - adj. i-s. [*deuriz < *deurjaz]
- expensive, pricy
- dȳrniʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [dȳr-niʀ]
- expensive item, finery
- mjalið - neu. ą-s. [*meliþą]
- honey (as a trade good)
- gaʀðʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*gazdaz]
- ingot, bar
- milð - neu. ą-s. [*miliþ- < *mili(þ)]
- unit approx. 4.89898kg of honey; general quantity of ~4.89898kg (+gen)
- salt - neu. ą-s. [*saltą]
- salt
- mēðja - fem. a-s. [*mēþijō]
- measurement, unit of measurement
- mjötuðʀ - masc. u-s. [*metōduz]
- mercantile ruling, trading pass
- mjatą (mat, mutum, mutað) - str. III [*met-aną]
- itr/trn. measure, weigh, estimate an unit of measurement of sth.
- hagą (-aði, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*hag-ōną? from ON?]
- trn. order, make an order to acquire, purchase sth, have sth. acquired (dat)
- hȳʀðją (hȳʀddi, hȳʀddum, hȳrðjað) - reg. I [merger of *huzdą & *hūz-janą]
- trn. rent an item, area, building (gen)
- trn. hire sby. (dat)
- pakki - masc. an-s. [*pakkô]
- pack; hoard
- pekkją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*pakk-ijaną]
- trn. pack
- refl. pack own belongings
Animal Husbandry
- stī - neu. ą-s. [*stiją]
- sty, swine pen
- stjūrr (stjūr, etc.) - masc. ʀ-s. [*steuraz]
- one unit of cattle; bull or cow
- geldʀ (geld, geltt) - adj. a-s. [*galdjaz]
- infertile (of cattle)
- not giving milk, unmilkable
- rīðą (reið, riðum, reðað) - str. I [*rīd-aną]
- itr. ride, travel on horseback
- trn. ride acc
Relationships
- sø̄kją ā (-ði, -ðum, -ðjað) [sø̄kją + ā]
- itr. visit
- trn. visit sby. (acc)
Romance, Marriage, Lust
- tȫ (tǫ̈̄, tỹ̄ji, tāʀ; tȫʀ, tȫjum, tāją) - fem. a-s. [*tawō]
- romantic couple
- snōta - fem. a-s. [*snōtō]
- kidnapped bride, abducted bride, forced bride
- mjaðlīkʀ/-līka - masc/fem. ʀ/a-s. [mjað-līkʀ/lika]
- endear. mead-like, intoxicating
- elską (alsk, ēlskum, elskað) - str. V [*alisk-aną]
- trn. love, cherish
- elskʀ (elsk, elskt) - adj. a-s. [*aliskaz]
- dear, beloved, cherished
- elskuðʀ - fem. ja-s. [elsk-u-ðʀ]
- love, affection
- hunanglīkʀ/-līka - masc/fem. ʀ/a-s. [hunang-līkʀ/līka]
- endear. honey-like, honeyed
- kvamną (kōmn, kōmnum, kamnað) - str. VI [*kwemn-aną < *kwenn-aną]
- itr. get married
- trn. get married to sby.
- trn. get sby. (acc) married to sby. (gen)
- trn. get a couple (acc) to marry each other
Animosity
- fjandʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*fijandz]
- enemy, nemesis
- hverfą (hvarf, hurfum, horfað) - str. III [*hwerb-aną]
- itr. disappear
- trn. betray sby, disappear on sby. (dat)
- regni - masc. an-s. [*raginô < *raginą]
- coll. conspirators
- conspiracy
Friendship
- gāʀa - adv. [gāʀ-a]
- together, with one another
- vinʀ - masc. i-s. [*winiz]
- friend
- nāð - fem. a-s. [*nēþō]
- grace, politeness, hospitality
- friendship
- senną þurr (sann, sunnum, sunnað) - str. III [*sinnaną]
- trn. long for sby, miss sby. dearly
- trn. long for a place, head for a place
- trn. crave a substance, food, drink
Family, Kinship
- mōðiʀ (mø̄ðiʀ) - fem. i-s. [*mōþer]
- mother
- brōðiʀ (brø̄ðiʀ) - masc. i-s. [*brōþēr]
- brother
- faðiʀ - masc. i-s. [*faþer]
- father
- ȫheimlingʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*awa-haim-ilingaz]
- maternal uncle (mother's brother, mother's sister's husband)
- ȫheimlingja - fem. a-s. [ȫheimling-ja]
- maternal aunt (mother's sister, mother's brother's wife)
- föðri - masc. an-s. [*fadurjô]
- paternal uncle
- föðrja - fem. a-s. [föðr-ja]
- paternal aunt
- tøgʀ - masc. u-s. [*teguz]
- siblings, group of siblings
- föðriggi - masc. an-s. [*fadurwjô]
- paternal cousin
- mōðriggi - masc. an-s. [by analogy with föðriggi]
- maternal cousin
- alą (el; ōl, ōlum, alað) - str. VI [*alaną]
- trn. bring up, raise
LGBTQIA+
- gaʀkynslung - masc/fem. a-s. [gaʀ-kyns-lung]
- cisgendered person
- gaʀkynslingʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [gaʀ-kyns-lingʀ]
- cisgendered male
- gaʀkynslingja - fem. a-s. [gaʀ-kyns-lingja]
- cisgendered female
- gaʀkyndʀ - fem. ja-s. [gaʀ-kyn-ðʀ]
- cisgenderism
Nobility, Authority
- brax (brag, bragi, brax) - masc. ʀ-s? [*bragz]
- prince, son of a noble
- remark: unlike its reanalogised synonym bragʀ, the noun brax has two acceptable plurals: both bragaʀ and bregjaʀ are equally valid plurals of the noun
- bragʀ (brag, bragi, brax) - masc. ʀ-s? [*bragz]
- see brax
- jarlʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [from PN *erilaz]
- lord, earl, jarl; king
- løyfą (-fta, -ftum, -fjað) - reg. I [from ĪD løyfȧ]
- trn. permit sby. (dat) sth. (gen)
- konungʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [from ON konungr]
- king
- kybliʀ (kybli, kyblis) - masc. ʀ-s. [*kubl-ijaz]
- noble; wool-owner
- remark: derives from a word for a piece of wood; the semantic shift occurred primarily due to the fact that wool was often wound up around the sticks and presented to noblemen in the form of a tithe -- the shift was: stick > piece of wool > wool tithe > wool-owner
- þegn (þegn, þegni, þegns) - masc. ʀ-s. [from ON þegn]
- thane, slave
- gēflung - masc/fem. a-s. [*gēbi- + -lung]
- gifted servant, gifted slave
- hlysną (-aði, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*hlus-in-ōną]
- dep. itr/fient. be sung in songs, be notable
- kragi - masc. an-s. [*kragô]
- collar, necklace (of dogs, slaves)
- (rare) leash
- bjagą (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [unknown, likely of Sámi origin; cf NSm beahkit (crawl)]
- itr. 'bend the knee', swear fealty
- itr. + uf swear fealty to dat
Clothes, Garments
- dȳki - masc. an-s. [from ON dýki]
- clothes, apparel
- henpʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*hanipaz]
- ribbon; rope
- röggva - fem. a-s. [*rawwō]
- wool, woolen cloth, woolen clothing
- spinnsröggva - fem. a.s. [spinn-s-röggva]
- lace
- rȳmi - masc. an-s. [*reumô]
- belt
- nȫld (nāldaʀ) - fem. a-s. [*nēlþō < *nēþlō]
- sewing needle
- nökkvaðʀ (nökkuð, nökkvatt) - adj. a-s. [*nakwadaz]
- naked, without clothing
- fękką (fąkk, fųkkum, fųkkað) - str. III [*finkaną]
- fient. be dressed nicely
- itr. have nice clothes
- bāną (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [unknown, likely of Sámi origin; cf NSm batnit (spin)]
- trn. weave, spin thread; knit
Common, Mundanity
- gmeinʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*ga-mainaz]
- common folk, populace
- remark: the noun is a reanalysed adjective
Legal
- fagri (fagʀ, fagra) - adj. i-s. [*fagraz]
- fair, of a fair judgement, unbiased
- equal, of equal standing and/or rights
- kunną (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*kunn-ōną]
- trn. try, judge sby. (dat)
- galgi - masc. an-s. [*galgô]
- gallows
- remark: the noun seems to be related to gelgja in some way
Occupations
- lēkjaʀ (lēkja, lēki, lēkjas) - masc. ʀ-s. [*lēkjaz]
- doctor, medicus
- þauli - masc. an-s. [*þaulô]
- law-speaker, þing-speaker
Art and Craft
- kynnari - masc. an-s. [*kunn-ārijô]
- artist, craftsman
- kynnją (kynnða, kynnðum, kynnjað) [*kunn-ijaną]
- itr. fient. be an artist, be capable
- trn. craft sth. (acc)
Religion
- hami - masc. an-s. [*hamô]
- religious fact, religious truth
- Ymjaʀ (Ymja, Ymi, Ymjas/Ymis) - masc. ʀ-s? [*Jumjōz < *Jumjaz]
- a mythical giant
- nykʀi - masc. an-s. [*nikwazô < *nikwazaz]
- sea serpent, sea monster
- nȳkaʀ (nȳkʀą) - neu. ą-s [from a vṛddhi derivation of *nikwaz-ą < *nikwaz-az]
- ritual sacrifice by drowning or submersion
- nȳkją (nȳkða, nȳkðum, nȳkjað) - reg. I [nȳk(ʀ)-ją]
- trn. sacrifice sby/sth. by drowning, submersion in water (acc)
- itr. practice or perform nȳkaʀ
- geistʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*gaistaz]
- spirit, ghost
- draugʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*draugaz]
- apparition, wraith
- drug - neu. ą-s. [*drugą]
- hallucination, state of seeing apparitions
- anda - neu. an-s. [*andô]
- soul
- tenną (tann, tunnum, tunnað) - str. IV [*tinnaną]
- itr. burn (of a funeral pyre)
- itr. burn (inside a funeral pyre)
- eisą - fem. a-s. [*aisǭ]
- funeral pyre
- regn (regni, rögn, ragną) - neu. ą-s. [*raginą]
- cosmic power, deity (specifically non-giant)
- dvargi - masc. an-s. [*dwargô < *dwargaz]
- dwarf
- dyrgʀ - fem. i-s. [*dwirgī < *dwargī]
- she-dwarf
Welfare
- heitʀ - fem. ja-s. [*haitį̄]
- fever, temperature
- bylgją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I. [*bulg-ijaną < *bulgj-aną]
- itr. to cough, heave, hack
- bylgðʀ - fem. ja-s. [*bulg-iþō]
- common cold, fever
- plǫ̈̄gʀ - masc. u-s. [*plāg-uz < Lat. plāga]
- plague, pestilence
- þrastąplǫ̈̄gʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [þrast-ą + plǫ̈̄gʀ]
- flu, bird influenza, 'bird plague'
- varkʀ - masc. i-s. [*werkiz]
- headache, migraine
- marrą (mōrr, mōrrum, marrað) - str. VI [*marzjaną? *marzōna? cf. Far <marra> (to plague)]
- trn. to pain, to make sick
- merðʀ - masc. i-s. [*marz-þiz]
- nausea, dizziness
- rȳgðą (raugð, rugðum, rogða) - str. II [**reug- ??]
- trn. to infect, to pass contagion
- rjūgðą (raugð, rugðum, rogða) - str. II [**reug- ??]
- trn. to infect, to pass contagion
- rȳgsl - neu. ą-s. [*reug-slą?]
- infection, disease
- fnerrą (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*fnezz-ōną]
- itr. sneeze
- hinką (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*hinkōną < *hinkaną]
- itr. limp, walk with a limp
- hink - neu. ą-s [*hinką < *hinkōną]
- limp, bad gait, injured gait
- reipʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*raipaz]
- band, bandage
- bati - masc. an-s. [*batô]
- recovery
- gaupna - fem. a-s. [*gaupnō]
- hand injury
- strangną (-naða, -naðam, -naði) - reg. VI [*strang-naną]
- fient. be healthy, be firm (of body and mind)
- háfi - masc. an-s. [of Sámi origin; cf SSm hávvi (wound, gash)]
- cut, laceration, gash, wound
Opinions, Morality
- gōðʀ (gōð, gōtt; betʀi, betʀ, betʀa; besti, best, besta) - adj. a-s. [*gōdaz]
- good, decent, positive
- hatą (-aði, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*hat-ōną]
- trn. hate, despise (gen)
Mental
- þykkją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*þunk-ijaną]
- +dat +gen cause to recognise, remind of
- þỹkkją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*þunk-ijaną]
- +dat +gen cause to recognise, remind of
- frȫʀ (frȫ, frȫtt) - adj. a-s. [*fraw-az?]
- quick, intelligent, with a good memory
- teiðą (-aði, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [unknown, of Sámi origin; cf NSm <diehtit> (know)]
- itr/trn. understand, know
- vanjandi (vanjand, vanjanda) - adj. part. i-s. [venją < **wanaz]
- accustomed, used to
- remark: the adjective is a participle from <vanją>
- vanją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*wan-janą??]
- trn. get used/accustomed to
- remark: the verb is a reanalysis of the adjective <*wanʀ> in pre-Vāgøgjaskt, paradoxically derived from its own participle
- knūą (knau, knuum, knoað) - str. II [*knjūą < *kneuaną??]
- fient. to be understanding, be knowing, be intelligent
- ylją (yl/ylt/yl/yljum/yljuð/yljų vatta/öttum yli/ylim ylði/ylðim yli/yljand yljuð/yljund) - irr. [*wilaną]
- trn. want, desire
- biðją (bað, bēðum, bjaðað) - str. V [*bidjaną]
- itr. hope, want
- trn. hope for, want (acc) to happen; ask sby. (dat) for sth. (acc)
- hrāðą (garōð, garōðum, raðað) - irr/str. IV [*(h)rēdaną, *herōd < *rerōd]
- itr/trn. decide, decide on, decide to do + at
- remark: the verb derives from a reduplicative verb, with a reanalysis of its reduplicated componenent
- frekją aftʀ (-kta, -ktum, -kjað) - reg. I [frek-ją + aftʀ]
- trn. lust after, want, desire (dat)
- þękkją (-kta, -ktum, -kjað) - reg. I [*þank-janą]
- trn. think, be of the opinion that
- itr. think in a manner of adv
- kunni (kunn, kunna) - adj. i-s. [*kunþiz]
- known, familiar, famous (of a person, place)
- kunni - masc. an-s. [*kunþijô < *kunþiz]
- acquaintanceship, familiarity (of/with a person, people, place)
- eiktą (-aði, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [unknown, of Sámi origin; cf SSm <njæjhkodh> (wail, cry)]
- itr. despair, be troubled, be concerned, be in sorrow
Vocal
- rāmʀ (rām, rāmt) - adj. a-s. [*rēmaz]
- hoarse, of a hoarse voice
- fīsą¹ (feis, fysum, fesað) - str. I [*fīs-aną]
- itr. whisper, speak quietly, say quietly
- fīsą² (feis, fysum, fesað) - str. I [from ON físȧ]
- trn. blow on a fire, fan a fire
- fīʀą (feis, fyʀum, feʀað) - str. I [*fīs-aną]
- homonymic complement, see → fīsą¹
- segją (sagði, sögðum, segjuð) - reg. I [*sag-janą]
- trn. say, talk about, utter
- telją (taldi, töldum, teljuð) - reg. I [*tal-janą]
- trn. count, sum up
- trn. + umb talk about, speak about, foretell about, recount about
- stemmą (stamm, stummum, stommað) - str. III [*stimn-aną < *stimn-oną?]
- trn. speak (a language, acc)
- svarą (svōr, svōrum, svarað) - str. VI [*swar-aną]
- itr. answer, retort, reply
- trn. answer sby's (dat) question (acc)
- svar (svör) - neu. ą-s. [*swarą]
- answer, retort, reply
Physical
- gīną (gein, ginum, genað) - str. I [*gīnaną]
- fient. be tired
- itr. yawn
Age
- gamall (gamal, gamalt; eldʀi; eldstʀi) - adj. ʀ-s. [from ON gamall]
- old
- gōmull (gōmul) - masc. ʀ-s. [vṛddhi-formation from *gōmwalaz < *gamalaz]
- sickness, decay, aging
Youth
- kjaldą (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*keld-ōną?? < *kelþ-ōną]
- itr. play, joke around
- trn. play using sth. (acc); con, cheat sby. (acc)
- leiką (lek, likum, leikað) - str. II? [*laikaną]
- itr. play, have fun
- vaxą (ōx, ōxum, vaxað) - str. VI [*wahs-ijaną]
- itr. grow, grow up
- trn. raise
- ungʀ - adj. a-s. [*jungaz]
- young
- sveinn - masc. ʀ-s. [*swainaz]
- boy, lad
- mø̄ʀ (mey, mø̄ʀi, meyjaʀ, meyjum, meyją) - fem. ja-s. [*mawīz]
- girl, lass
- mögʀ - masc. u-s. [*maguz]
- young man, boy
- ynglung - masc/fem. a-s. [ung-lung]
- young person
- young man/woman
- ösnʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*asnuz < *asunz]
- young servant/slave, young thane
- male concubine
- ystʀ (ystʀ, ystt) - adj. a-s. [*ustrjaz]
- energetic, youthful, lively, strong
- ystʀ (yst, ysti, ystjaʀ) - fem. ja-s. [*ūstrī < *ustrī]
- energy, youth
Food, Food Production
- jakką (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*jag-ōną? *jakk-ōną?]
- itr. hunt, go hunting
- jekkją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*jakk-ijaną?]
- trn. hunt, chase after, seek
- freyðą (frauð, fruðum, froðað) - str. II [*freuþaną]
- itr/trn. make a broth, cook in a stew, be cooked in a stewed
- ostʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*justaz]
- cheese, white cheese
- veiðą (veiðiði, veiðiðum, veiðjaði) - reg. III [from ON veiðȧ]
- trn. hunt, trap, stalk sth.
- ystją (-stta, -sttum, -stjað) - reg. I [*ust-ją]
- itr/trn. curdle (sth. acc)
- seltją (-ltta, -lttum, -ltjað) - reg. I [salt-ją]
- trn. salten, make salty
- fø̄ða - neu. an-s. [from ON fœða]
- snack, nourishment
- mjöðʀ (mjaðʀ, miðiʀ) - masc. u-s. [*meduz]
- mead, honey alcohol
- hunang - neu. ą-s. [*hunangą]
- honeyed foodstuffs, honeyed food
- seltjaskʀ (seltjusk, seltjaskt) - adj. a-s. [salt-j(a)-skʀ]
- salty
- lø̄ʀ - neu. ą-s. [*lawizą]
- ham, dried meat
- fengʀ - masc. i-s. [*fangiz]
- catch, caught prey (especially of terrestrial animals)
- ījakk - neu. ą-s. [ī-jakk]
- prey caught during hunting
- gummi - masc. an-s. [gumbô]
- quickbread, sweet pastry
- merki - masc. an-s. [*marikô]
- lettuce, celery
- skekki (skekka, skokki, skokkʀ, skokkaʀ, skokką) - masc. an-s. [*skink- ~ *skunk-]
- dried meat, ham
- remark: the noun preserves ablaut where the nominative and accusative singular retain one stem (skekk-) and other forms retain another (skokk-)
Personality
- þorną ([þurna], þornaða, þornaðam, --) - reg. IV [*þurz-naną]
- fient. be afraid, be a coward
- blaðną ([blaðna], blaðnaða, blaðnaðam, --) - reg. IV [*blad-naną]
- fient. be cunning, witty
- frēgi (frēg, frēga) - adj. i-s. [*frēg-iz]
- well-known; charismatic
- þekkʀ (þekk, þekkt) - adj. a-s. [*þakkjaz]
- elegant, sophisticated, fluently mobile
- ų̄viss (ų̄vis, ų̄vist) - adj. a-s. [ų̄-viss]
- insecure, unknowing
- viss (vis, vist) - adj. a-s. [*wisaz < *wissaz]
- observant
- kvykki (kvykk, kvykka) - adj. i-s. [*kwikwiz < *kwikwaz]
- lively, alive, energetic
- frekʀ (frek, frekt) - adj. a-s. [*frekaz]
- greedy; lustful, carnal
Emotions, States
- glaðʀ (glöð, glatt) - adj. a-s. [*gladaz]
- glad, happy; flat, even
- frektʀ - fem. ja-s. [frek-ðʀ]
- lust, carnal urge
- gjall - masc. ʀ-s. [*gelaz]
- lust, desire
- gaman - neu. ą-s. [*gamaną]
- joy, happiness
- ękki - masc. an-s. [*ankjô < *a(n)kiz?? *a(n)k(aną)??]
- ache, regret, longing
- kų̄bʀ - neu. ą-s. [*kumbzą?? < *kumbrą?]
- sorrow, deep sadness
- kvarą (kvar, kvārum, kvarað) - str. VI [*kwer-aną]
- itr. sigh
- ø̄lą (ȫl, ēglum, eglað) - str. VII [reanalysed *wōl-janą > *wōlj-aną]
- itr. bemoan, complain
- angarr (angaʀ) - masc. ʀ-s. [*angazaz]
- anger, depression-fuelled rage
- angʀįsk - neu. ą-s. [*angaz-an-iską]
- enraged, angry individual
- remark: the noun is a substantivisation of a hypothetical adjective *angʀįskʀ (-sk, -skt)
- tār (tāss, tȫgʀ, tȫgʀum, tāgrą) neu. ą-s. [*tahrą]
- tear
- remark: the noun preserves the Verner alternant of the plural
- tērją (-rði, -rðum, -rjað) - reg. I [*tahr-ijaną]
- int. tear up, start crying quietly
- gremną ([grimna], gremnaða, gremnaðam, --) - reg. IV [*grim-naną]
- fient. be angry, be enraged, be furious
- gremja (-mða, -mðum, -mjað) - reg. I [*gram-janą? *grim-janą ~ *grim-jōną?]
- trn. make sby. (acc) angry, enrage sby.
- gremmą (gramm, grummum, grommað) - str. III [*grim=m-aną]
- itr. fume, be angry, be enraged, throw a tantrum, go amok
- ōgn - fem. a-s. [from ON ógn]
- fear, terror
- intimidation, terror tactic
- ø̄gnją (ø̄gða, ø̄gðum, ø̄gnjað) - reg. I [formed from ōgn]
- trn. terrify, scare, intimidate
- + -sk refl. become terrified, get scared
- vāgnją (-gða, -gðum, -gnjað) - reg. I [corruption of ø̄gnją]
- synonimous in use with ø̄gnją
Senses and Sensations
- ittʀ - masc. i-s. [*jihtiz]
- pain, anguish, paralysis
- kvöla (kvölą, kvöli, kvalaʀ) - fem. a-s. [*kwalō]
- torment, torture
- remark: the noun kvöla is a merger of two competing paradigms, *kvöl and *kvala, derived from the same root
- sø̄ą (sȫ, sēgum, segvað) [*sehwaną]
- itr. be able to see
- trn. see sth. (acc)
- heyʀą (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*hauzijaną]
- itr/trn. hear, perceive
- sefją (-fði, -fðum, -fjað) - reg. I [*safjaną]
- itr. have the taste of sth. (dat)
- trn. taste sth, sample flavour of sth. orally, try sth. edible or drinkable in small amounts
- toftą (-aði, -aðum, -að) - reg. I. [possibly from Greek τῠ́πτομαι (I feel anguish, I am beaten)?]
- trn. feel inf happen (with formal, negative connotations)
Sleep
- geymją (-mði, -mðum, -mjað) - reg. I [*gaum-janą]
- trn. wake sby. (acc) up
- gaumʀ (gaum, gaumt) - adj. a-s. [*gaumaz]
- awake, alert, well-rested
- afgeymją (-mði, -mðum, -mjað) - reg. I [af-geymją]
- trn. tire sby. (ac), make sby. exhausted
Profanity
- bogðą (-aði, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [unknown, of Sámi origin; cf SSm <bohkedh> (fuck)]
- trn. fuck
- (varðaðu) bogðaʀ - phrs.
- get fucked; fuck off
- skītą - (skeit, skitum, sketað) - str. I [*skītaną]
- trn/itr. shit, defecate
- skītʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [skīt-az]
- shit
- skītją - (-tti, -ttum, -jað) - reg. I [skīt-janą]
- trn. cause to shit; poison
- vamją - (-ði, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*wamm-janą]
- int. barf, regurgitate
- int. be utterly repulsed by
- vamʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [**wam-az? < *wamm-az < *wamm-iz]
- vomit
- excl. used with extreme displeasure or surprise; comparable to "shit!"
Narrative, Story
- töl (talaʀ) - fem. a-s. [*talō ~ *talą]
- tale, story, recap, recounting, recollection
Linguistics, Literacy
- stömm - neu. ą/a-s? [*stamnō < *stamnijō <~ **stimn-ōną??]
- language, speech of a people; dialect
- remark: the noun has both an a-stem declension that comes from its etymology, and an ą-stem declension that originated in analogy with other suffixless neuters; it itself is always neuter
- orð - neu. ą-s. [from ON orð]
- word, utterance
- urð - neu. ą-s. [*wurdą]
- word, utterance
- remark: the noun has partially been supplanted by the Norse borrowing, "orð"; it occurs as an infrequent alternative to the Norse loan
- rūna - fem. a-s. [*rūnō]
- letter, rune
- fuþark - neu. ą-s. [from the names of the runes]
- alphabet, futhark
- bōkʀ (bōkʀ, bø̄kiʀ) - fem. u-s. [*bōks]
- book
Populational
- grȫðʀ (grāðʀ) - masc. u-s. [*grēduz]
- famine, hunger
- grȫðgʀ (grȫðug, grȫðugt) - adj. a-s. [*grēdugaz]
- hungry, starved (of a population)
Politics
- fani - masc. an-s. [*fanô]
- flag, emblem
- kreigą (kraug, krugum, krogað) - str. II [*kraig-aną]
- trn. stand up to/resist sby. (dat)
Shapes
- böllʀ - masc. u-s. [*balluz]
- ball
Sequences, Ordinals
- sīðʀ (sīð, sītt) - adj. a-s. [from ON síðr]
- next, following
Materials
- leðʀ - neu. ą-s. [*leþrą]
- leather, hide
- gruf - neu. ą-s. [*grubą < *grubuz]
- coarse leather, hide
- hurn - neu. ą-s. [*hurną]
- horn
- horn - neu. ą-s. [from ON horn]
- horn
- remark: less frequent, stylistic variant of hurn
- steinn - masc. ʀ-s. [*stainaz]
- stone, rock
- løymi - masc. an-s. [from ĪD løymı]
- clay, peat
Material Qualities
- deiginn (deigin, deigint) - adj. a-s. [*daig-īnaz]
- soft, mushy, rubbery
- kolann (kolan, kolant) - adj. a-s. [participle of unattested *kalaną]
- stiff, hard, rigid
Water
- mjöðmʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*medumaz]
- waist-deep water
- vötn - neu. ą-s. [*watōr~*watn-]
- water
- remarks: the noun has a common North Germanic shape: its stem is derived from the oblique stem
- afi - masc. an-s. [of Sámi origin; cf SSm áhpi (bay)]
- inlet, bay
- hrönn - fem. a-s. [*hraznō]
- wave
- merr (meri, mers, merjum, merją) - neu. ą-s. [*marją < *mariz]
- sea, large body of water
- leyja (ley, leyʀi, leyjaʀ, leyjum) - fem. a-s. [*lajō?]
- bedrock, sea bottom
- lauðʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*lauþraz]
- sea foam, lather
- kremmją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*kramm-ijaną]
- itr. (dat) thaw, melt (of ice, hoar)
- krammʀ (krömm, krammt) - adj. a-s. [*krammaz]
- thawed, molten (of cold liquids)
- fųttʀ (fųtti, fųtt) - adj. u-s. [*funhtuz]
- wet, swampy, soaked (of terrain, landscapes, biomes)
- fukką (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*funk-ōną]
- itr. (of streams) flow, flow gently
- itr. (of streams) sparkle
- fient. (of streams) look drinkable and/or clean
- fuss - neu. ą-s. [*fursą < *fursaz]
- waterfall
Geography
- mörk - fem. a-s. [*markō]
- forest, marsh
- mȳrr - fem. a-s. [from ON mýrr]
- mire, bog
- kvappi - masc. an-s. [*kwappaz~*kwabô]
- swamp, marsh
- dǫ̈ppfala - fem. a-s. [*damp-falǭ; second element attested in Vg fala]
- flooded field, flooded flatland
- kvøyką (-kta, -ktum, -kjað) - reg. I [from ĪD kvøykȧ]
- itr. liven up, bloom (of a forested area); flood (of a forested area)
- fjall - neu. ą-s. [*fellą? *felhą?]
- mountain
- brjāðʀ - masc. i-s. [*brēþiz]
- geyser; hot spring, hot pool
- dall - masc. ʀ-s. [*dalaz]
- dale, valley
- øgg (øgjaʀ) - fem. a-s. [*awjō]
- island, isle
- ǭss (ǭs, ǭsi, ǭss etc.) - masc. ʀ-s. [*̄ōnsaz < *ōsnaz]
- lake, pond
- ōss (ōs, ōsi, ōss, etc.) - masc. ʀ-s. [*ōsaz]
- estuary, river mouth
- staðʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*stadaz < *stadiz]
- town, settlement, city
- heimaland - neu. ą-s [heima-land]
- homeland, Heimat, native country/area
Cardinal Directions
- austri - adv. [*austerê]
- eastwards, to the east, in the east
- austir (austri) - neu. ą-s. [*austerą]
- the East
- vastri - adv. [*westerê]
- westwards, to the west, in the west
- vastir (vastri) - neu. ą-s. [*westerą]
- the West
- nyrðri - adv. [*nurþerê]
- northwards, to the north, in the north
- norð (norði) - neu. ą-s. [*nurþą < *nurþrą]
- the North
- nurðʀ (nurð, nurtt) - adj. a-s. [*nurþeraz]
- north, northern
- sỹðri - adv. [*sunþerê]
- southwards, to the south, in the south
- sų̄ðir - neu. ą-s. [*sunþerą]
- the South
- sų̄ðʀ (sunn, sunnt) - adj. a-s. [*sunþeraz]
- south, southern
Locations, Nationalities, Languages
- Beyheimʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [Bey-heimʀ]
- Bohemia
- Vāgøgjaʀ - fem. pl.t. a-s. [Vāg-øgjaʀ]
- The Vag Islands
- Norðvagʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [Norð-vagʀ]
- Norway
- Sassi - masc. an-s. [*sahsô]
- a Saxon man
- Sessja - fem. a-s. [*sahs-ijō]
- a Saxon woman
- Sassąland - neu. ą-s. [sassą-land]
- Saxony, Saxonland
- England - neu. ą-s. [eng-land]
- England
- Englendskt - neu. adj. a-s. [england-sk-t (stömm)]
- English, the English language
- djūpð - fem. a-s. [*diupiþō]
- cave, cavern
- arch. depth (of sea, caves)
- Albiland - neu. ą-s. [albi-land]
- Scotland
- Makʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [from OIr. macc]
- derog. Scotsman, Irishman
Time, Property
- eftri - adv. [*aftiri]
- again, anew
- tīðją - fem. a-s. [*tīdijǭ < *tīdiz]
- time
- tīðʀ (tīð, tītt) - adj. a-s. [*tīdijaz]
- on time, punctual
- sāni - adv. [*sēnê < *sēna]
- soon
- nū - adv. [*nu]
- now
- tīði - adv. [tīð-i]
- over time, eventually
- tīðą (-aði, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*tīd-ōną]
- trn. time sby's time/intervals
- bigą̄ (bigigg, bigiggjum, --) - irr. supl. [*bi-gāną]
- pass, go by
- gārr (gȫʀ, gāʀt) - adj. a-s. [??]
- same, consistent
- berr (beʀ, beʀt) - adj. a-s. [from ON berr]
- only, alone
- beʀa - adv. [beʀ-a]
- only, in no way other than, nothing/nobody other than
- gāʀvag - adv. [gāʀ-vag]
- consistently, all the time
- allvag - adv. [all-vag]
- always, continuously
- holvag - adv. [hol-vag]
- rarely, infrequently, a small number of times
- skolą (mōsa, mø̄sum) - irr. supl. [*skul-aną]
- aux. shall, will, is going to (certain)
- bēttą (bās, būsum/būʀum, būttað) - irr. supl. [unknown, of Sámi origin; cf SSm båetedh]
- aux. will, is going to (impersonal, inactive, without agency)
- mēttą (-aði, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [unknown, of Sámi origin; cf SSm maehtedh]
- aux. will, is going to (uncertain, flexible)
- sneimni (fjarri, fjarsti) - adv. [*snaiman-ê??]
- early, before the alloted time
Calendar
- myrginn - masc. ʀ-s. [*murgenaz]
- morning, sunrise
- nyðvi - masc. an-s. [*niþwô < *niþwǭ]
- sunset, evening
- aðn - neu. ą-s. [*aþną]
- season
- mānaðʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*mēnōþs]
- month, lunar cycle
- āʀ - neu. ą-s. [*jērą]
- year
- ī gjāʀ - phrs. [from ON í gjár]
- yesterday
- ø̨̄tʀ (vątʀ, vǫ̈tum) - masc. u-s. [*wintuz < *wintruz]
- winter, cold time
- remark: the native word has previously been a rarer alternative to Norse vętʀ, but has since regained ground
- vętʀ - masc. u-s. [from ON vėtr]
- winter, cold time
- remark: the word used to be more frequent than native ø̨̄tʀ, but has since lost ground it had gained
- vār - neu. ą-s. [*wērą]
- spring
- harfst - neu. ą-s. [*harbustą < *harbustaz]
- autumn, fall
- haldąsk (hagildsk, hagildumsk, haldaðsk) - irr. [*hald-aną-sik]
- itr. wait, await, expect
- haldiðsk frą̄ (hagilðsk, hagildundsk, --- ) - irr. dep.
- dep. gen await nom; be awaited by gen
Physics
- lęttʀ - adj. a-s. [*linhtaz]
- light, lightweight
Decay
- fȳ (fȳja -- fȳ, fūʀ, fȳjaʀ -- fūją) - masc. an-s. [*fūô]
- mold
- sūką (-aði, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*sūkōną]
- itr. spoil (of food)
- sȳkvą (-ða, -ðum, -vað) - irr/reg. I [*sūkw-ijaną?]
- trn. have food (acc) spoiled
- trn. spoil sby's (dat) food (acc)
Polarity
- eigi - adv. [from ĪD eigi?]
- negation adverb; "not"
- ei - adv. [reduction of PGmc *ainaz]
- negation adverb; "not"
- eigi var - adv.
- not ... either
Anatomy
- höfuð - neu. ą-s. [*hafudą]
- head
- hjaʀni - masc. an-s. [*herzn(az) < *hersnô]
- scalp
- hjassi - masc. an-s. [*hersnô]
- brain
- augą - neu. an-s. [*augô]
- eye
- hjartą - neu. an-s. [*hertô]
- heart
- möndull - masc. ʀ-s. [*mandulaz]
- shoulderblade
- kvöðʀ - masc. u-s. [*kweþuz]
- uterus, vagina
- fyst (fistaʀ) - fem. a-s. [*fistō < *h₂písdeh₂?]
- vulva, vagina
Physiology
- fluma - neut. an-s. [*pléwmn̥]
- air, breath
- aną (ōn, ōnum, anað) - str. VI? [*ananą?]
- itr/trn. breathe; breathe sth. (acc) in
- enją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*an-ijaną]
- trn. breathe sth. (acc) into sth. (dat)
- drekką (drakk, drukkum, drokkað) - str. III [*drink-aną]
- itr. drink
- trn. drink sth.
- etą (āt, ētum, etað) - str. V [*etaną]
- itr. eat
- trn. eat sth.
- trn. eat sth. out of a set, group, part of collective unity (gen)
- burtą (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [of Sámi origin; cf SSm boradit (eat)]
- trn. eat (of livestock)
- trn. feed livestock
Location
- kruttą (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*krutt-ōną < krattô]
- itr. be inside sth (gen)
Activities, Actions
- byrją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*bur-janą]
- trn/itr. begin, start
- byrvą (bör, burum, burvað) - str. III [*bur-janą]
- trn/itr. begin, start
- byrją (ber, byrjum, byrjað) - str. III [*bur-janą]
- trn/itr. begin, start
- slotą (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [*slutōną]
- trn/itr. stop, cease doing; cease being (dat)
- nenną (nann, nunnum, nonnað) - str. III [*ninþ-aną]
- itr. dare, muster up courage
- mølvją (-vða, -vðum, -vað) - reg. I [*malw-janą]
- trn. crush, pulverise, intentionally turn to powder or small bits
- malą (mōl, mōlum, malað) - str. IV [*mal-aną]
- trn. break, smash
- krękkja (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [krękk + *-ijaną]
- trn. make sby. slip, fall; push sby.
- vann (vön, vant) - adj. a-s. [*wanaz]
- repetitive, annoying
- sø̄kją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*sōk-janą]
- trn/itr. seek, search, look for
- mjaką (mak, mukum, mokað) - str. III [*mek-aną]
- trn. hinder, prevent, obstruct
- bītą (beit, bitum, bītað) - str. I [*bīt-aną]
- trn. bite, chew on
- gnagą (gnōg, gnōgum, gnagað) - str. VI [*gnag-aną]
- trn. gnaw, chew on, mangle
- skaką (skōk, skōkum, skakað) - str. VI [*skak-aną]
- itr/trn. swing, shake
- irpją (-ta, -tum, -jað) - reg. I [*irp-ijaną]
- itr. collect leaves, pick leaves
- trn. pick leaves off tree
- temja (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*tam-janą]
- trn. tame, domesticate
- hylją (-da, -dum, -jað) - reg. I [*hul-ijaną]
- itr/trn. dig, carve, make hollow
- gørvja (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*garw-ijaną]
- trn. do, perform, prepare sth to be done
- hafą (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. III [*hab-janą]
- trn. have, possess
- eigą ([ei] eittaða, eittaðum, eittað) - irr/reg. II [*aiganą]
- trn. have (be related to, be acquainted with, be in a relationship with)
- tāką (gaðōk, gaðōkum, takað) - irr/str. VI [*tēk-aną, *gadōk < *tedōk < *tetōk]
- trn. squeeze, hold tightly
- remark: the verb derives from a reduplicative verb, with a reanalysis of its reduplicated componenent
- tēkją (gaðø̄kta, gaðø̄ktum, tekjað) - irr/reg. I [*tēk-janą]
- trn. grasp at; try to get away from (acc)
- remark: the verb is extremely peculiar: its paradigm shows it is an extremely old and irregular derivation of the root of tāką, it both has strong-like alternations and weak dental suffixes in its conjugation
- bendą (band, bundum, bundað) - str. III [*bind-aną]
- trn. bind, tie sth.
- magą (mag/matt/mag/mugum/muguð/mugų matta, mattjum, --) - irr. [*mag-aną]
- itr/trn. know, be able to
- remark: in the subjunctive, the verb takes the circumstantial obligative meaning of "could, should, ought to, be motivated to"
- bringą (brątt, brųttum, brǫttað) - str. III [*bring-aną]
- trn. bring sth, carry sth. to sth. + til
Canids
- hundʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*hundaz]
- dog, hound
- gjalpą (galp, gulpum, golpað) - str. II [*gelpaną?]
- bark, whimper
- ylgʀ - fem. ja-s. [*wulgī]
- arctic fox; arctic vixen
- tȳfʀ - fem. ja-s. [unknown, Germanic; cf ON <tófa> (fox)]
- red fox; red vixen
- ūlfʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*wulfaz]
- wolf
- vargʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*wargaz]
- poet. arch. wolf, fox; thief
- ȳlfją - fem. a-s. [*wulfiljǭ < *wulf-ilǭ]
- she-wolf
- ylgi - masc. an-s. [*wulg-jô]
- arctic fox male
- tȳfi - masc. an-s. [tȳf- + *-jô]
- red fox male
Felines
- lāðʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [lādaz??]
- (male) cat
- lēðja - fem. a-s. [lāð-ja]
- (female) cat
- lāðlung - masc/fem. a-s. [lāð-lung]
- kitten
Reptilians
- yrmʀ - masc. i-s. [*wurmiz]
- snake; worm; dragon
- urm - neu. ą-s. [*wurmą < *wurmiz]
- sea reptile; snake young
- ųkki - masc. a-s. [*unkô]
- snake
- dreki - masc. an-s. [from ON dreki]
- dragon
- draki - masc. an-s. [*drakô]
- dragon
Education
- skōli - masc. an-s. [*skōlô < *skōla]
- school
- freðją (frōð, frōðum, fraðað) - str. VI [*fraþjaną]
- itr. learn
- trn. study
- freðją (-tta, -ttum, -jað) - reg. I [*fraþ-ijaną]
- trn. teach
Quantities, Determiners
- gnōgʀ (gnōg, gnōgt) - adj. a-s. [*ga-nōgaz]
- enough, sufficient
- gnōga - adv. [gnōg-a]
- sufficiently, decently, to an appropriate extent; a sufficient amount, sufficient
- nøkkvarr (nøkkur, nøkkvart) - adj. a-s. [from PN *ne-waitk-hwarjaʀ]
- some, an unspecified quantity
- nøkklʀ (nøkkl, nøkkt) - adj. a-s. [from PN *ne-waitk-hwilikaʀ]
- some (thing/body), an unknown or unspecified entity
- nøkka - adv. [nøkk-a]
- some, a little bit of
- allʀ (öll, allt) - adj. a-s. [*allaz]
- all, every, all of
- alla - adv. [all-a]
- all, all of
- mikill (mikil, mikilt; meiʀi, meiʀ, meiʀa; meistʀi, meistʀ, meistʀa) - adj. a-s. [*mikilaz]
- much, a lot
- mikilt - adv. [mikilt < mikill]
- much, a lot; many, plenty
- remark: this adverb is directly formed from the adjective; a more regular form such as **mikla is unattested.
- hvarr (hvör, hvart) - adj. a-s. [*hwaraz < *hwarjaz]
- each, every
Questions
- hvaʀ - pron. [*hwaz]
- who
- hvat - pron. [*hwat]
- what
- hvas - pron. [hvas]
- whose, from whom; gen
- hvī - hv-w. [*hwī]
- why
- hvā - hv-w. [*hwā]
- with what
- hvaʀa - hv-w. [*hwezō]
- with whom
- hvar - hv-w. [*hwar]
- where
- how ... (specifying adverbs)
- hvanna - hv-w. [hwann-a?]
- when
- hvannjaʀ - hv-w. [hvann-*jōz]
- whence, where from
- hvanni - hv-w. [hvann-i]
- where to
- hvīlkʀ - hv-w. [*hwilīkaz]
- what kind of, which type of
Numbers
- einn (einn/einn/einum/eins eina/einu/einiʀ/einnaʀ ein/ein/einum/eins) - adj. irr. [*ainaz]
- one
- tvann (tvann/tvąnn/tvörjum/tvaną tveinn/tvęinn/tvörjum/tveiną tvą̄/tvąnn/tvörjum/tvaną) - adj. irr. [*twa-?]
- two
- þrīʀ (þrīʀ/þrī/þrīggjum/þrīgą þrēʀ/þrēʀ/þrīggjum/þrīgą þrjā/þrjų̄/þrīggjum/þrīgą) - adj. irr. [*þrīz]
- three
- fjöðʀi (fjöðʀi/fjöðʀąʀ/fjöðʀum/fjörrą fjöðʀinn/fjöðʀįnn/fjöðʀum/fjörrą fjöðʀą/fjöðʀąʀ/fjöðʀum/fjörrą) [*fedwōz < *fedwōr]
- four
- 'fjaðʀi (fjaðʀi/fjaðʀąʀ...) [*fedwōz]
- four
- famf (---) [*femf < *fimf]
- five
- sex (---) [*sehs]
- six
- sjūn (---) [*sebun]
- seven
- attu (---) [*ahtōu]
- eight
- njų̄ (---) [*newun]
- nine
- tjų̄ (---) [*tehun]
- ten
- ęllifu (---) [*ainalif]
- eleven
- tvalf (---) [*twalif]
- twelve
- þrīgtjų̄ (---) [þrīg-tjų̄]
- thirteen
- fjörrtjų̄ (---) [fjörr-tjų̄]
- fourteen
- famtjų̄ (---) [famf-tjų̄]
- fifteen
- sextjų̄ (---) [sex-tjų̄]
- sixteen
- sjų̄tjų̄ (---) [sjūn-tjų̄]
- seventeen
- njų̄tjų̄ (---) [njų̄-tjų̄]
- nineteen
- tuttugu (---) [from ON tuttugu]
- twenty
- tvattugu [hybrid of tva- and (tu)-ttugu]
- twenty
- þrīttugu [þrī-ttugu]
- thirty
- fjaðʀugu [fjaðʀ-(tt)ugu]
- forty
- tvą̄ttugu [tvą̄-ttugu]
- forty
- famttugu [fam(f)-ttugu]
- fifty
- sextugu [sex-(t)tugu]
- sixty
- þrjāttugu [þrjā-ttugu]
- sixty
- sjūttugu [sjū-ttugu]
- seventy
- attugu [att-(tt)ugu]
- eighty
- fjaðʀagu [fjaðʀa-(ttu)gu]
- eighty
- njų̄ttugu [njų̄-ttugu]
- ninety
- hondrað (hondraðs) - ą-s. [*hundaradą]
- hundred
- tvann hondraðs
- two hundred
- þūsund (þūsandaʀ) - a-s. [* *þūsundjō < *þūsundī]
- thousand
- tvann þūsandaʀ
- two thousand
Properties
- snjallʀ - adj. a-s. [*snellaz]
- quick, swift
- hlūðʀ - adj. a-s. [*hlūþaz]
- strong, powerful; booming
- kūmʀ - adj. a-s. [*kūmaz]
- weak; impotent
Shape
- krangʀ (kröng, krangt) - adj. a-s. [*krangaz]
- bent, turned, twisted
- fattʀ (fött, fatt) - adj. a-s. [*fattaz]
- bent, twisted, crooked
- valdi (vald, valda) - adj. i-s. [*waldiz]
- big, large
- holʀ (hol, holt) - adj. a-s. [*hulaz]
- small; empty
- holl (hol, holt) - adj. a-s. [*hulaz]
- small; empty
- snø̄fri (snø̄fr, snø̄fra) - adj. i-s. [*snōbriz]
- narrow, tight
- reitʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*raitaz]
- square; square plot of land, square unit of measurement
Identity
- samʀ - adj. a-s. [*samaz]
- same, the same
- ąðʀ (önn, annt) adj. a-s. [*anþaz < *anþeraz]
- other, another
Chemistry
- brennją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*brannijaną]
- trn. burn, light, set ablaze
- brenną (brann, brunnum, bronnað) - str. III [*brinnaną]
- itr. burn
- drukinn (drukin, drukint; drukną) - adj. a-s. [*druknaz]
- dry; arid
- drokną ([drukna], droknaða, droknaðam, --) - reg. IV [*druk(n)-naną]
- fient. be dry, arid
- dryknją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*drukn-ijaną]
- trn. +gen.o dry, remove moisture
- eitri - neu. an-s. [*aitrô < *aitraz]
- poison
- eitrą (eittja, eittjum, eittjað) - reg. I [**eitr-ją? < *aitr-ijaną]
- trn. kill sby. via poison
- hyrr (hyrji, hyrji, hyrji, hyrjaʀ etc.) - fem. ja-s. [*hurijō < *hurjō?]
- fire, ember
- kyndją (-dja, -djum, -djað) - reg. I [*kund-janą]
- trn. kindle, light
- mjaltą (malt, multum, moltað) - str. III [*meltaną]
- itr. melt, dissolve
- meltją (-tta, -ttum, -jað) - reg. I [*melt-ijaną]
- trn. melt, dissolve
- māsla - fem. a-s. [*mēslō]
- paste, mush, cream
Astronomy
- Svagl - neu. ą-s. [*swagilaz]
- Sun, star
- Māni - masc. an-s. [*Mēnô]
- Moon
- skīną (skein, skinum, skenað) - str. I [*skīnaną]
- itr. shine
- trn. shine upon, illuminate
- heimʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*haimaz]
- world
- allheimʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [all-heimʀ]
- all-world; universe, cosmos
- heima - adv. [*haimō]
- homewards, home
- jarða - fem. a-s. [*erþō]
- earth
- jörð - fem. a-s. [*erþō]
- earth
- luftʀ (luftʀ, lyftiʀ, luftą) - masc. u-s. [*luftuz]
- sky, heaven
- dagʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*dagaz]
- day, daytime
- nātt (nātt(i)/nātt(i)/nātt(i)/nāttu(ʀi)/nētuʀ(aʀ) nētuʀ(niʀ)/nētuʀ(niʀ)/nētuʀ(niʀ)/nȫttum(-unum)/nāttą(ną)) - fem. irr. [*nahts]
- night, nighttime
Motion
- ōlką (ōlk, ōlkum, ulkað) - str. irr (VI?) [*wulk-ōną]
- itr. run, move quickly
- trn. race; (+ aftʀ ) chase after
- hottą (hottaði, hottaðum, hottað) - reg. II [*hutt-ōną]
- itr. run, sprint, move quickly
- hyttją (hytti, hyttum, hyttjað) - reg. I [*hutt-ijaną]
- trn. make sby. (acc) run; chase sby.
- gą̄ ([gāna, gānam] igg, iggjum, --) - irr. supl. [*gāną]
- itr. go, move, head towards
- kvamą (kvam, kømum, komað) - str. IV [*kwem-aną]
- trn. approach
- itr. arrive, come, approach
- troðą (trað, trøðum, troðað) - str. IV [*trud-aną]
- trn. trample, step on; raze (with feet)
- krękką (krąkk, krųkkum, krǫkkað) - str. III [*krink-aną]
- itr. slip, lose traction
- itr. (by extension) fall, slide from prominence
- krỹppją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [*krump-janą]
- trn. bend, twist, deform sth.
- leką (lak, lukum, lokað) - str. II [*lekaną]
- itr/trn. leak (+acc sth.)
- sōttą (-aða, -aðum, -að) - reg. II [unknown, possibly of Sámi origin; cf NSm čuoččahit (steady self)]
- itr. sit up, rise from a lying-down or prostated position
Direction
- niða - adv. [by analogy to uppna]
- from below
- niði - adv. [by analogy to uppi]
- down
- niðʀ - adv. [*niþer]
- downwards
- uppna - adv. [*ubanē]
- from above
- uppi - adv. [*uppai]
- up above, up (static)
- upp - adv. [*upp]
- upwards
- burtna - adv. [by analogy to uppna]
- from away
- burti - adv. [by analogy to uppi]
- away (static)
- burt - adv. [from ON burt]
- away (lative)
Sounds
- syngvą (sang, sungum, songvað) - str. III [*singwaną]
- itr/trn. sing, chant
- songlą (svangl, sønglum, songlað) - str. IV [song-lą]
- itr/trn. chant, hum, recite
- hlehją (hlōh, hlōhum, hlahað) - str. VI [*hlahj-aną]
- itr. laugh
- hlē - neu. ą-s [*hlahją]
- laughter, humour
Fish
- sīl - neu. ą-s. [*sīlą]
- herring, fry
Small Animals
- mörðʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*marþuz]
- marten
Meteorology
- blāsą (blas, blusum, blosað) - str. III [*blēs-aną]
- itr. blast, blow (of wind)
- blēʀą (blāʀ, blēgʀum, blegʀað) - str. VII [*blehs-aną? *blēs-aną?]
- itr. blast, blow (of wind)
- vindʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*windaz]
- wind
- skȳ - neu. ą-s. [*skiwją]
- cloud, fog
- skȳðʀ - fem. ja-s. [skȳ-ðʀ]
- cloudiness, state of fog
- svāla - fem. a-s. [unknown, of Sámi origin; cf SSm svaaloe]
- snowy weather, snowy landscape
- ūr - neu. ą-s. [*uwurą]
- drizzling rain, drizzle, soft rain
- regn - neu. ą-s. [*regną]
- rain, medium rain
- stormʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*sturmaz]
- storm, torrential rain
- tǫ̈̄rr - masc. u-s. [*tanhuz < *tanhuz (adj)]
- windy drizzle, windy weather with small amounts of rain
- jūsą (aus, usum, osað) - str. II [from ON ausȧ]
- itr. to rain, to drizzle
- ȳrją (-ða, -ðum, -jað) - reg. I [ūr-ją]
- itr. to drizzle, to rain softly
- regnją (-gna, -gnum, -gnjað) - reg. I [regn-ją]
- itr. to rain
Derivation
- -lą - str. IV [*-il-aną]
- forms verbal diminutives
- -a - adv. [*-ô]
- forms adverbs of manner from a-stem adjectives
- -i - adv. [*-ê]
- forms adverbs of manner from i/u-stem adjectives
- -i - adj. i-s. [*-iʀ?]
- forms i-stem adjectives from nouns
- -vag - adv. [*wegaz]
- forms adverbs of iterations (twice, thrice etc.)
- -(n)iʀ - masc. ʀ-s. [*-(n)āriz < *-(n)ārijaz]
- forms agent nouns out of verbs
- -(n)ari - masc. ʀ-s. [*-(n)ārijô < *-(n)ārijaz]
- forms agent nouns out of verbs
- -(n)(i)ja - fem. a-s. [*-(n)āri-jō]
- forms agent nouns out of verbs
- -ja+I - fem. a-s. [*-ijō]
- forms feminines from ʀ-stems.
- -iʀ (-i, -i, -is) - masc. ʀ-s. [*-ijaz]?
- forms nouns out of adjectives, often in the sense of possessing or creating a property or state
- -skʀ (-sk, -skt) - adj. a-s. [*-iskaz]
- forms a-stem adjectives from nouns; -ish, -y
- -ðʀ - fem. ja-s. [*-iþō]
- forms abstract nouns, nouns of state or being from adjectives, verbs, other nouns
- -są+I - reg. II [*-isōną]
- forms denominative verbs from certain abstract nouns
- -ją+I - reg. I [*-(i)janą]
- forms causatives from verbs or nouns
- forms verbs relating to production of material
- -inn (-in, -int) - adj. a-s. [*-īnaz]
- forms adjectives of material from nouns, verbs
- -(i)niʀ (-ni, -ni, -nis) - masc. ʀ-s. [*-īn-ijaz]
- forms nouns with the material makeup of the material of other nouns, verbs
- remark: the longer, bisyllabic variant is used after syllables with a heavy coda
- -lingʀ+I - masc. ʀ-s. [*-il-ingaz]
- forms nominal diminutives
- forms nouns that possess an attribute from adjectives
- forms nouns of descent from adjectives
- -lung - masc/fem. a-s. [*-lingō]
- forms nouns of descent from adjectives
- forms gender-ambiguous diminutives or nouns that possess an attribute from the adjective
- forms family names
- forms first names
- forms gender-ambiguous diminutive agent nouns from verbs
- remark: while the noun itself can be either masculine or feminine, primarily as part of first or family names, it declines as an a-stem; it is grammatically feminine and takes feminine adjectives, although the pronouns used to refer to it vary accordingly
- -lingja+I - fem. a-s. [*-il-ingjō < *-il-ing-ilǭ]
- forms nominal diminutives
- forms nouns of descent from adjectives
Particles, Conjunctions
- at [*at]
- introduces subordinate clauses; that
- þiʀ [*þaizōi]
- intruduces subordinate clauses; that
- auk [*auk(aną)?]
- and; links two phrases, less frequently clauses
- ef [*jab < *jabai]
- if (factual, real consequence)
- if +subj (hypothetical)
- jū [*ju]
- but, whereas
- meðan [from ON meðan]
- but, while, whereas
- enn [from ON enn]
- than (in comparisons)
- hvaðraʀ [*hwaþeraz]
- introduces subordinate clauses; whether
- þau [*þauh]
- though, but; introduces counter-statements or counterbalancing statements
- þun [*þanō]
- because of this, thus
- ȳn [*jainanō]
- because of that, thus
- svā þun [svā + þun]
- because ....
- hvan [*hwannē]
- as, while, when
Demonstratives
- þat [*þat]
- that, it; dummy subject
- sā
- sā/þann/þimm/þas
- sū/þǭ/þeiʀ(a)/þeirr
- þat/þat/þimm/þas
- this, this one (proximate)
- remark: the proximate demonstrative shares its plural with the pronouns
- þessi
- þessi/þenną/þömm/þas
- þessi/þessą/þessaʀi/þessaʀ
- þetta/þetta/þött/þas
- that, that one (distant)
- remark: the distant demonstrative shares its plural with the pronouns
- þar [*þar]
- there, that place, to that place
- svā [*swa]
- like so, thus, in this manner, so, in such a way
Prepositions
- aftʀ prep. [*aftri?]
- acc. after, just behind (spatial)
- dat. after, following (temporal)
- į̄ (ī, īn, į) prep. [*in]
- dat. in, inside of
- acc. into
- ųb (ų̄b, umb, umm) prep.
- dat. around, in the vicinity of
- dat. around, surrounding
- höndu [*handū?]
- dat. using, with; inst
- yfri [*ubiri]
- dat. over, above
- acc. across, above
- yndri [*undiri < *under; by analogy with yfri]
- dat. below, beneath
- acc. towards the underside (lative)
- ūʀ [??]
- gen. out of (material)
- dat. out of (ablative)
- fen [*fanē?]
- acc. from (ablative)
- dat. from/belonging to (partitive)
- dat. about, concerning (topical)
- hreng [*hringō]
- dat. about, regarding, concerning (topical)
- frą̄ [*fram]
- gen. by (passive agent)
- dat. from (partitive, ethnic)
- acc. due to, by
- af [*ab]
- acc. belonging to
- introducing a subordinate clause sentence-initially
- þurr [*þurhw]
- acc. via, through, using X as the means of locomotion
- acc. through, throughout, during (temporal)
- acc. in, during (a story, book, tale)
- glīx [*galīk-sam]
- gen. such as, like
- remark: formed by syncope of glīksam and is correspondingly a bit more informal
- glīksam [*galīk-sam]
- gen. such as, like
- uf [*ub]
- dat. beneath, below
- ā (ą̄, an) [*ana]
- dat. on, atop of
- dat. at (of time)
Insects
- bȳ - fem. a-s. [*bijō]
- bee
- tīkki - masc. an-s. [*tīkkô]
- tick, louse
Arachnids
- vafi - neu. ą-s. [*wabją]
- web
- þǫ̈̄ttʀ - masc. u-s. [*þanhtuz]
- arch.́ thread; spider silk thread
- þǫ̈ttʀ - masc. u-s. [*þanhtuz]
- thread; spider silk thread
- spinną (spann, spunnum, spunnað) - str. III [*spinn-aną]
- itr. spin a web, weave a web (usually of spiders)
- trn. spin sth. (acc) (often out of spider-silk)
- spinnlung - masc/fem. a-s. [spinn-lung]
- spider, 'spinling'
Biology
- svąrą (svąr, sø̨̄rum, sǫrað) - str. IV [*swer-aną]
- itr. fester, rot, become infected/infested
- stjarfą (stjarf, stjurfum, stjorfað) - str. III [*sterb-aną]
- itr. die
- svaltą (svalt, sultum, soltað) - str. III [*swelt-aną]
- itr. hunger, starve
- svaltją (-tta, -ttum, -jað) - reg. I [*swelt-ijaną]
- trn. starve, deprive of food
- kvalą (kval, kvālum, kvalað) - str. V [*kwel-aną]
- itr. become incapacitated
- kynn - fem. ja-s. [*kunjō]
- sex; grammatical gender
Flora
- blōmi - masc. an-s. [*blōmô]
- flower
- mus - neu. ą-s. [*musą]
- moss
- gras - neu. ą-s. [*grasą]
- grass
Trees
- sefją - fem. a-s. [*safjǭ]
- sap, tree sap
- mast - neu. ą-s. [*mastą]
- fragnant fruit
- löggva - neu. an-s. [*lawwô?]
- tree bark
- lögg (löggvi, laggvaʀ) - fem. a-s. [*lawwō]
- grove, thicket
- lēglingjaʀ - fem. a-s. pl-t. [lāg-lingj-aʀ]
- forest stand; cluster of short trees