Vāgøgjaskt

Våg Islander Vāgøgjaskt Stömm
Type
Synthetic
Alignment
Nominative
Head direction
Initial
Tonal
No
Declensions
Yes
Conjugations
Yes
Genders
No
Nouns decline according to...
Case	Number
Definiteness	Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect

General information

Vāgøgjaskt (or in English, Våg Islander) is a classical Germanic language once spoken in and around the Norwegian fylke of Sogn og Fjordane, as well as some populations in Hordaland and Sunnmøre. It gets its name from the isle of Vågsøy. Våg Islander is a Northwest Germanic language; belonging to the same primary branch as Old Norse, it has close ties to several nearby North Germanic languages.

It is an inflecting language with traits similar to and complexity hovering around that of Old Norse. It distinguishes four cases in all forms and the vocative only marginally; it has a definiteness distinction only on its nouns, marked with special inflectional endings. Unlike the definite inflections found in Old Norse, the ones in Våg Islander are more fully merged with standard case endings.

Vāgøgjaskt belongs to the same branch of North Germanic languages as Īsdalskt and Hrīmlendsk do, sharing a common developmental history that ended around 650AD. It has been influenced by Sámi languages to a certain degree: it has many loanwords from an unidentified Sámi source. This branch of Germanic languages is primarily characterised by their distinctive passive constructions and absence of distinct weak and strong forms of adjectives.

Phonology

Våg Islander has eight vowel qualities unevenly spaced across the vowel space: four front, three back and one central vowel quality. It features nasality and vowel length as distinctive features.

	Front		Central	Back
	Unrounded	Rounded
High	[i] i	[y] y		[u] u
Mid	[e] e	[ø] ø	[ɐ] a	[o] o
Low				[ɒ] ö

Any stressed vowel can be either short or long and either oral or nasal; the two features can overlap. Long vowels are marked with a macron diacritic (a long [ɒ:] would be <ȫ>) while nasalisation is marked with an ogonek (so that a nasal [ũ] would be <ų>); only [ỹ] receives a tilde diacritic, so that a long nasal [ỹ:] would be written <ỹ̄> as the vowel already has a descender.

The language has only four diphthongs: /au ei ey øy/ <au, ei, ey, øy>; all other vowel combinations result in a hiatus.

It also has eighteen consonant phonemes, ten of which can also be geminated, alongside significant allophony.

		Labial		Dental		Alveolar		Dorsal
		Voiceless	Voiced	Lateral	Plain	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced
Plosive	Plain	[p] p	[b] b			[t] t	[d] d	[k] k	[ɡ] g
	Geminate	[pp] pp	[bb] bb			[tt] tt	[dd] dd
Fricative	Plain	[f] f	[v] v		[θ] þ	[s] s		[x] h
	Geminate					[ss] ss
Nasal	Plain	[m] m			[n] n			[ŋ] ng
	Geminate				[nn] nn
Approximant	Plain			[l] l	[r] r	[ɻ] ʀ		[j] j
	Geminate			[ll] ll	[rr] rr

The consonant <ʀ> can also function as a syllable nucleus alongside the vowels.

Umlaut

Våg Islander has productive umlaut: the nearly fully regular u-umlaut and the more irregular i-umlaut. Since, due to its diachronics, Våg Islander generally disallows unstressed vowels having any quality other than [a ã i ĩ u ũ], some umlauts may seem opaque and unexpected, with exceptions randomly strewn around.

The primary effect of u-umlaut is extremely limited: it changes /a a:/ to /ɒ ɒ:/. Secondarily, it changes /a/ to /u/ in unstressed positions. It is caused by most unstressed /u/ vowels. Since some do not cause it, and sometimes it is caused even when the vowel isn't /u/, the suffixes indicate where the umlaut occurs.

Allophony and Morphophonology

In non-initial position (except post-consonantal but before the root vowel) the short consonants /f b θ d x ɡ/ shift to [f~v v ð ð ɣ ɣ]; these are written as <f f ð ð g g>. The consonants [v ð ɣ] harden to [b d g] after nasals and /l/; they are then written as <b d g>. The cluster /lj/ merges to [ʎ]. The consonants /m n ŋ l r j/ devoice to [m̥ n̥ ŋ̊ l̥ r̥ ç], and the clusters /hm hn hl hlj hr hv/ merge into [m̥ n̥ l̥ ʎ̥ r̥ w̥]. The clusters [kj kkj ɡj ɡɡj ɣj] become [c cc ɟ ɟɟ ʝ].

The consonant /v/ disappears before /y ø u ɔ/ and very rarely /ɒ/ (in analogisations). Vowels become secondarily nasalised next to nasal consonants and other nasal vowels; this isn't represented in the orthography.

Grammar

Syntax

The syntax of Vāgøgjaskt deals with case assignment, word order, phrase constitution and dependency and constituency relationships.

Generalities

Vāgøgjaskt, as a heavily inflected head-initial language, lacks a rigid word order. Its order of constituents is, for the most part, pragmatic. Even though the majority of word order configurations -- within reason -- is allowed, the default unmarked main clause word order is Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) with a more subtle but more frequently present tendency of putting the verb second (V2).

Emphasis is acheived by pulling the verb to the front of the sentence. Verbs are rarely fronted to the absolute initial position when providing emphasis, as that may cause interrogative confusion.

Noun Phrases

Vāgøgjaskt has a very Germanic pattern of forming noun phrases (NPs): each NP is made up of a head, usually a noun, NP or a nominalised adjective, and of dependents, which can be adjective phrases (APs), relative clauses (RCs) or other NPs. The most common order of constituents in an NP is head-final, though inversion may be used as a means of emphasis. There are also several special classes of NPs.

NP dependents, outside of special cases, are most frequently governed by adpositions. Those that lack adpositions but are not part of a specific specialised construction have an implied or omitted adposition.

Double NP-phrases (DNPs) have one dependent NP and one head NP: no other elements may be inserted into the pattern. An NP may have multiple APs as dependents.
DNPs come in two different shapes: the first is when the dependent NP precedes its head -- thus following normal AP/NP rules -- and the second where the dependent NP is itself preceded by its head -- forcing the insertion of a definite article between the two.

Prepositions govern the whole NP, forcing all modifiable elements to take the case they require. They usually come at the very beginning of a phrase. Postpositions likewise govern the entire phrase, but are more flexible in positioning: they usually come after the head of the NP and can be separated from it by auxiliaries, short pronouns and discourse particles. More extreme cases of postposition placement occur when the NP is simple: in such extreme situations that require extensive stylistic marking, the postposition can be moved to the end of the entire clause. This happens only in independent clauses.

A rare occurence is when there's disagreement in case between the head and a dependent of a single NP. This happens in simple NPs that have one adjective and one noun; the adjective receives normal case marking while the noun gets the genitive or dative. This happens only in NPs that indicate dual items, usually body parts. Sometimes, a DNP might have a mismatch in numbers between the dependent and head. This occurs almost exclusively with formal titles. With such mismatched DNPs, the definite article acquires the number of the dependent.

Possessive Constructions

Generally, possession in Vāgøgjaskt follows a very distinctly Norse pattern, with certain extensions. Possession is indicated using a possessive phrase (PP) that functions as a special case of an NP. The head of the PP is made up of either an NP or a DNP and is usually initial, with its dependent possessor trailing after it. Possessors come in three different varieties: they can 1) be possessive pronouns 2) be genitive NPs or pronouns 3) be dative NPs or pronouns. These have different marking mechanisms.

Possessive pronouns always follow their heads. If the head is a simple NP, the head of the NP becomes definite. There is no way to distinguish definiteness in most such situations. If the head is a DNP, an appositive in the form of a simple NP must be introduced and thus modified accordingly. There is no way to modify the DNP itself in a possessive pronoun construction. Some kinship terms may be indefinite: nuclear kin are always indefinite, and siblings once removed or farther can be either definite or indefinite.

Genitive and dative NP and pronoun constructions are for the most part unique to Vāgøgjaskt. The possessor can come either before or after its head, and this placement is more stylistic than anything. Some situations allow other constituents to come between the head and the possessor: this is primarily a feature of intransitive sentences with a simple PP made up of a short head and a pronominal possessor in the genitive or accusative.
Constructions with dative and genitive possessors do not enforce definiteness: definiteness is fully contrastive in such PP constructions.

PPs can only be heads of NPs and DNPs. They cannot be the dependents of either -- such constructions require appositives or relative clauses.

Genitive Constructions

Genitive constructions are a special type of NPs where the dependent is a NP in the genitive. Genitive constructions are generally called genitive phrases (GPs), even though they work like generic NPs. Unlike DNPs, GPs usually function as partitives, quantitatives or general specifiers. They can come in many shapes, though they are most commonly headed by NPs. A specific subset of GPs are headed by adverbs, usually adverbs of quantity.

Generalised partitive GPs headed by a noun generally have a genitive dependent that is most commonly definite. Dependents can be general NPs, DNPS, PPs or GPs. The general connotation of partitive GPs is that of a segment, of belonging or material make-up.

Quantitative GPs are headed either by adverbs of quantity, such as mikilt or alla, or pronouns or adjectives that quantify something, such as allʀ or gnōgʀ, and have a definite genitive dependent. When possible, the head agrees with its dependent in number and gender, but takes the case that the phrase itself ought to normally take. Phrases headed by adverbs are usually either used as nominatives or take adpositions.

Dative Constructions

Earlier Vāgøgjaskt used lots of dative phrases (DPs) in a way similar to GPs. This usage has mostly died out. Some still remain in use as archaisms, stylistic variants or fixed phrases and sayings.

Adjective Phrases

Vāgøgjaskt adjective phrases (APs) are made up of a head that can be made up of either an adjective or an AP, and of adverbs, APs and adverbials that act as modifiers.

Adverbial Phrases

Adverbial phrases (AbPs) are not frequently used as modifiers of adjectives in Vāgøgjaskt, but can be modifiers of verbs. They're made up of an adverbial head and usually just one or two adverbial dependent modifiers, most frequently intensifiers.

AbPs can also be made up of a NP with a preposition or of adverbial clauses (AbCs), without any dependents.

Verb Phrases

Vāgøgjaskt verb phrases (VPs) are fairly complex: they are made up of a main verb that acts as the head, either an optional non-finite or passive finite complement verb, copula complements in the form of NPs, AbPs, AbCs, CICs or APs, and modifiers in the form of AbPs, CICs or AbCs. VPs are discontinuous in Vāgøgjaskt, meaning that other constituents may be intercalated in the VP without requiring special circumstances. This discontinuity is often optional and stylistic (bound by stylistics and restraints of constituent order), but also sometimes obligatory (as in interrogatives). Modifiers tend to come before complements when the VP isn't fronted; when fully fronted to the beginning of a sentence, the modifiers come before the head, which is followed by intercalations.

Morphosemantic Auxiliary Constructions

VPs that include a main verb in the form of an auxiliary and a non-finite verb are auxiliary constructions and are usually used in construction of semantosyntactic (analytic) tenses. The primary constructions formed by the use of an auxiliary and a non-finite complement are optatives and futures. Passives are the only construction (otherwise also known as auxiliary passive constructions) formed using an auxiliary and a passive finite complement verb. The primary difference between passive and auxiliary constructions is that passives may be infinitivised and thus plugged into auxiliary constructions, something auxiliary constructions can't do.

Optatives are formed using vasą. The structure of an optative requires vąsa and an infinitive, where vasą is appropriately conjugated in the context. Optatives are most frequently used as invocations or wishes of good or bad fortune. Third person optatives are sometimes also used as soft imperatives, but still carry an optative meaning. Optatives exist only in the past and present; present optatives have both a present and future meaning. Optative imperatives also serve the function of future imperatives.

Futures are formed using skolą, bēttą and mēttą. The structure of a future requires a conjugated auxiliary and an infinitive. There exists a semantic difference between futures formed with different auxiliaries.
Futures formed with skolą have a connotation of certainty or finality; they're used to express immediate or spontaneous decisions, immediately proximate events or fixed, fairly immutable plans. Futures formed with mēttą are weaker than those with skolą, in that they represent potential and uncertain, flexible plans and arrangements; it is commonly used with longer-distance plans and predictions and thus are not quite as strong as those formed with skolą. Futures formed with bēttą carry a connotation of impersonality or lack of agency: they are thus commonly used with intransitives and passives.

Passives are formed using varðą and a passive verb conjugated for person. For finite passives, this means the passive verb is doubly marked for person. Passives can thus be made into a complex passive infinitive, with the auxiliary varðą in the infinitive but its passive conjugated for person. When used as an infinitive and plugged into auxiliary constructions, nothing except simple adverbs can come between the auxiliary and passive. After passivisation, the original nominative argument may be recovered by transformation into an oblique NP in the accusative with the preposition frą̄.

Copula Complementation

VPs that include a copula (in any sort of construction) take either a bare (non-adposited) copular complement in the nominative ('direct complement) or a complement in case with an adposition or an AbP, CIC or AbC (oblique complement). These are distinguished from copuliform constructions that include pseudo-copulative verbs but take bare complements in case (indirect complement). There is no difference in form between directly and indirectly complemented copular VPs, although indirectly complemented VPs are usually somewhat less flexible when it comes to word order and intercalation.

Independent Clauses

Vāgøgjaskt has a relatively simple elementary independent clause (SC) structure. Its shape -- and thus function -- depends primarily on the subject, object and verb, otherwise also termed its constituents. The subject and object constituents are either NPs or CICs, while the verb constituent can only be the VP. The most general ordering of constituents in simple SCs is SVO. This standard order is further modified by a strong tendency to put the head of a VP in the absolute second place in the clause (V2), allowing intercalation of other constituents after the verb. When the VP is fronted to the absolute beginning of the sentence, the V2 rule shifts its modifiers to stand before it, thus necessitating intercalation. The verb thus cannot be fronted to the absolute initial position.

SC questions can either be binary or complex. Binary questions demand yes, no or echo answers; they are formed by fronting the verb to the absolute initial position in the clause, thus often chaining constituents like so: verb-subject-VP.modifiers-(verb)-object.
Complex questions are introduced by a question word, such as hvī or hvas, and follow the structure of binary questions, with omissions where necessary.

Dependent Clauses

Vāgøgjaskt employs several different types of relative clause, each with its own form and mechanisms of action. All dependent clauses have an element that introduces them. Some clauses might have a referent to which they refer to, though that varies by clause type.

Relative Clauses

Relative clauses (RCs) are a type of dependent clause in Vāgøgjaskt that is introduced by the relative pronoun sam. They always have a referent. The order of constituents in such a clause is more rigid than in an independent clause or a generalised subordinate clause: the relative pronoun always comes first, and is then followed by other elements, most frequently a verb. The relative pronoun is marked for case and number as befits its role and purpose in the clause. If the pronoun is to take an adposition, the adposition is universally moved to the end of the clause. Third person pronominal referents are usually replaced with demonstrative pronouns.

Adverbial Clauses

Adverbial clauses (AbCs) are a type of dependent clause that is introduced primarily by question words such as hvar and hvī. They lack a referrent when they are oblique complements to copulae, but have one when acting as modifiers to generalised VPs. They consistently begin with the question word, which is then followed by other elements. Their referrents are usually demonstrative equivalents of the question words (þar and þvī for the examples); interrogative personal pronouns thus refer to demonstrative personal pronouns.

General Subordinate Clauses

There are a few general subordinate clause types in Vāgøgjaskt that generally have the same form: these are declarative, conditional, binary interrogative, complex interrogative and preconditional clauses.

Declarative clauses (DCs) are the simplest in shape: they're introduced by the conjunctions at and þiʀ. The word order in the clause is relatively free after both. The primary difference between the two is in use: at introduces factual and straightforward clauses in the indicative, and þiʀ introduces subjunctive clauses that often carry meanings of uncertainty, wishes, expectations and possibilities.

Conditional clauses (CCs) are introduced with the conjunction ef. Word order in CCs is relatively free, although there is a tendency to put all pronominal arguments before the verb. CCs can be both indicative and subjunctive; while this is conditioned by the level of certainty and factuality encoded in the semantics of the clause, they're most frequently subjunctive. They introduce conditions on which the main clause derives; "if".

Preconditional clauses (PCs) are introduced with the conjunctive clusters þvī at and þvī þiʀ. If the clauses are word initial, they take the preposition af. The primary difference between the two is that the first introduces indicative and the second subjunctive clauses. They introduce conditions due to which the main clause isn't false; "because".

Binary interrogative clauses (BICs) are introduced with the conjunction hvaðraʀ. They can either be indicative or subjunctive; this is conditioned by the level of certainty, factuality and possibility encoded in the clauses. They introduce a binary possibility; "whether".

Complex interrogative clauses (CICs) are introduced by question words such as hvar or hvaʀ. They generally follow the word order of independent clauses, with adverbs having a tendency to be fronted. They can either be indicative or subjunctive; this is conditioned by the context and semantics of the clause itself. The question words decline in case, gender and number (whenever possible) to fit their function inside the clause; they are considered regular clause constituents, despite referring to something clause-external. They can function as verb arguments and modifiers when bare, and copular complements only if they have a demonstrative referent to head them.

Pronouns and Articles

Personal pronouns:

	Singular					Dual		Plural
	1st	2nd	3rd			1st	2nd	1st	2nd	3rd
			Masc.	Fem.	Neut.					Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
NOM/VOC	jak	þū	jānn	jȫnn	þat	vit	þit	vēʀ	ȳʀ	þeir þeiʀ	þø̄r	þō
ACC	mek	þek	jānna	jānn		ūkk	ykk	ūss	yrr	þann
DAT	miʀ	þiʀ	jāmm	jānni	þimm	ūkkʀ	ykkʀ			þeiʀa
GEN	mīnn	þīnn	jānas	jānnaʀ	þāʀ	ūkkarr	ykkarr	ūssarr	yrrarr	þeim

Possessive pronouns:

		1st Person Sg			2nd Person Sg			1st Person Pl			Reflexive
		Masc	Fem	Neut	Masc	Fem	Neut	Masc	Fem	Neut	Masc	Fem	Neut
Sing.	NOM/VOC	mīnn	mīn	mītt	þīnn	þīn	þītt	vārr	vār	vārt	sīnn	sīn	sītt
	ACC		mīna			þīna			vāra			sīna
	DAT	mīnų	mīną	mīnų	þīnų	þīną	þīnų	vārų	vārą	vārų	sīnų	sīną	sīnų
	GEN	mīns			þīns			vārs	vārraʀ	vārs	sīns
Plur.	NOM/VOC	mīniʀ	mīnaʀ	mīn	þīniʀ	þīnaʀ	þīn	vāriʀ	vāraʀ	vār	sīniʀ	sīnaʀ	sīn
	ACC	mīnaʀ			þīnaʀ			vāraʀ			sīnaʀ
	DAT	mīnum			þīnum			vānum			sīnum
	GEN	mīną			þīną			vārną			sīną

Interrogative pronouns - the singular paradigm is taken from *hwaz and the plural paradigm from *hwarjaz:

	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.
NOM	hvaʀ	hveri	hvō	hvörr	hvat	hvöri
ACC	hvön	hverinn	hvǭ	hvarjar
DAT	hvemm hvemmi	hverra	hvöʀ	hverra	hvemm hvemmi	hverra
GEN	hvas	hverimʀ	hvörr	hverimʀ	hvas	hverimʀ

Elective pronouns - anything/something; the paradigm is a result of a merger of the interrogative pronoun and nøkkvarr:

	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.
NOM	nøkkaʀ	nøkkri	nøkka	nøkkurr	nøkkvat	nøkkri
ACC	nøkkun	nøkkvinn	nøkkvą	nøkkjar
DAT	nøkkvamm nøkki	nøkkarra	nøkkuʀ	nøkkarra	nøkkvamm nøkki	nøkkarra
GEN	nøkkvas	nøkkmʀ	nøkkurr	nøkkmʀ	nøkkvas	nøkkmʀ

Universal pronouns - everything, everyone; the paradigm derives from *allaz:

	Singular			Plural
	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Masc/Fem.	Neut.
NOM	alliʀ	allaʀ	allsak	allfulką	öllsak
ACC	öllun	allin
DAT	alli	allja	allsaki	öllum
GEN	alljas	alljarr	allsaks	allą

Relative pronouns - which, who; the paradigm derives from a reduced form of *samaz:

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	sam
Accusative	söm
Dative	sam	sömum
Genitive	samʀ	samną

Universal determiner pronoun - everything, everyone, all; derived from *allaz:

	Singular			Plural
	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
NOM	allʀ	öll	allt	alliʀ	allaʀ	öll
ACC	allą	all		alląʀ		all
DAT	alli			öllum
GEN	alls	allʀaʀ allaʀ	alls	allą

Definite article - derived from *jainaz:

	Singular			Plural
	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
NOM	īðʀ	īn	īt	īniʀ	īnjaʀ	īn
ACC	īną			īnjąʀ		īną
DAT	īmʀ			jömum
GEN	īns	īðʀ īnnaʀ	īns	īną

Nouns

Våg Islander nouns come in three genders -- masculine, feminine and neuter -- and can be in the nominative, accusative, dative and genitive cases (with a marginal vocative still somewhat distinct). They can be singular or plural (although some are singularia/pluralia tantum and have only one number; others have a new dual form that is mostly identical to the plural) and can be definite or indefinite.

R-Stems

Våg Islander ʀ-stem nouns are mostly inherited from Proto-Germanic a-stem masculines that ended in *-az. They are exclusively masculine and end in either -ʀ or a geminated consonant that's the product of a merger with the *-ʀ. Example noun <maðʀ> (man, human; also i-stem):

	Number
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	maðʀ	manniʀ	mannaʀ	menniʀniʀ
Vocative	mann	manniʀ	mannaʀ	mennįʀniʀ menniʀniʀ
Accusative	mann	manną	mannąʀ	mannąʀą
Dative	manni	mannina	mönnum	mönnunum
Genitive	manns	mannsins	manną	mannąną

They generally take these suffixes:

	Number
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	-ʀ	-iʀ	-aʀ	-iʀniʀ+I
Vocative	-0	-iʀ	-aʀ	-įʀniʀ+I -iʀniʀ+I
Accusative	-0	-ą	-ąʀ	-ąʀą
Dative	-i	-ina	-um+U	-unum+U
Genitive	-s	-sins	-ą	-ąną

Ą-Stems

Våg Islander ą-stem nouns are mostly inherited from Proto-Germanic a-stem neuters that ended in *-ą. They're exclusively neuter and are suffixless. Example noun <djūʀ> (animal, critter):

	Number
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	djūʀ	djūʀit	djūʀ	djūʀa
Vocative	djūʀ	djūʀit	djūʀ	djūʀa
Accusative	djūʀ	djūʀit	djūʀ	djūʀa
Dative	djūʀi	djūʀina	djūʀum	djūʀunum
Genitive	djūʀs djūss	djūʀsins djūssins	djūʀą	djūrąną

They generally take these suffixes:

	Number
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	-0	-it	-0+U	-a+U
Vocative	-0	-it	-0+U	-a+U
Accusative	-0	-it	-0+U	-a+U
Dative	-i	-ina	-um+U	-unum+U
Genitive	-s	-sins	-ą	-ąną

AN-Stem Neuters

Våg Islander an-stem neuters (even though not all of them are neuter) are inherited from Proto-Germanic an-stem neuters (that ended in *-ô). They end in -a. Example noun <auga> (eye):

	Number
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	auga	augat	augų	augna
Vocative	auga	augat	augų	augna
Accusative	auga	augat	augų	augna
Dative	augi	augina	augum	augunum
Genitive	augʀ	augʀins	augą	augąną

They generally take these suffixes:

	Number
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	-a	-at	-ų	-na
Vocative	-a	-at	-ų	-na
Accusative	-a	-at	-ų	-na
Dative	-i	-ina	-um+U	-unum+U
Genitive	-ʀ	-ʀins	-ą	-ąną

AN-Stem Masculines

Våg Islander an-stem masculines (even though not all of them are masculine) are inherited from Proto-Germanic an-stem masculines. They end in -i. Example noun <ękki> (ache, regret, longing):

	Number
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	ękki	ękkiʀ	ękkaʀ	ękkaʀniʀ
Vocative	ękka	ękkiʀ	ękkaʀ	ękkaʀniʀ
Accusative	ękka	ękką	ękkąʀ	ękkąʀą
Dative	ękki	ękkina	ękkum	ękkunum
Genitive	ękkʀ	ękkʀins	ękką	ękkąną

They generally take these suffixes:

	Number
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	-i	-iʀ	-aʀ	-aʀniʀ
Vocative	-a	-iʀ	-aʀ	-aʀniʀ
Accusative	-a	-ą	-ąʀ	-ąʀą
Dative	-i	-ina	-um+U	-unum+U
Genitive	-ʀ	-ʀins	-ą	-ąną

U-Stems

Våg Islander u-stem nouns are inherited from Proto-Germanic u-stems that ended in either *-u (neuter) or *-uz (animate). They either end in -ʀ, a geminate that came from the merger of an earlier *-ʀ, or in a bare stem. Example masculine noun <mjöðʀ> (mead):

	Number
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	mjöðʀ	mjöðiʀ	miðiʀ	miðiʀniʀ
Vocative	mjöð	mjöðiʀ	miðiʀ	miðiʀniʀ
Accusative	mjöð	mjöðą	miðį	miðįʀą
Dative	mjöði	mjöðina	mjöðum	mjöðunum
Genitive	mjaðʀ	mjaðʀins mjaðsins	mjaðą	mjaðąną

They generally take these suffixes:

	Number
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	-ʀ+U	-iʀ+U	-iʀ+I	-iʀniʀ+I
Vocative	-0+U	-iʀ+U	-iʀ+I	-iʀniʀ+I
Accusative	-0+U	-ą+U	-į+I	-įʀą+I
Dative	-i+U	-ina+U	-um+U	-unum+U
Genitive	-ʀ*	-ʀins* -sins*	-ą*	-ąną*

Example neuter noun <spjör> (spear, stick)

	Number
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	spjör	spjörit	spjör	spjörna
Vocative	spjör	spjörit	spjör	spjörna
Accusative	spjör	spjörit	spjör	spjörna
Dative	spjöri	spjörina	spjörum	spjörunum
Genitive	spjarr	spjarrins spjarsins	spjarą	spjarąną

They generally take these suffixes:

	Number
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	-0+U	-it+U	-0+U	-na+U
Vocative	-0+U	-it+U	-0+U	-na+U
Accusative	-0+U	-it+U	-0+U	-na+U
Dative	-i+U	-ina+U	-um+U	-unum+U
Genitive	-ʀ	-ʀins -sins	-ą	-ąną

I-Stems

Våg Islander i-stems are inherited from Proto-Germanic i-stems that ended in *-iz. They end in -ʀ and are primarily masculine, with the occasional feminine exception. Most female i-stems can also decline as ja-stems. Example noun <ittʀ> (paralysis, pain, anguish):

	Number
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	ittʀ	ittiʀ	ittiʀ	ittiʀniʀ
Vocative	itt	ittiʀ	ittiʀ	ittiʀniʀ
Accusative	itt	ittį	ittį	ittįʀą
Dative	itt	ittna	ittjum	ittjunum
Genitive	itts	ittʀins ittsins	ittją	ittjąną

They generally take the suffixes:

	Number
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	-ʀ	-iʀ	-iʀ	-iʀniʀ
Vocative	-0	-iʀ	-iʀ	-iʀniʀ
Accusative	-0	-į	-į	-įʀą
Dative	-0	-na	-jum	-junum
Genitive	-s	-ʀins -sins	-ją	-jąną

Ja-Stems

Våg Islander ja-stems are inherited from Proto-Germanic jō-stems that ended in -ī with an -ijō appearing throughout the paradigm. They usually end in -ʀ or a geminate arisen from the merger of a consonant with the *-ʀ. This -ʀ is considered a Norse influence. They're invariably feminine. Some of the ja-stems can also decline as i-stems. Example noun <ylgʀ> (fox):

	Number
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	ylgʀ	ylgʀi	ylgjaʀ	ylgjaʀniʀ
Vocative	ylg	ylgʀi	ylgjaʀ	ylgjaʀniʀ
Accusative	ylg	ylgi	ylgjaʀ	ylgjaniʀ
Dative	ylgi	ylgiʀi	ylgjum	ylgjunum
Genitive	ylgjaʀ	ylgjaʀaʀ	ylgją	ylgjąną

They generally take these suffixes:

	Number
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	-ʀ	-ʀi	-jaʀ	-jaʀniʀ
Vocative	-0	-ʀi	-jaʀ	-jaʀniʀ
Accusative	-0	-i	-jaʀ	-janiʀ
Dative	-i	-iʀi	-jum	-junum
Genitive	-jaʀ	-jaʀaʀ	-ją	-jąną

A-Stems

Våg Islander a-stems are inherited from Proto-Germanic ō-stems. They variably end in either -a or a bare u-umlauted stem; the choice between the two is irregular, and some nouns may have both forms simultaneously. Many words that end in -a derive from Proto-Germanic feminines that ended in a nasalised -ǭ but they have generally been denasalised in Vāgøgjaskt. They're generally feminine. Example a-terminated noun <hjarða> (swarm, herd):

	Number
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	hjarða	hjarði	hjarðaʀ	hjarðaʀniʀ
Vocative	hjarðą	hjarði	hjarðaʀ	hjarðaʀniʀ
Accusative	hjarðą	hjarðį	hjarðaʀ	hjarðaniʀ
Dative	hjarði	hjarðiʀi	hjörðum	hjörðunum
Genitive	hjarðaʀ	hjarðaʀaʀ	hjarðą	hjarðąną

They generally take the suffixes:

	Number
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	-a	-i	-aʀ	-aʀniʀ
Vocative	-ą	-i	-aʀ	-aʀniʀ
Accusative	-ą	-į	-aʀ	-aniʀ
Dative	-i	-iʀi	-um+u	-unum+u
Genitive	-aʀ	-aʀaʀ	-ą	-ąną

Example stem-terminated noun: <löð> (acceptance, surrender):

	Number
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	löð	löði	laðaʀ	laðaʀniʀ
Vocative	löð	löði	laðaʀ	laðaʀniʀ
Accusative	löð	löðį	laðaʀ	laðaniʀ
Dative	löði	löðiʀi	löðum	löðunum
Genitive	laðaʀ	laðaʀaʀ	laðą	laðąną

They generally take the suffixes:

	Number
	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	-0+u	-i+u	-aʀ	-aʀniʀ
Vocative	-0+u	-i+u	-aʀ	-aʀniʀ
Accusative	-0+u	-į+u	-aʀ	-aniʀ
Dative	-i+u	-iʀi+u	-um+u	-unum+u
Genitive	-aʀ	-aʀaʀ	-ą	-ąną

Adjectives

Våg Islander adjectives agree in case, gender and number with the phrase they modify. They're divided into a-stems, i-stems and u-stems. Comparatives and superlatives are exclusively i-stems. Participles have their own inflectional particularities. They have four grades of comparison:

1. Standard (1)
2. Comparative (2)
3. Superlative (3)
4. Excessive (4)

They also have a negative form for adjectives, where they denote the absence, not the presence, of a property. All the adjectives have a default grade, this usually being the standard; some can have the negative as a default. Some adjectives lack some of the grades; if an adjective's default isn't the standard and instead is a higher number, it doesn't have grades of a lower number. Some adjectives whose default is the standard grade may sometimes also lack grades of a higher number; these are called absolute adjectives.

Most positive adjectives can be turned into negatives (and negatives into positives) using the prefixes ų̄-/ǭ-. Some adjectives have suppletive opposites.

Comparatives are formed with the suffix -ʀi (i-stem), superlatives with -stʀi (i-stem) and excessives with -spiðʀ (a-stem or u-stem).

A-Stems

Våg Islander a-stem adjectives make up the majority of the language's adjectives; most regular default-grade adjectives are a-stems, and all newly-coined or -derived adjectives (excepting analogical formations) are by default a-stems. Excessives are usually also a-stems. They derive from Proto-Germanic a-stem adjectives that ended in -az.

They generally take the suffixes:

	Singular			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative/Vocative	-ʀ	-0+u	-t	-i	-aʀ	-0+u
Accusative	-ą			-ąʀ		-ąʀ
Dative	-im	-iʀ	-im	-um
Genitive	-s	-ʀaʀ	-s	-ʀą -iʀą

I-Stems

Våg Islander i-stems are a minority in the language; most adjectives of this class are actually comparatives or superlatives of other adjectives. The ones that are i-stems in the standard grade were either i-stems (ending in -iz) or īn-stems (ending in -ô) in Proto-Germanic. They are invariably i-umlauted; this is significant for comparatives and superlatives.

The regular declension of these adjectives is with these suffixes:

	Singular			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative/Vocative	-i	-0	-a	-ann	-inn	-ą
Accusative	-ą	-į	-ų	-ąnn	-įnn	-ąnn
Dative	-į			-um
Genitive	-inn			-aną	-iną	-aną

The comparative suffix -ʀi declines as:

	Singular			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative/Vocative	-ʀi	-ʀ	-ʀa	-ʀann	-ʀinn	-ʀą
Accusative	-ʀą	-ʀį	-ʀų	-ʀąnn	-ʀįnn	-ʀąnn
Dative	-ʀį			-ʀum
Genitive	-ʀinn			-ʀąna	-ʀiną	-ʀaną

The superlative suffix -stʀi declines as:

	Singular			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative/Vocative	-stʀi	-istʀ	-stʀa	-stʀann	-stʀinn	-stʀą
Accusative	-stʀą	-stʀį	-stʀų	-stʀąnn	-stʀįnn	-stʀąnn
Dative	-stʀį			-stʀum
Genitive	-stʀinn			-stʀąna	-stʀiną	-stʀaną

U-Stems

Våg Islander u-stems are a minority in the language. They derive from Proto-Germanic u-stems that ended in -uz. They include some excessives and some standard-grade adjectives. The standard-grade adjectives of this class can either be umlauted or unumlauted. Example unumlauted adjective <mjarkʀ> (dark, dim):

	Singular			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative/Vocative	mjarkʀ	mjörki	mjarkt	mjörki	mjörkjaʀ	mjörkja
Accusative	mjörkją	mjörkį		mjörkann		mjörkann
Dative	mjarkį	mjörkimʀ	mjörkʀa	mjörkum
Genitive	mjarks	mjarkną	mjarks	mjarkʀą

They generally take the suffixes:

	Singular			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative/Vocative	-ʀ	-i+u	-t	-i+u	-jaʀ+u	-ja+u
Accusative	-ją+u	-į+u		-ann+u		-ann+u
Dative	-į	-imʀ+u	-ʀa+u	-um+u
Genitive	-s	-ną	-s	-ʀą

Example umlauted adjective <hnöskʀ> (not strong, not brave):

	Singular			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative/Vocative	hnöskʀ	hnöski	hnöskt	hnöski	hnöskjaʀ	hnöskja
Accusative	hnöskją	hnöskį		hnöskann		hnöskann
Dative	hnöskį	hnöskimʀ	hnöskʀa	hnöskum
Genitive	hnasks	hnaskʀą	hnasks	hnaskʀą

They generally take the suffixes:

	Singular			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative/Vocative	-ʀ+u	-i+u	-t+u	-i+u	-jaʀ+u	-ja+u
Accusative	-ją+u	-į+u		-ann+u		-ann+u
Dative	-į+u	-imʀ+u	-ʀa+u	-um+u
Genitive	-s	-ʀą	-s	-ʀą

Participles

Participles in Vāgøgjaskt are a very peculiar class of adjectives: even though they modify nouns in the same manner as adjectives do, they decline like nouns of various declension classes. Present participles decline like an-stems, where the masculine and feminine both take the masculine and neuters the neuter subclass of the declension type, and past participles decline like u-stems, where masculines and feminines take animate endings and neuters inanimate endings. Participles thus distinguish only between two genders, grouped for easier reference as common and neuter.

Verbs

Våg Islander verbs are divided into 4 weak and 7 strong verb classes, with some irregular strong verbs being unclassified. They conjugate for the present and past tenses, as well as the active and passive voices. They can be either indicative or subjunctive. The passive is formed by the co-passive form of the verb (f.e. <drękkjand> of <drękkją>) and the active forms of the auxiliary <varða>.

Auxiliaries

Våg Islander auxiliaries are irregular verbs that are primarily used as copulas or in the formation of certain tenses, voices or other periphrastic items. The most frequent auxiliary verbs are <vasą> (PGmc *wesaną -- be; optative auxiliary; copula), <varðą> (PGmc *werþaną -- become, change (into); passive auxiliary; inchoative copula), <mēttą> (cf SSm <maehtedh> -- be able/can; future auxiliary), <bēttą> (cf SSm <båetedh> -- come, arrive; future auxiliary) and <skolą> (PGmc *skulaną -- future auxiliary).

All of these verbs, except <bēttą> (and marginally <varðą>), only have active forms and all of them are irregular in their inflection. <vasą>, <skolą> and <varðą> furthermore have a suppletive conjugation, and <bēttą> is very irregular though not quite truly suppletive.

The conjugation of <vasą>:

		Present		Past
		Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.
Indicative	1st	em	esum	vas	vēsum vāsum
	2nd	es	esuð	vast	vēsuð vāsuð
	3rd	est	esu esų	vas	vēsų vāsų
Subjunctive	1st	sē	sēm	vēsi	vēsim
	2nd	sēs	sēð	vēsiʀ	vēsið
	3rd	sē	sę̄	vēsi	vēsį
Participle		vasandi	vasandaʀ	vasann	vasaniʀ
Imperative	1st		esiviʀ
	2nd	estu	esiʀ

The auxiliary <skolą> had its past tense supplanted by the preterite of <*mōtaną>. It doesn't have participles or imperatives. Its conjugation:

		Present		Past
		Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.
Indicative	1st	skal	skulum	mōsa	mø̄sum
	2nd	skalt	skuluð	mōsaʀ	mø̄suð
	3rd	skal	skolą skulų	mōsa	mø̄sų
Subjunctive	1st	skyl skylį	skylim	mø̄sið	mø̄sim
	2nd	skyliʀ	skylið	mø̄siʀ	mø̄sið
	3rd	skyl	skylį	mø̄sið	mø̄sį

The verb <varðą> has multiple meanings and three different conjugations based on meaning. The first is when it means "change", where it has a passive and its past tense is formed with the co-passive of an otherwise non-extant verb <**ottą>. The second is when it means "become" and its past is supplanted by the past of <bøytą> (to arrive, to approach), otherwise a regular weak class II verb. The third is when it is an auxiliary or copula, where its past tense is supplanted by the past tense of apparently an irregular malformation, theoretically <**urðą>. Its conjugation:

		Present		Past
		Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.
Indicative	1st	varða	örðum	otta bøytaða urða	ottand bøytaðum urðum
	2nd	virðiʀ	virðið	ottaʀ bøytaðiʀ urt	ottand bøytaðuð urðuð
	3rd	virðið	varðą	ottað bøytaði urða	ottand boytaðų urðų
Subjunctive	1st	varða	varðim	ottað bøytaði yrði	ottund bøytaðim yrðim
	2nd	varðiʀ	varðið	ottaʀ bøytaðiʀ yrðiʀ	ottund bøytaðið yrðið
	3rd	varði	varðį	ottað bøytaði yrði	ottund bøytaðį yrðį
Passive	1st	otta	ottand	ottað	ottund
	2nd	ottaʀ		ottaʀ
	3rd	ottað		ottað
Participle		varðandi	varðandaʀ	ottann	ottaniʀ
Imperative	1st		varðiviʀ
	2nd	varðaðu	varðiʀ

The verb <bēttą> is actually the merger of a loaned Sámi verb (compare with SSm <båetedh>) and the paradigms of a native Germanic verb derived from PGmc <*beuną>, otherwise unattested in Våg Islander. It is used to form the future and is extremely irregular. Its fully loaned equivalent <mēttą> is a regular weak class II verb. Its conjugation resembles that of strong verbs:

		Present		Past
		Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.
Indicative	1st	bētta	bēttum	bās	būsum būʀum
	2nd	bēttiʀ	bēttið	bāst	būsuð būʀuð
	3rd	bēttið	bēttą	bās	būsų būʀu
Subjunctive	1st	bø̄gja	bø̄vim	bēʀi	bēʀim
	2nd	bø̄giʀ	bø̄við	bēʀiʀ	bēʀið
	3rd	bø̄gi	bø̄vį	bēʀi	bēʀį
Passive	1st	bātti	bāttand	būʀað	būʀund
	2nd	bāttiʀ		būttaʀ
	3rd	bāttið		būttað
Participle		bēttandi	bēttandaʀ	būʀann	būʀaniʀ
Imperative	1st		bēttiviʀ
	2nd	bēttiðu	bēttiʀ

Weak Class I

Inherited from Proto-Germanic -ij- and -j- verbs, the first class of weak verbs has mostly causatives and denominatives that may have shifted semantically over time. It also includes <bringją> (PGmc <bringaną> -- bring). Their infinitives end in -ją, from *-(i)janą. Example verb: <drękkją> (get drunk):

		Present		Past
		Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.
Indicative	1st	drękki	drękkjum	drękkða	drękkðum
	2nd	drękkiʀ	drękkið	drękkðiʀ	drękkðuð
	3rd	drękkið	drękkją	drękkði	drękkðų
Subjunctive	1st	drękki	drękkim	drękkði	drękkðim
	2nd	drękkiʀ	drękkið	drękkðiʀ	drękkðið
	3rd	drękki	drękkį	drękkði	drękkðį
Passive	1st	drękki	drękkjand	drękkjuð	drękkjund
	2nd	drękkjaʀ		drękkjuʀ
	3rd	drękkjað		drękkjuð
Participle		drękkjandi	drękkjandaʀ	drękkjann	drękkjaniʀ
Imperative	1st		drękkiviʀ
	2nd	drękkiðu	drękkiʀ

They are in general conjugated with the following suffixes:

		Present		Past
		Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.
Indicative	1st	-i	-jum	-ða	-ðum
	2nd	-iʀ	-ið	-ðiʀ	-ðuð
	3rd	-ið	-ją	-ði	-ðų
Subjunctive	1st	-i	-im	-ði	-ðim
	2nd	-iʀ	-ið	-ðiʀ	-ðið
	3rd	-i	-į	-ði	-ðį
Passive	1st	-i	-jand	-juð	-jund
	2nd	-jaʀ		-juʀ
	3rd	-jað		-juð
Participle		-jandi	-jandaʀ	-jann	-janiʀ
Imperative	1st		-iviʀ
	2nd	-iðu	-iʀ

Weak Class II

Inherited from Proto-Germanic -ō- and -ā- verbs, it has verbs of various meanings, including duty-denominalisers and some factitives. Their infinitives end in -ą, from *-ōną. Example verb: <baðą> (wash, bathe):

		Present		Past
		Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.
Indicative	1st	baða	böðum	baðaða	baðaðum
	2nd	baðaʀ	baðað	baðaðiʀ	baðaðuð
	3rd	baðað	baðą	baðaði	baðaðų
Subjunctive	1st	baða	baðam	baðaði	baðaðim
	2nd	baðaʀ	baðað	baðaðiʀ	baðaðið
	3rd	baða	baðą	baðaði	baðaðį
Passive	1st	baða	baðand	baðað	böðund
	2nd	baðaʀ		baðaʀ
	3rd	baðað		baðað
Participle		baðandi	baðandaʀ	baðann	baðaniʀ
Imperative	1st		baðaviʀ
	2nd	baðaðu	baðiʀ

They are conjugated with the suffixes:

		Present		Past
		Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.
Indicative	1st	-a	-um+u	-aða	-aðum
	2nd	-aʀ	-að	-aðiʀ	-aðuð
	3rd	-að	-ą	-aði	-aðų
Subjunctive	1st	-a	-am	-aði	-aðim
	2nd	-aʀ	-að	-aðiʀ	-aðið
	3rd	-a	-ą	-aði	-aðį
Passive	1st	-a	-and	-að	-und+u
	2nd	-aʀ		-aʀ
	3rd	-að		-að
Participle		-andi	-andaʀ	-ann	-aniʀ
Imperative	1st		-aviʀ
	2nd	-aðu	-iʀ

Weak Class III

Inherited from Proto-Germanic Class III -ja- verbs, it fails to include the -ā- verbs which have merged with -ō- verbs. Their infinitives usually end in -ją. Example verb <vekją> (awaken):

		Present		Past
		Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.
Indicative	1st	veki	vekjum !vøkjum	vekið	vekiðum
	2nd	vekiʀ	vekið	vekiðiʀ	vekiðið
	3rd	vekið	vekją	vekiði	vekiðų
Subjunctive	1st	vekja	vekjam	vekjaði	vekjaðim
	2nd	vekjaʀ	vekjað	vekjaðiʀ	vekjaðið
	3rd	vekja	vekją	vekjaði	vekjaðį
Passive	1st	vekja	vekjand	vekjað	vekjund
	2nd	vekjaʀ		vekjaʀ
	3rd	vekjað		vekjað
Participle		vekjandi	vekjandaʀ	vekjann	vekjaniʀ
Imperative	1st		vekiviʀ
	2nd	vekiðu	vekiʀ

They are conjugated with the suffixes:

		Present		Past
		Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.
Indicative	1st	-i	-jum	-ið	-iðum
	2nd	-iʀ	-ið	-iðiʀ	-iðið
	3rd	-ið	-ją	-iði	-iðų
Subjunctive	1st	-ja	-jam	-jaði	-jaðim
	2nd	-jaʀ	-jað	-jaðiʀ	-jaðið
	3rd	-ja	-ją	-jaði	-jaðį
Passive	1st	-ja	-jand	-jað	-jund
	2nd	-jaʀ		-jaʀ
	3rd	-jað		-jað
Participle		-jandi	-jandaʀ	-jann	-janiʀ
Imperative	1st		-iviʀ
	2nd	-iðu	-iʀ

Weak Class IV

Inherited from Proto-Germanic -na-, it has since expanded to a slightly larger base of derived verbs that are mostly inchoative or fientive (adjectives conjugated as verbs). They have neither a passive nor a past participle, and are always intransitive. Their infinitives end in -ną or -nną. Due to the nature of the PGmc. suffix *-naną and due to further analogy, many of the verbs that have a stressed -o- or -e- have -u- and -i- in the subjunctive present respectively; this gives the verbs a pseudo-strong alternation. Example verb <dolną> (be mad, go crazy):

		Present		Past
		Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.
Indicative	1st	dolna	dolnam	dolnaða	dolnaðam
	2nd	dolnaʀ	dolnað	dolnaðaʀ	dolnaðað
	3rd	dolnað	dolną	dolnaða	dolnaðą
Subjunctive	1st	dulna	dulnam	dolnaði	dolnaðim
	2nd	dulnaʀ	dulnað	dolnaðiʀ	dolnaðið
	3rd	dulna	dulną	dolnaði	dolnaðį
Participle		dolnandi	dolnandaʀ
Imperative	1st		dolniviʀ
	2nd	dolnaðu	dolniʀ

They conjugate with the following suffixes:

		Present		Past
		Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.
Indicative	1st	-na	-nam	-naða	-naðam
	2nd	-naʀ	-nað	-naðaʀ	-naðað
	3rd	-nað	-ną	-naða	-naðą
Subjunctive	1st	!-na	!-nam	-naði	-naðim
	2nd	!-naʀ	!-nað	-naðiʀ	-naðið
	3rd	!-na	!-ną	-naði	-naðį
Participle		-nandi	-nandaʀ
Imperative	1st		-niviʀ
	2nd	-naðu	-niʀ

Strong Verbs

All Våg Islander strong verbs possess the same inflectional suffixes, but are formed from four principal parts: the present stem, two past stems and the passive stem. They fall into one of seven classes based on their parts. Some verbs may fall into a class even though not all of its forms line up. The general conjugational pattern for strong verbs is:

		Present		Past
		Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.
Indicative	1st	I-a	I-um+u	II	III-um+u
	2nd	I-iʀ+i	I-ið+i	II-t	III-uð+u
	3rd	I-ið+i	I-ą	II	III-ų+u
Subjunctive	1st	I-a	I-im	III-i+i	III-im+i
	2nd	I-iʀ	I-ið	III-iʀ+i	III-ið+i
	3rd	I-i	I-į	III-i+i	III-į+i
Passive	1st	IV-i+i	IV-and	IV-að	IV-und+u
	2nd	IV-iʀ+i		IV-aʀ
	3rd	IV-ið+i		IV-að
Participle		I-andi	I-andaʀ	IV-ann	IV-aniʀ
Imperative	1st		I-iviʀ
	2nd	I-iðu	I-iʀ

Class I Verbs

Class I strong verbs are inherited from Proto-Germanic class I strong verbs, and they exhibit the following generalised alternation of the stressed vowel:

Princ. Part	Grade
I	-ī-
II	-ei-
III	-i-
IV	-e-

In the active past plural, the sound additionally shifts to <-y-> due to u-umlaut, and in the passive present singular the vowel is instead <-i-> due to a lack of a-umlaut and secondary presence of i-umlaut.
Some malformed class I verbs exist, with the following alternation:

Princ. Part	Grade
I	-e/a/?-
II	-ei-
III	-i-
IV	-e/a/?-

These are derived from Proto-Germanic class I verbs with an *-i- in the present instead of an *-ī-. Their first and fourth parts can contain either <-e-> or <-a->, and this is conditioned by the presence of a previous <-v->. They otherwise follow the same rules as the regular class I verbs.

Example verb <krītą> (shout, growl):

		Present		Past
		Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.
Indicative	1st	krīta	krītum	kreit	krytum
	2nd	krītiʀ	krītið	kreitt	krytuð
	3rd	krītið	krītą	kreit	krytų
Subjunctive	1st	krīta	krītim	kriti	kritim
	2nd	krītiʀ	krītið	kritiʀ	kritið
	3rd	krīti	krītį	kriti	kritį
Passive	1st	kriti	kretand	kretað	kretund
	2nd	kritiʀ		kretaʀ
	3rd	kritið		kretað
Participle		krītandi	krītandaʀ	kretann	kretaniʀ
Imperative	1st		krītiviʀ
	2nd	krītiðu	krītiʀ

Class II Verbs

Class II strong verbs are inherited from Proto-Germanic class II strong verbs, and they come in two variants:

• IIa -- The -jū- verbs, deriving from PGmc -eu- and -ū- in class II verbs
• IIb -- The -øgv- verbs, deriving from PGmc -eww- class II verbs

All of the IIb verbs also have IIa variants that are used about as often as their IIb counterparts. Umlaut is especially prevalent with them. The <-v-> of <-gv-> in IIb verbs doesn't disappear before a rounded vowel, and IIb verbs are resistant to umlaut.
The IIa verbs exhibit the following alternation:

Princ. Part	Grade
I	-jū-
II	-au-
III	-u-
IV	-o-

Example verb <bjūðą> (invite, offer rest to):

		Present		Past
		Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.
Indicative	1st	bjūða	bjūðum	bauð	buðum
	2nd	bjūðiʀ	bjūðið	bautt	buðuð
	3rd	bjūðið	bjūðą	bauð	buðų
Subjunctive	1st	bjūða	bjūðim	byði	byðim
	2nd	bjūðiʀ	bjūðið	byðiʀ	byðið
	3rd	bjūði	bjūðį	byði	byðį
Passive	1st	bøði	boðand	boðað	boðund
	2nd	bøðiʀ		boðaʀ
	3rd	bøðið		boðað
Participle		bjūðandi	bjūðandaʀ	boðann	boðaniʀ
Imperative	1st		bjūðiviʀ
	2nd	bjūðiðu	bjūðiʀ

Class III Verbs

Class III strong verbs are inherited from Proto-Germanic class IIIa and IIIb strong verbs that merged into a single class, as well as most class IV verbs that had <*-e-> in the present without a preceding <*-w->; due to a-umlaut, verbs with <*-i-> in the present have merged with those with <*-e->. Some of the verbs have an <-a-> in the present; this is conditioned by a preceding /v/. The class has split further with some verbs exhibiting e-breaking, with forms existing with both a <-ja-> form and an <-e-> form. All of the <-ja-> verbs are etymologically <*-e-> verbs, but are being analogically replaced by a generalised <-e-> form. Many verbs also retain an unrelated present tense that took a different evolutionary route.

Princ. Part	Grade
I	-e-/-a- -ja-/-?-
II	-a-
III	-u-
IV	-u- -o-

They have two acceptable forms for the passive stem vowel: an analogical <-u-> or an etymological <-o->.
Example verb <lęppą> (crawl):

		Present		Past
		Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.
Indicative	1st	lęppa	lęppum	ląpp	lųppum
	2nd	lęppiʀ	lęppið	ląppt	lųppuð
	3rd	lęppið	lęppą	ląpp	lųppų
Subjunctive	1st	lęppa	lęppim	lỹppi	lỹppim
	2nd	lęppiʀ	lęppið	lỹppiʀ	lỹppið
	3rd	lęppi	lęppį	lỹppi	lỹppį
Passive	1st	lỹppi	lųppand	lųppað	lųppund
	2nd	lỹppiʀ		lųppaʀ
	3rd	lỹppið		lųppað
Participle		lęppandi	lęppandaʀ	lųppann	lųppaniʀ
Imperative	1st		lęppiviʀ
	2nd	lęppiðu	lęppiʀ

Class IV Verbs

The fourth class of strong verbs is nearly defunct, with four verbs in total: <troðą> (trample), <svąrą> (fester, rot, become infected/infested), <kvamą> (approach) and <dvalą> (forget). They exhibit the following alternation:

Princ. Part	Grade
I	-o-/-va-
II	-a-/-va-
III	-ø̄-/-ø-
IV	-o-

Example verb <svąrą>:

		Present		Past
		Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.
Indicative	1st	svąra	svǫ̈rum	svąr	sø̄rum
	2nd	svąriʀ	svąrið	svąrt	sø̄ruð
	3rd	svąrið	svąrą	svąr	sø̨̄rų
Subjunctive	1st	svąra	svąrim	sø̨̄ri	sø̨̄rim
	2nd	svąriʀ	svąrið	sø̨̄riʀ	sø̨̄rið
	3rd	svąri	svąrį	sø̨̄ri	sø̨̄rį
Passive	1st	sø̨ri	sǫrand	sǫrað	sǫrund
	2nd	sø̨riʀ		sǫraʀ
	3rd	sø̨rið		sǫrað
Participle		svąrandi	svąrandaʀ	sǫrann	sǫraniʀ
Imperative	1st		svąriviʀ
	2nd	svąriðu	svąriʀ

Class V Verbs

Class V strong verbs are inherited from most Proto-Germanic class V verbs, specifically excluding verbs with <*-eha-> that turned into new class VII verbs with <-ē->. Class V verbs have one of {-e-, -va-, -ja-, -i-} in the present, but otherwise have the same alternations. Additionally, verbs with <-i-> have two different infinitives: one in <-ją> and one in <-ą>. Some verbs from other strong classes do not have the same present grade as standard class V verbs, but exhibit identical alternations.

They exhibit the following alternation:

Princ. Part	Grade
I	-e-/-va-/-ja-/-i-
II	-a-/-va-
III	-ē-/-vā-
IV	-e-/-va-/-ja-

Example verb <gjatą> (get, receive, obtain):

		Present		Past
		Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.
Indicative	1st	gjata	gjötum	gat	gētum
	2nd	gjatiʀ	gjatið	gatt	gētuð
	3rd	gjatið	gjatą	gat	gētų
Subjunctive	1st	gjata	gjatim	gēti	gētim
	2nd	gjatiʀ	gjatið	gētiʀ	gētið
	3rd	gjati	gjatį	gēti	gētį
Passive	1st	gjati	gjatand	gjatað	gjötund
	2nd	gjatiʀ		gjataʀ
	3rd	gjatið		gjatað
Participle		gjatandi	gjatandaʀ	gjatann	gjataniʀ
Imperative	1st		gjativiʀ
	2nd	gjatiðu	gjatiʀ

Class VI Verbs

Class VI strong verbs are inherited from Germanic class VI verbs, where all of the old <-j-> present verbs had gotten analogised into normal class VI verbs but usually with a <-e-> present. They exhibit the alternation:

Princ. Part	Grade
I	-(v)a-/-e-
II	-ō-
III	-ō-
IV	-a-

Example verb <skeðą> (hurt, insult):

		Present		Past
		Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.
Indicative	1st	skeða	skeðum	skōð	skōðum
	2nd	skeðiʀ	skeðið	skōtt	skōðuð
	3rd	skeðið	skeðą	skōð	skōðų
Subjunctive	1st	skeða	skeðim	skōði	skōðim
	2nd	skeðiʀ	skeðið	skōðiʀ	skōðið
	3rd	skeði	skeðį	skōði	skōðį
Passive	1st	skeði	skaðand	skaðað	sköðund
	2nd	skeðiʀ		skaðaʀ
	3rd	skeðið		skaðað
Participle		skaðandi	skaðandaʀ	skaðann	skaðaniʀ
Imperative	1st		skeðiviʀ
	2nd	skeðiðu	skeðiʀ

Class VII Verbs

Class VII verbs are an innovation from Proto-Germanic class V strong verbs with an <-eha-> or <-ehwa-> in the present, as well as some weak verbs with <-eh->. There is a small number of these verbs.

They exhibit the following alternation:

Princ. Part	Grade
I	-ē/ø̄-
II	-ā/ȫ-
III	-ēg/ēgv-
IV	-eg/egv-

Example verb <ēą> (explain, elaborate):

		Present		Past
		Sg.	Pl.	Sg.	Pl.
Indicative	1st	ēa	ēum	ā	ēgum
	2nd	ēiʀ	ēið	āt	ēguð
	3rd	ēið	ēðą	ā	ēgų
Subjunctive	1st	ēa	ēim	ēgi	ēgim
	2nd	ēiʀ	ēið	ēgiʀ	ēgið
	3rd	ēi	ēį	ēgi	ēgį
Passive	1st	egi	egand	egað	egund
	2nd	egiʀ		egaʀ
	3rd	eigð		egað
Participle		ēandi	ēandaʀ	egann	eganiʀ
Imperative	1st		ēiviʀ
	2nd	ēiðu	ēiʀ

See also

Vāgøgjaskt/Lexicon
Vāgøgjaskt/Texts
Vāgøgjaskt/Poetic Forms

Vāgøgjaskt/Common Western