Conlang
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Valjar is a language evolving from Vjaryir (my 3rd conlang) in an attempt to give new life to an old concept, with similar vocabulary.


Phonology[]

Place of articulation → Labial Coronal Dorsal Radical consonant
Manner of articulation ↓ Bi­la­bial La­bio‐
den­tal
Den­tal Al­veo­lar Post‐
al­veo­lar
Re­tro‐
flex
Pa­la­tal Ve­lar Uvu­lar Pha­ryn‐
geal
Nasal   m        n                   
Plosive p t tʰ k kʰ  
Fricative ɸ f s ʃ ʂ j w
Approx­imant         ɹ                
Trill                
Tap or Flap                  
Lateral Fricative        
Lateral Approx­imant l              
Lateral Flap                


  • if an aspirated consonant is followed by another aspirated consonant, the first is unaspirated
  • if two of the same consonants follow one another then,
    • lengthen if a frictative
    • unaspirate and pronounce only one
    • if a /p/ and /pʰ/ follow one another, they are reduced to /ɸ/


Front Near Front Central Near Back Back
Close i ɯ • u
Near Close ɪ
Mid
Open-mid ɛ ʌ • ɔ
Near Open
Open ɑ

Orthography[]

Alphabet: a b c ç d e f g h i í j k l m o ó p r s t u v w y

Latin a b c ç d e f g i í j k l m n o ó p r s t u ú v w y
IPA ɑ ʃ ʂ ɛ f ɪ i j k l m n ɔ ʌ p ɹ s t u w ɯ ɸ w y

Notes:

  • /w/ and /j/ are both considered semi-vowels, and may only occur before a vowel.
  • [w] before [a, e, o, ó, u], and [u] before [i, í]
  • [j] before [a, e, o, ó], and [y] before [i, í, u]

Grammar[]

Word Order[]

Primary word order is VSO, but with the exception that the verb must come first, is otherwise fairly free.


  • VSO word order - Wanlu vurot nofum. - The fox jumped on ground.
  • Head-Initial - Vur noka. - Red fox.
  • Possessor-Possessed - Vurje vík. - The fox's meal.
  • Attached adpositions - Jelke adot ança. - I live in the house.

Nouns[]

Gender[]

Through various sound changes, the original M/F/N gender system of Vjaryir degraded into a Common/Neuter gender system which generally took the Masculine's inflections. Gender is based on the noun's vowels, in a rudimentary vowel harmony. Nouns with back vowels (a, o, ó, u, ú) are Common gender, while the front vowels (e, i, í) are Neuter gender, and a noun with a mix of the both front and back is Common. Nouns with mixed o/ó and u/ú are rare.

 English Valjar Gender
Fox Vur Common
Bird Kil Neuter
River Maguik Common

Plural[]

There are various plural endings, depending on the noun's vowels, last sound, and gender.

 Gender Vowels Last Sound
Common a, o, ó Vowel
Consonant
u, ú Vowel
Consonant
Neuter e, i, í Vowel
Consonant


Ex. 'Vur. - Fox -> Vurm. - Foxes.


 Gender Vowels Ending
Common a, o, ó -p
u, ú -m
Neuter e, i, í -d

Cases[]

There are a total of 10 cases in Valjar, each inflecting based on noun gender. If a noun ends in a vowel, simply take off the initial vowel of the case.

Case  Sub-case Common Neuter
Nominative Agent -ot -e
Experience -os -es
Accusative Patient -um -im
Prepositional -om -im
Reflexive -ek
Dative -wu -wí
Instrumental -ol -il
Possesive Possessor -je
Possessed -og -ig
Sociative -va -ve

Pronouns[]

There are 4 grammatical persons, the first 3 typical, while 4th person would be similar to the English "one". Pronouns follow case inflection regularly.

Personal:

Person Pronoun Plural
1st ad ap
2nd ív íd
3rd Common ot op
3rd Neuter ic id

4th

it ed

Demonstrative:

Distance Pronoun Plural
Near et etop
Far eta etap

Singular demonstrative pronouns are attached onto the verb as a suffix, the plural noun's going before the demonstrative for plural.

Ex. Vuret. - This fox. -> Vurmet. - These foxes.

Verbs[]

List of all verb tenses, aspects, and moods. Rows are split from top to bottom: past, present, future.

Indicative Conditional Generic Hypothetical Dubitative Negative
Perfect -lu -lufe -lud -lupú -lug -belu
-ke -kef -ked -kepú -keg -beke
-ja -jafe -jad -japú -jag -beja
Progressive -tól -tólfe -tóld -tólpú -tólg -betól
-til -tilfe -tild -tilpú -tilg -betil
-tal -talfe -tald -talpú -talg -betal
Frequentative I -fep -fef -fepd -fepú -fepg -befep
-fek -fef -fekd -fekú -fekg -befek
-feka -fefa -fefad -fefú -fekag -befeka
Frequentative II -gru -grufe -grud -grupú -grug -begru
-gre -gref -gred -grepú -greg -begre
-gra -grafe -grad -grapú -grag -begra
Intentional -uf -uffe -ufd -ufú -ug -buf
-if -iffe -ifd -ifú -ig -bif
-af -affe -afd -afú -ag -baf
Accidental -wó -wófe -wód -wópú -wóg -bwó
-ui -uife -uid -uipú -uig -bui
-wa -wafe -wad -wapú -wag -bwa
Defective -lube -lubfe -lupd -luppú -lubg -belube
-kebe -kebfe -kepd -keppú -kebg -bekebe
-jabe -jabfe -japd -jappú -jabg -bejabe



Questions[]

Questions are very easy to form in Valjar, as there are few question affixes and word order does not change. To form a question, add the appropriate prefix onto the verb.

Ex. Vuretke. - This is a fox. -> Ikvuretke. - Is this a fox?

Example text[]

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