(→Verbs) |
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|rowspan="1"|''-lufe'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-lufe'' |
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|rowspan="1"|''-lud'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-lud'' |
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− | |rowspan="1"| |
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-lupú'' |
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Line 442: | Line 442: | ||
|rowspan="1"|''-kef'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-kef'' |
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|rowspan="1"|''-ked'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-ked'' |
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− | |rowspan="1"| |
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-kepú'' |
|rowspan="1"| |
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Line 449: | Line 449: | ||
|rowspan="1"|''-jafe'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-jafe'' |
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|rowspan="1"|''-jad'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-jad'' |
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− | |rowspan="1"| |
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-japú'' |
|rowspan="1"| |
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Line 457: | Line 457: | ||
|rowspan="1"|''-tólfe'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-tólfe'' |
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|rowspan="1"|''-tóld'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-tóld'' |
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− | |rowspan="1"| |
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-tólpú'' |
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Line 464: | Line 464: | ||
|rowspan="1"|''-tilfe'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-tilfe'' |
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|rowspan="1"| -''tild'' |
|rowspan="1"| -''tild'' |
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− | |rowspan="1"| |
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-tilpú'' |
|rowspan="1"| |
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Line 471: | Line 471: | ||
|rowspan="1"|''-talfe'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-talfe'' |
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|rowspan="1"|''-tald'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-tald'' |
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− | |rowspan="1"| |
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-talpú'' |
|rowspan="1"| |
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Line 479: | Line 479: | ||
|rowspan="1"|''-fef'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-fef'' |
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|rowspan="1"|''-fepd'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-fepd'' |
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− | |rowspan="1"| |
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-fepú'' |
|rowspan="1"| |
|rowspan="1"| |
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Line 486: | Line 486: | ||
|rowspan="1"|''-fef'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-fef'' |
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|rowspan="1"|''-fekd'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-fekd'' |
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− | |rowspan="1"| |
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-fekú'' |
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Line 492: | Line 492: | ||
|''-feka'' |
|''-feka'' |
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|rowspan="1"|''-fefa'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-fefa'' |
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− | |rowspan="1"|''- |
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-fefad'' |
− | |rowspan="1"| |
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-fefú'' |
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Line 501: | Line 501: | ||
|rowspan="1"|''-grufe'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-grufe'' |
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|rowspan="1"|''-grud'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-grud'' |
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− | |rowspan="1"| |
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-grupú'' |
|rowspan="1"| |
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Line 508: | Line 508: | ||
|rowspan="1"|''-gref'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-gref'' |
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|rowspan="1"|''-gred'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-gred'' |
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− | |rowspan="1"| |
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-grepú'' |
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Line 515: | Line 515: | ||
|rowspan="1"|''-grafe'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-grafe'' |
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|rowspan="1"|''-grad'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-grad'' |
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− | |rowspan="1"| |
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-grapú'' |
|rowspan="1"| |
|rowspan="1"| |
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Line 523: | Line 523: | ||
|rowspan="1"|''-uffe'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-uffe'' |
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|rowspan="1"|''-ufd'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-ufd'' |
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− | |rowspan="1"| |
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-ufú'' |
|rowspan="1"| |
|rowspan="1"| |
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Line 530: | Line 530: | ||
|rowspan="1"|''-iffe'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-iffe'' |
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|rowspan="1"|''-ifd'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-ifd'' |
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− | |rowspan="1"| |
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-ifú'' |
|rowspan="1"| |
|rowspan="1"| |
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Line 537: | Line 537: | ||
|rowspan="1"|''-affe'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-affe'' |
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|rowspan="1"|''-afd'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-afd'' |
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− | |rowspan="1"| |
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-afú'' |
|rowspan="1"| |
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Line 545: | Line 545: | ||
|rowspan="1"|''-wófe'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-wófe'' |
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|rowspan="1"|''-wód'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-wód'' |
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− | |rowspan="1"| |
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-wópú'' |
|rowspan="1"| |
|rowspan="1"| |
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Line 552: | Line 552: | ||
|rowspan="1"|''-wife'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-wife'' |
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|rowspan="1"|''-wid'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-wid'' |
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− | |rowspan="1"| |
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-wipú'' |
|rowspan="1"| |
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Line 559: | Line 559: | ||
|rowspan="1"|''-wafe'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-wafe'' |
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|rowspan="1"|''-wad'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-wad'' |
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− | |rowspan="1"| |
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-wapú'' |
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Line 567: | Line 567: | ||
|rowspan="1"|''-lubef'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-lubef'' |
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|rowspan="1"|''-lupd'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-lupd'' |
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− | |rowspan="1"| |
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-luvú'' |
|rowspan="1"| |
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Line 574: | Line 574: | ||
|rowspan="1"|''-kebef'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-kebef'' |
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|rowspan="1"|''-kepd'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-kepd'' |
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− | |rowspan="1"| |
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-kevú'' |
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Line 581: | Line 581: | ||
|rowspan="1"|''-jabef'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-jabef'' |
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|rowspan="1"|''-japd'' |
|rowspan="1"|''-japd'' |
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− | |rowspan="1"| |
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-javú'' |
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Revision as of 03:22, 28 October 2009
Valjar is a language evolving from Vjaryir (my 3rd conlang) in an attempt to give new life to an old concept, with similar vocabulary.
Phonology
Place of articulation → | Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Radical consonant | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Manner of articulation ↓ | Bilabial | Labio‐ dental |
Dental | Alveolar | Post‐ alveolar |
Retro‐ flex |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyn‐ geal | |||||||
Nasal | m | n | |||||||||||||||
Plosive | p | pʰ | t tʰ | k kʰ | |||||||||||||
Fricative | ɸ | f | s | ʃ | ʂ | j | w | ||||||||||
Approximant | ɹ | ||||||||||||||||
Trill | |||||||||||||||||
Tap or Flap | |||||||||||||||||
Lateral Fricative | |||||||||||||||||
Lateral Approximant | l | ||||||||||||||||
Lateral Flap |
- if an aspirated consonant is followed by another aspirated consonant, the first is unaspirated
- if an aspirated consonant is followed by an unaspirated consonant, both are unaspirated
- if both are of the same consonant, then that consonant is lengthened
- if both are then /p/, then it is changed to /ɸ/
- if both are then /t/ or /k/, then it is doubled
Front | Near Front | Central | Near Back | Back | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i | ɯ • u | |||
Near Close | ɪ | ||||
Mid | |||||
Open-mid | ɛ | ʌ • ɔ | |||
Near Open | |||||
Open | ɑ |
Orthography
Alphabet: a b c ç d e f g h i í j k l m o ó p r s t u v w y
Latin | a | b | c | ç | d | e | f | g | i | í | j | k | l | m | n | o | ó | p | r | s | t | u | ú | v | w | y |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IPA | ɑ | pʰ | ʃ | ʂ | tʰ | ɛ | f | kʰ | ɪ | i | j | k | l | m | n | ɔ | ʌ | p | ɹ | s | t | u w | ɯ | ɸ | w | y |
Notes:
- /w/ and /j/ are both considered semi-vowels, and may only occur before a vowel.
- [w] before [a, e, o, ó, u], and [u] before [i, í]
- [j] before [a, e, o, ó], and [y] before [i, í, u]
Grammar
Word Order
Primary word order is VSO, but with the exception that the verb must come first, is otherwise fairly free.
- VSO word order
- Head-Initial
- Possessor-Possessed
- Prepositions
Nouns
Gender
Through various sound changes, the original M/F/N gender system of Vjaryir degraded into a Common/Neuter gender system which generally took the Masculine's inflections. Gender is based on the noun's vowels, in a rudimentary vowel harmony. Nouns with back vowels (a, o, ó, u, ú) are Common gender, while the front vowels (e, i, í) are Neuter gender, and a noun with a mix of the both front and back is Common. Nouns with mixed o/ó and u/ú are rare.
English | Valjar | Gender | |
---|---|---|---|
Fox | Vur | Common | |
Bird | Kil | Neuter | |
River | Maguik | Common |
Plural
There are various plural endings, depending on the noun's vowels, last sound, and gender.
Gender | Vowels | Last Sound | Plural Ending | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Common | a, o, ó | Vowel | -p | |
Consonant | -op | |||
u, ú | Vowel | -m | ||
Consonant | -um | |||
Neuter | e, i, í |
Vowel |
-d | |
Consonant | -ed |
Cases
There are a total of 10 cases in Valjar, each inflecting based on noun gender. If a noun ends in a vowel, simply take off the initial vowel of the case.
Case | Sub-case | Common | Neuter | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | Agent | -ot | -e | |
Experience | -os | -es | ||
Accusative | Patient | -um | -im | |
Prepositional | -om | -im | ||
Reflexive | -ek | |||
Dative | -wu | -wí | ||
Instrumental | -ol | -il | ||
Possesive | Possessor | -je | ||
Possessed | -og | -ig | ||
Sociative | -va | -ve |
sdfd
Pronouns
There are 4 grammatical persons, the first 3 typical, while 4th person would be similar to the English "one". Pronouns follow case inflection regularly.
Personal:
Person | Pronoun | Plural |
---|---|---|
1st | ad | ap |
2nd | ív | íd |
3rd Common | ot | op |
3rd Neuter | ic | id |
4th |
it | ed |
Demonstrative:
Distance | Pronoun | Plural |
---|---|---|
Near | et | etop |
Far | eta | etap |
Verbs
List of all verb tenses, aspects, and moods. Rows are split from top to bottom: past, present, future.
Indicative | Conditional | Generic | Hypothetical | Dubitative | Negative | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perfect | -lu | -lufe | -lud | -lupú | ||
-ke | -kef | -ked | -kepú | |||
-ja | -jafe | -jad | -japú | |||
Progressive | -tól | -tólfe | -tóld | -tólpú | ||
-til | -tilfe | -tild | -tilpú | |||
-tal | -talfe | -tald | -talpú | |||
Frequentative I | -fep | -fef | -fepd | -fepú | ||
-fek | -fef | -fekd | -fekú | |||
-feka | -fefa | -fefad | -fefú | |||
Frequentative II | -gru | -grufe | -grud | -grupú | ||
-gre | -gref | -gred | -grepú | |||
-gra | -grafe | -grad | -grapú | |||
Intentional | -uf | -uffe | -ufd | -ufú | ||
-if | -iffe | -ifd | -ifú | |||
-af | -affe | -afd | -afú | |||
Accidental | -wó | -wófe | -wód | -wópú | ||
-wi | -wife | -wid | -wipú | |||
-wa | -wafe | -wad | -wapú | |||
Defective | -lube | -lubef | -lupd | -luvú | ||
-kebe | -kebef | -kepd | -kevú | |||
-jabe | -jabef | -japd | -javú |
Example text
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