(→Nouns) |
(→Plural) |
||
(37 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
Line 23: | Line 23: | ||
!style="width: 4em;"|Palatal |
!style="width: 4em;"|Palatal |
||
!style="width: 4em;"|Velar |
!style="width: 4em;"|Velar |
||
− | ! |
+ | !style="width: 4em;" colspan="2"|Uvular |
− | ! |
+ | !style="width: 4em;" colspan="2"|Pharyn‐<br />geal |
|-style="font-size: 120%;" |
|-style="font-size: 120%;" |
||
!style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left"|Nasal |
!style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left"|Nasal |
||
Line 34: | Line 34: | ||
| |
| |
||
|colspan="2"| |
|colspan="2"| |
||
− | | |
+ | |style="background:#ccc" colspan="6"| |
|-style="font-size: 120%;" |
|-style="font-size: 120%;" |
||
!style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left"|Plosive |
!style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left"|Plosive |
||
Line 44: | Line 44: | ||
|k kʰ |
|k kʰ |
||
|colspan="2"| |
|colspan="2"| |
||
− | | |
+ | |style="background:#ccc" colspan="2"| |
|-style="font-size: 120%;" |
|-style="font-size: 120%;" |
||
!style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left"|Fricative |
!style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left"|Fricative |
||
Line 56: | Line 56: | ||
|w |
|w |
||
|style="width: 1em;"| |
|style="width: 1em;"| |
||
− | | |
+ | |style="width: 1em;" rowspan="2"| |
|style="width: 1em;"| |
|style="width: 1em;"| |
||
|-style="font-size: 120%;" |
|-style="font-size: 120%;" |
||
Line 77: | Line 77: | ||
|style="background:#ccc"| |
|style="background:#ccc"| |
||
|colspan="2"| |
|colspan="2"| |
||
− | | |
+ | |style="background:#ccc" colspan="2"| |
|-style="font-size: 120%;" |
|-style="font-size: 120%;" |
||
!style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left"|Tap or Flap |
!style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left"|Tap or Flap |
||
Line 87: | Line 87: | ||
|style="background:#ccc"| |
|style="background:#ccc"| |
||
|colspan="2"| |
|colspan="2"| |
||
− | | |
+ | |style="background:#ccc" colspan="2"| |
|-style="font-size: 120%;" |
|-style="font-size: 120%;" |
||
!style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left"|Lateral Fricative |
!style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left"|Lateral Fricative |
||
− | | |
+ | |style="background:#ccc" colspan="2"| |
|colspan="3"| |
|colspan="3"| |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 96: | Line 96: | ||
| |
| |
||
|colspan="2"| |
|colspan="2"| |
||
− | | |
+ | |style="background:#ccc" colspan="7"| |
|-style="font-size: 120%;" |
|-style="font-size: 120%;" |
||
!style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left"|Lateral Approximant |
!style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left"|Lateral Approximant |
||
− | | |
+ | |style="background:#ccc" colspan="2"| |
|colspan="3"|l |
|colspan="3"|l |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 105: | Line 105: | ||
| |
| |
||
|colspan="2"| |
|colspan="2"| |
||
− | | |
+ | |style="background:#ccc" colspan="7"| |
|-style="font-size: 120%;" |
|-style="font-size: 120%;" |
||
!style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left"|Lateral Flap |
!style="font-size: x-small; text-align:left"|Lateral Flap |
||
− | | |
+ | |style="background:#ccc" colspan="2"| |
|colspan="3"| |
|colspan="3"| |
||
| |
| |
||
Line 114: | Line 114: | ||
| |
| |
||
|colspan="2"| |
|colspan="2"| |
||
− | | |
+ | |style="background:#ccc" colspan="7"| |
|} |
|} |
||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | *if an aspirated consonant is followed by another aspirated consonant, the first is unaspirated |
||
+ | *if two of the same consonants follow one another then, |
||
+ | |||
+ | **lengthen if a frictative |
||
+ | **unaspirate and pronounce only one |
||
+ | **if a /p/ and /pʰ/ follow one another, they are reduced to /ɸ/ |
||
Line 168: | Line 177: | ||
|ɑ |
|ɑ |
||
|} |
|} |
||
− | |||
= Orthography = |
= Orthography = |
||
Line 237: | Line 245: | ||
=Grammar= |
=Grammar= |
||
− | ==Word Order== |
+ | == Word Order == |
Primary word order is VSO, but with the exception that the verb must come first, is otherwise fairly free. |
Primary word order is VSO, but with the exception that the verb must come first, is otherwise fairly free. |
||
+ | *VSO word order - ''<span style="color:#008000">Wanlu</span> <span style="color:#8B0000">vurot</span> <span style="color:#008B8B">nofum</span>. - <span style="color:#8B0000">The fox</span> <span style="color:#008000">jumped on</span> <span style="color:#008B8B">ground</span>.'' |
||
− | *VSO word order |
||
− | *Head-Initial |
+ | *Head-Initial - ''Vur '''noka'''. - '''Red''' fox.'' |
− | *Possessor-Possessed |
+ | *Possessor-Possessed - ''Vur'''je''' vík. - The fox''''s''' meal.'' |
+ | *Attached adpositions - ''Jelke adot '''an'''ça'''.''' - I live '''in''' the house.'' |
||
− | *Prepositions |
||
== Nouns == |
== Nouns == |
||
Line 251: | Line 259: | ||
=== Gender === |
=== Gender === |
||
− | Through various sound changes, the original M/F/N gender system of Vjaryir degraded into a Common/Neuter gender system which generally took the Masculine's inflections. Gender is based on the noun's vowels, in a |
+ | Through various sound changes, the original M/F/N gender system of Vjaryir degraded into a Common/Neuter gender system which generally took the Masculine's inflections. Gender is based on the noun's vowels, in a rudimentary vowel harmony. Nouns with back vowels (a, o, ó, u, ú) are Common gender, while the front vowels (e, i, í) are Neuter gender, and a noun with a mix of the both front and back is Common. Nouns with mixed o/ó and u/ú are rare. |
{|width="200" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 200px;" class="wikitable" |
{|width="200" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 200px;" class="wikitable" |
||
Line 270: | Line 278: | ||
|Common |
|Common |
||
|} |
|} |
||
− | |||
=== Plural === |
=== Plural === |
||
Line 278: | Line 285: | ||
!width="80"| Gender |
!width="80"| Gender |
||
!width="40" colspan="2"|Vowels |
!width="40" colspan="2"|Vowels |
||
− | !width="40"|Last Sound |
+ | !width="40"|Last Sound |
− | !width="40"|Plural Ending |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|rowspan="4"|Common |
|rowspan="4"|Common |
||
|colspan="2" rowspan="2"|a, o, ó |
|colspan="2" rowspan="2"|a, o, ó |
||
|Vowel |
|Vowel |
||
− | |''-p'' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|Consonant |
|Consonant |
||
− | |''-op'' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|colspan="2" rowspan="2"|u, ú |
|colspan="2" rowspan="2"|u, ú |
||
|Vowel |
|Vowel |
||
− | |''-m'' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|Consonant |
|Consonant |
||
− | |''-um'' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|rowspan="2"|Neuter |
|rowspan="2"|Neuter |
||
|colspan="2" rowspan="2"|e, i, í |
|colspan="2" rowspan="2"|e, i, í |
||
+ | |Vowel |
||
− | | |
||
− | Vowel |
||
− | |''-d'' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|Consonant |
|Consonant |
||
− | |''-ed'' |
||
|} |
|} |
||
+ | |||
− | === === |
||
+ | |||
+ | ''Ex. 'Vur. - Fox -> Vurm. - Foxes.'' |
||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | {|width="200" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 350px;" class="wikitable" |
||
+ | !width="80"| Gender |
||
+ | !width="40" colspan="2"|Vowels |
||
+ | !width="40" colspan="2"|Ending |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |rowspan="2"|Common |
||
+ | |colspan="2" rowspan="1"|a, o, ó |
||
+ | |colspan="2" rowspan="1"|''-p'' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |colspan="2" rowspan="1"|u, ú |
||
+ | |''-m'' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |rowspan="2"|Neuter |
||
+ | |colspan="2" rowspan="2"|e, i, í |
||
+ | |colspan="2" rowspan="2"|''-d'' |
||
+ | |} |
||
=== Cases === |
=== Cases === |
||
Line 332: | Line 352: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
|Prepositional |
|Prepositional |
||
− | |colspan="2"|''- |
+ | |colspan="2"|''-om'' |
|''-im'' |
|''-im'' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 340: | Line 360: | ||
|colspan="2"|Dative |
|colspan="2"|Dative |
||
|colspan="2"|''-wu'' |
|colspan="2"|''-wu'' |
||
− | |''- |
+ | |''-wí'' |
|- |
|- |
||
|colspan="2"|Instrumental |
|colspan="2"|Instrumental |
||
Line 358: | Line 378: | ||
|''-ve'' |
|''-ve'' |
||
|} |
|} |
||
+ | |||
+ | === Pronouns === |
||
+ | There are 4 grammatical persons, the first 3 typical, while 4th person would be similar to the English "one". Pronouns follow case inflection regularly. |
||
+ | |||
+ | Personal: |
||
+ | |||
+ | {|width="200" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 250px;" class="wikitable" |
||
+ | !width="40"|Person |
||
+ | !width="40"|Pronoun |
||
+ | !width="40"|Plural |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |1st |
||
+ | |''ad'' |
||
+ | |''ap'' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |2nd |
||
+ | |''ív'' |
||
+ | |''íd'' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |3rd Common |
||
+ | |''ot'' |
||
+ | |''op'' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |3rd Neuter |
||
+ | |''ic'' |
||
+ | |''id'' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | | |
||
+ | 4th |
||
+ | |''it'' |
||
+ | |''ed'' |
||
+ | |} |
||
+ | |||
+ | Demonstrative: |
||
+ | |||
+ | {|width="200" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 250px;" class="wikitable" |
||
+ | !width="40"|Distance |
||
+ | !width="40"|Pronoun |
||
+ | !width="40"|Plural |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |Near |
||
+ | |''et'' |
||
+ | |''etop'' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |Far |
||
+ | |''eta'' |
||
+ | |''etap'' |
||
+ | |} |
||
+ | Singular demonstrative pronouns are attached onto the verb as a suffix, the plural noun's going before the demonstrative for plural. |
||
+ | |||
+ | ''Ex. Vuret. - This fox. -> Vur'''met'''. - '''These''' foxe'''s'''.'' |
||
+ | |||
+ | == Verbs == |
||
+ | List of all verb tenses, aspects, and moods. Rows are split from top to bottom: past, present, future. |
||
+ | |||
+ | {|width="700" class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" |
||
+ | !width="40"| |
||
+ | !width="40"|Indicative |
||
+ | !width="40"|Conditional |
||
+ | !width="40"|Generic |
||
+ | !width="40"|Hypothetical |
||
+ | !width="40"|Dubitative |
||
+ | !width="40"|Negative |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |rowspan="3"|'''Perfect''' |
||
+ | |''-lu'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-lufe'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-lud'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-lupú'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-lug'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-belu'' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |''-ke'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-kef'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-ked'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-kepú'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-keg'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-beke'' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |''-ja'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-jafe'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-jad'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-japú'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-jag'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-beja'' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |rowspan="3"|'''Progressive''' |
||
+ | |''-tól'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-tólfe'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-tóld'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-tólpú'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-tólg'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-betól'' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |''-til'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-tilfe'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"| -''tild'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-tilpú'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-tilg'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-betil'' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |''-tal'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-talfe'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-tald'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-talpú'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-talg'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-betal'' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |rowspan="3"|'''Frequentative I''' |
||
+ | |''-fep'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-fef'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-fepd'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-fepú'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-fepg'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-befep'' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |''-fek'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-fef'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-fekd'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-fekú'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-fekg'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-befek'' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |''-feka'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-fefa'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-fefad'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-fefú'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-fekag'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-befeka'' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |rowspan="3"|'''Frequentative II''' |
||
+ | |''-gru'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-grufe'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-grud'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-grupú'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-grug'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-begru'' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |''-gre'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-gref'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-gred'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-grepú'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-greg'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-begre'' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |''-gra'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-grafe'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-grad'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-grapú'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-grag'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-begra'' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |rowspan="3"|'''Intentional''' |
||
+ | |''-uf'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-uffe'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-ufd'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-ufú'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-ug'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-buf'' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |''-if'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-iffe'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-ifd'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-ifú'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-ig'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-bif'' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |''-af'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-affe'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-afd'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-afú'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-ag'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-baf'' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |rowspan="3"|'''Accidental''' |
||
+ | |''-wó'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-wófe'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-wód'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-wópú'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-wóg'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-bwó'' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |''-ui'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-uife'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-uid'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-uipú'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-uig'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-bui'' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |''-wa'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-wafe'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-wad'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-wapú'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-wag'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-bwa'' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |rowspan="3"|'''Defective''' |
||
+ | |''-lube'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-lubfe'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-lupd'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-luppú'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-lubg'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-belube'' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |''-kebe'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-kebfe'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-kepd'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-keppú'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-kebg'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-bekebe'' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | |''-jabe'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-jabfe'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-japd'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-jappú'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-jabg'' |
||
+ | |rowspan="1"|''-bejabe'' |
||
+ | |} |
||
+ | |||
+ | === Questions === |
||
− | sdfd |
||
+ | Questions are very easy to form in Valjar, as there are few question affixes and word order does not change. To form a question, add the appropriate prefix onto the verb. |
||
+ | ''Ex. Vuretke. - This is a fox. -> '''Ik'''vuretke. - '''Is''' this a fox?'' |
||
− | ==Verbs== |
||
=Example text= |
=Example text= |
Latest revision as of 02:57, 30 October 2009
Valjar is a language evolving from Vjaryir (my 3rd conlang) in an attempt to give new life to an old concept, with similar vocabulary.
Phonology
Place of articulation → | Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Radical consonant | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Manner of articulation ↓ | Bilabial | Labio‐ dental |
Dental | Alveolar | Post‐ alveolar |
Retro‐ flex |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyn‐ geal | |||||||
Nasal | m | n | |||||||||||||||
Plosive | p | pʰ | t tʰ | k kʰ | |||||||||||||
Fricative | ɸ | f | s | ʃ | ʂ | j | w | ||||||||||
Approximant | ɹ | ||||||||||||||||
Trill | |||||||||||||||||
Tap or Flap | |||||||||||||||||
Lateral Fricative | |||||||||||||||||
Lateral Approximant | l | ||||||||||||||||
Lateral Flap |
- if an aspirated consonant is followed by another aspirated consonant, the first is unaspirated
- if two of the same consonants follow one another then,
- lengthen if a frictative
- unaspirate and pronounce only one
- if a /p/ and /pʰ/ follow one another, they are reduced to /ɸ/
Front | Near Front | Central | Near Back | Back | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i | ɯ • u | |||
Near Close | ɪ | ||||
Mid | |||||
Open-mid | ɛ | ʌ • ɔ | |||
Near Open | |||||
Open | ɑ |
Orthography
Alphabet: a b c ç d e f g h i í j k l m o ó p r s t u v w y
Latin | a | b | c | ç | d | e | f | g | i | í | j | k | l | m | n | o | ó | p | r | s | t | u | ú | v | w | y |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IPA | ɑ | pʰ | ʃ | ʂ | tʰ | ɛ | f | kʰ | ɪ | i | j | k | l | m | n | ɔ | ʌ | p | ɹ | s | t | u w | ɯ | ɸ | w | y |
Notes:
- /w/ and /j/ are both considered semi-vowels, and may only occur before a vowel.
- [w] before [a, e, o, ó, u], and [u] before [i, í]
- [j] before [a, e, o, ó], and [y] before [i, í, u]
Grammar
Word Order
Primary word order is VSO, but with the exception that the verb must come first, is otherwise fairly free.
- VSO word order - Wanlu vurot nofum. - The fox jumped on ground.
- Head-Initial - Vur noka. - Red fox.
- Possessor-Possessed - Vurje vík. - The fox's meal.
- Attached adpositions - Jelke adot ança. - I live in the house.
Nouns
Gender
Through various sound changes, the original M/F/N gender system of Vjaryir degraded into a Common/Neuter gender system which generally took the Masculine's inflections. Gender is based on the noun's vowels, in a rudimentary vowel harmony. Nouns with back vowels (a, o, ó, u, ú) are Common gender, while the front vowels (e, i, í) are Neuter gender, and a noun with a mix of the both front and back is Common. Nouns with mixed o/ó and u/ú are rare.
English | Valjar | Gender | |
---|---|---|---|
Fox | Vur | Common | |
Bird | Kil | Neuter | |
River | Maguik | Common |
Plural
There are various plural endings, depending on the noun's vowels, last sound, and gender.
Gender | Vowels | Last Sound | |
---|---|---|---|
Common | a, o, ó | Vowel | |
Consonant | |||
u, ú | Vowel | ||
Consonant | |||
Neuter | e, i, í | Vowel | |
Consonant |
Ex. 'Vur. - Fox -> Vurm. - Foxes.
Gender | Vowels | Ending | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Common | a, o, ó | -p | ||
u, ú | -m | |||
Neuter | e, i, í | -d |
Cases
There are a total of 10 cases in Valjar, each inflecting based on noun gender. If a noun ends in a vowel, simply take off the initial vowel of the case.
Case | Sub-case | Common | Neuter | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | Agent | -ot | -e | |
Experience | -os | -es | ||
Accusative | Patient | -um | -im | |
Prepositional | -om | -im | ||
Reflexive | -ek | |||
Dative | -wu | -wí | ||
Instrumental | -ol | -il | ||
Possesive | Possessor | -je | ||
Possessed | -og | -ig | ||
Sociative | -va | -ve |
Pronouns
There are 4 grammatical persons, the first 3 typical, while 4th person would be similar to the English "one". Pronouns follow case inflection regularly.
Personal:
Person | Pronoun | Plural |
---|---|---|
1st | ad | ap |
2nd | ív | íd |
3rd Common | ot | op |
3rd Neuter | ic | id |
4th |
it | ed |
Demonstrative:
Distance | Pronoun | Plural |
---|---|---|
Near | et | etop |
Far | eta | etap |
Singular demonstrative pronouns are attached onto the verb as a suffix, the plural noun's going before the demonstrative for plural.
Ex. Vuret. - This fox. -> Vurmet. - These foxes.
Verbs
List of all verb tenses, aspects, and moods. Rows are split from top to bottom: past, present, future.
Indicative | Conditional | Generic | Hypothetical | Dubitative | Negative | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perfect | -lu | -lufe | -lud | -lupú | -lug | -belu |
-ke | -kef | -ked | -kepú | -keg | -beke | |
-ja | -jafe | -jad | -japú | -jag | -beja | |
Progressive | -tól | -tólfe | -tóld | -tólpú | -tólg | -betól |
-til | -tilfe | -tild | -tilpú | -tilg | -betil | |
-tal | -talfe | -tald | -talpú | -talg | -betal | |
Frequentative I | -fep | -fef | -fepd | -fepú | -fepg | -befep |
-fek | -fef | -fekd | -fekú | -fekg | -befek | |
-feka | -fefa | -fefad | -fefú | -fekag | -befeka | |
Frequentative II | -gru | -grufe | -grud | -grupú | -grug | -begru |
-gre | -gref | -gred | -grepú | -greg | -begre | |
-gra | -grafe | -grad | -grapú | -grag | -begra | |
Intentional | -uf | -uffe | -ufd | -ufú | -ug | -buf |
-if | -iffe | -ifd | -ifú | -ig | -bif | |
-af | -affe | -afd | -afú | -ag | -baf | |
Accidental | -wó | -wófe | -wód | -wópú | -wóg | -bwó |
-ui | -uife | -uid | -uipú | -uig | -bui | |
-wa | -wafe | -wad | -wapú | -wag | -bwa | |
Defective | -lube | -lubfe | -lupd | -luppú | -lubg | -belube |
-kebe | -kebfe | -kepd | -keppú | -kebg | -bekebe | |
-jabe | -jabfe | -japd | -jappú | -jabg | -bejabe |
Questions
Questions are very easy to form in Valjar, as there are few question affixes and word order does not change. To form a question, add the appropriate prefix onto the verb.
Ex. Vuretke. - This is a fox. -> Ikvuretke. - Is this a fox?
Example text
...