Valjar

Valjar is a language evolving from Vjaryir (my 3rd conlang) in an attempt to give new life to an old concept, with similar vocabulary.

Phonology

Place of articulation →	Labial		Coronal				Dorsal				Radical consonant
Manner of articulation ↓	Bi­la­bial	La­bio‐ den­tal	Den­tal	Al­veo­lar	Post‐ al­veo­lar	Re­tro‐ flex	Pa­la­tal	Ve­lar	Uvu­lar		Pha­ryn‐ geal
Nasal	m		n
Plosive	p	pʰ	t tʰ					k kʰ
Fricative	ɸ	f		s	ʃ	ʂ	j	w
Approx­imant			ɹ
Trill
Tap or Flap
Lateral Fricative
Lateral Approx­imant			l
Lateral Flap

• if an aspirated consonant is followed by another aspirated consonant, the first is unaspirated
• if two of the same consonants follow one another then,

• • lengthen if a frictative
  • unaspirate and pronounce only one
  • if a /p/ and /pʰ/ follow one another, they are reduced to /ɸ/

	Front	Near Front	Central	Near Back	Back
Close	i				ɯ • u
Near Close		ɪ
Mid
Open-mid	ɛ				ʌ • ɔ
Near Open
Open					ɑ

Orthography

Alphabet: a b c ç d e f g h i í j k l m o ó p r s t u v w y

Latin	a	b	c	ç	d	e	f	g	i	í	j	k	l	m	n	o	ó	p	r	s	t	u	ú	v	w	y
IPA	ɑ	pʰ	ʃ	ʂ	tʰ	ɛ	f	kʰ	ɪ	i	j	k	l	m	n	ɔ	ʌ	p	ɹ	s	t	u w	ɯ	ɸ	w	y

Notes:

• /w/ and /j/ are both considered semi-vowels, and may only occur before a vowel.
• [w] before [a, e, o, ó, u], and [u] before [i, í]
• [j] before [a, e, o, ó], and [y] before [i, í, u]

Grammar

Word Order

Primary word order is VSO, but with the exception that the verb must come first, is otherwise fairly free.

• VSO word order
• Head-Initial
• Possessor-Possessed
• Prepositions

Nouns

Gender

Through various sound changes, the original M/F/N gender system of Vjaryir degraded into a Common/Neuter gender system which generally took the Masculine's inflections. Gender is based on the noun's vowels, in a rudimentary vowel harmony. Nouns with back vowels (a, o, ó, u, ú) are Common gender, while the front vowels (e, i, í) are Neuter gender, and a noun with a mix of the both front and back is Common. Nouns with mixed o/ó and u/ú are rare.

English	Valjar		Gender
Fox	Vur		Common
Bird	Kil		Neuter
River	Maguik		Common

Plural

There are various plural endings, depending on the noun's vowels, last sound, and gender.

Gender	Vowels		Last Sound	Plural Ending
Common	a, o, ó		Vowel	-p
			Consonant	-op
	u, ú		Vowel	-m
			Consonant	-um
Neuter	e, i, í		Vowel	-d
			Consonant	-ed

Cases

There are a total of 10 cases in Valjar, each inflecting based on noun gender. If a noun ends in a vowel, simply take off the initial vowel of the case.

Case	Sub-case	Common		Neuter
Nominative	Agent	-ot		-e
	Experience	-os		-es
Accusative	Patient	-um		-im
	Prepositional	-om		-im
	Reflexive	-ek
Dative		-wu		-wí
Instrumental		-ol		-il
Possesive	Possessor	-je
	Possessed	-og		-ig
Sociative		-va		-ve

sdfd

Pronouns

There are 4 grammatical persons, the first 3 typical, while 4th person would be similar to the English "one". Pronouns follow case inflection regularly.

Personal:

Person	Pronoun	Plural
1st	ad	ap
2nd	ív	íd
3rd Common	ot	op
3rd Neuter	ic	id
4th	it	ed

Demonstrative:

Distance	Pronoun	Plural
Near	et	etop
Far	eta	etap

Verbs

List of all verb tenses, aspects, and moods. Rows are split from top to bottom: past, present, future.

	Indicative	Conditional	Generic	Hypothetical	Dubitative	Negative
Perfect	-lu	-lufe	-lud	-lupú
	-ke	-kef	-ked	-kepú
	-ja	-jafe	-jad	-japú
Progressive	-tól	-tólfe	-tóld	-tólpú
	-til	-tilfe	-tild	-tilpú
	-tal	-talfe	-tald	-talpú
Frequentative I	-fep	-fef	-fepd	-fepú
	-fek	-fef	-fekd	-fekú
	-feka	-fefa	-fefad	-fefú
Frequentative II	-gru	-grufe	-grud	-grupú
	-gre	-gref	-gred	-grepú
	-gra	-grafe	-grad	-grapú
Intentional	-uf	-uffe	-ufd	-ufú
	-if	-iffe	-ifd	-ifú
	-af	-affe	-afd	-afú
Accidental	-wó	-wófe	-wód	-wópú
	-wi	-wife	-wid	-wipú
	-wa	-wafe	-wad	-wapú
Defective	-lube	-lubef	-lupd	-luvú
	-kebe	-kebef	-kepd	-kevú
	-jabe	-jabef	-japd	-javú

Example text

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