Progress 94% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Vishrian vishrunat | |||
---|---|---|---|
Type | |||
Fusional | |||
Alignment | |||
Nominative-Accusative | |||
Head direction | |||
Tonal | |||
No | |||
Declensions | |||
Yes | |||
Conjugations | |||
Yes | |||
Genders | |||
male & female | |||
Nouns decline according to... | |||
Case | Number | ||
Definiteness | Gender | ||
Verbs conjugate according to... | |||
Voice | Mood | ||
Person | Number | ||
Tense | Aspect |
Since Early Vishrian isn't much different from Latin, this page will concern, for the most part. the Late Vishrian variety.
General information - Idicia genralit
Edit
Vishrian is a Romance language spoken in 5 villages in the eastern Atlas mountains. It's history begins around 1st century B.C. It was spoken by a Hellenistic people that was completely killed off via genocide in the 8th century A.D. after resisting Arab conversions. Every Vishrian was appropriately buried with their names preserved in capital letters except for one woman whose body remains missing to this day. She has an empty grave with the name "ADREA VASRA."
The native name is Vishrunat, which comes from "avesht-romanat." Apparently, avesht is of Berber origin: compare amasheq & amazigh. Indeed many Berber loanwords seem to have an unusual sound shift of M to V (as well as N to L). Since this is not the case for native Roman words, Vishrian must have taken these words from an unidentified Berber language that has already gone through such sound shifts.
The Vishrian people are typically tan with blond hair. They are a mix Greco-Roman-Berber people & their culture reflected this.
The Vishrians where culturally different from other mediterranean peoples in one aspect. They where women ruled. This could explane why somewords normally considered masculine in most other languages are feminine here.
Phonology - Noscivet Sonu
Edit
Consonants - Consonut
Edit
Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ng | |||
Plosive | p b | t d | k g | |||
Fricative | f | s z | x | h | ||
Affricate | v | c | ||||
Approximant | j | |||||
Trill | r | |||||
Lateral app. | l |
Vowel - Semvoclat
Edit
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Mid | e | o | |
Open | a |
Alphabet - Abecedria
Edit
In Early Vishrian inscriptions, all letters where capitalized. The earliest attested use of lower case was during the 6th century, thus marks the beginning of Late Vishrian. The Lower case from was a modified form of Half-Uncial.
In Late Vishrian, proper nouns are only capitalized when they are at the start of a sentence.
Letter | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | l | m | n | o | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | z |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sound | a | b | k, c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | l | m | n, ng | o | p | k | r | s | t | u | v | z |
C is pronounced as c after e & i, as k anywhere else.
N is pronounced ng before velar plosives.
Sound Changes - Mutvet Sonu
Edit
Latin | a, aa | ae | au | b | k | d | e, ee | f | g | h | i | ii | j | l | m | n | o, oo | p | qu | r | s | t | th | u, uu | v | x | z |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vishrian Initial | a | a | o | b | k, c | d | e | f | g | h | i | i | j | l | m | n | o | p | k | r | s | t | s | u | v | k | z |
Vishrian Medial | a | a | o | b | k, c | d | e | f | g | h | i | i | j | l | m | n, ng | o | p, f | k | r | s | t | s | u | v | k | z |
Vishrian Final | a | a | u | n | k | l | e | f | ng | i | i | j | l | n | n | u | p | k | l | t | t | u | k |
Final s usually disapears when right after a vowel, otherwise it becomes t. Some irregular words, however, have kept the s.
P becomes f when followed by any non-labial plosive.
N is droped when comes right before a voiced plosive.
CVRV, where R represents r, l, or j becomes CRV. This does not happen if C is h, j, q, r, l, or x.
Grammar - gramatica
Edit
Gender | Cases | Numbers | Tenses | Persons | Moods | Voices | Aspects | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Verb | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes |
Nouns | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Adjectives | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Numbers | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Participles | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Adverb | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Pronouns | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No |
Adpositions | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Article | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Particle | No | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | No |
Unlike most Romance languages, the adjectives, articles, & numerals in Vishrian do not decline to match the Nouns they modify.
Edit
Masculine Singular | Feminine Singular |
Masculine Plural | Feminine Plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | -u | -a | -ut | -at |
Accusative | -un | -an | -unt | -ant |
Genetive | -(i)ve | -e | -(i)vet | -et |
Articles - Capitla
Edit
Definate Article: ha
Indefinate Article: ca
Adjectives - Episeta
Edit
Positive: -u
Comparitive: -jul
Superlative: -isnu
Adverb Positive: -e
Adverb Comparative: -iu
Adverb Superlative: -isne
Pronouns - Nomenvet Privatu
Edit
Demonstratives & Interrogatives | Proximal Masculine | Proximal Feminine | Distal Masculine | Distal Feminine | 'Who' | 'What' |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | hic | hac | le | la | qit | qil |
Nominative Plural | hi | ha | li | la | qit | qil |
Accusative | huc | hac | lun | lan | qen | qil |
Accusative Plural | hot | hat | lot | lat | qen | qil |
Genitive | hujt | hujt | liut | liut | qjut | qjut |
Genitive Plural | horun | harun | lorun | larun | qjut | qjut |
Personal Pronouns | 1st Person Singular | 1st Person Plural | 2nd Person Singular | 2nd person Plural | 3rd person masculine | 3rd person feminine | 3rd person plural |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | egu | not | tu | vot | it | a | ej |
Accusative | me | not | te | vot | jun | an | jot |
Genitive | mej | nosri | tvi | vesri | jut | jut | jorun |
Verbs - Verbet Activita
Edit
The past tense evolved from Latin's pluperfect.
1st person singular | 1st person plural | 2nd person singular | 2nd person plural | 3rd person singular | 3rd person plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gerund Nominative | -du | -du | -du | -du | -du | -du |
Gerund Accusative | -dun | -dun | -dun | -dun | -dun | -dun |
Participle | -nt | -nt | -nt | -nt | -nt | -nt |
Present | -mu | -t | -tit | -t | -nt | |
Perfect | -vi | -vimut | -visi | -visit | -vit | -verunt |
Imperfect | -ban | -bamut | -bat | -batit | -bat | -bant |
Past | -veran | -veramut | -verat | -veratit | -verat | -verant |
Particles - Particlut
Edit
Infinitive/Supine: ir
Future tense: veru
Subjunctive: ur
Conditional: haba
The Copula - Ha Verba Tri
Edit
Unlike Latin which has active/passive distinctions, Vishrian uses the copula verb trit "to be". It preserves the future tense.
1st Person Singular | 1st Person Plural | 2nd Person Singular | 2nd Person Plural | 3rd Person Singular | 3rd Person Plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Past | trisran | trisramut | trisrat | trisratit | trisrat | trisrant |
Perfect | tri | trimut | trisi | trisit | trit | trirunt |
Present | trit | trisun | trist | tritit | trist | trint |
Imperfect | trisan | trisamut | trisat | trisatit | trisat | trisant |
Future | trisamu | trisamut | trisatu | trisatote | trisatu | trisantu |
Numerals - Copiat
Edit
Vishrian has two sets of numbers, Roman & Berber. The Berber numerals translates as "other one", "other two" & so on. They only go up to 10. Roman numbers are used for larger numbers.
Number | Roman | Berber |
---|---|---|
0 | zeru | |
1 | unu | jel |
2 | du | sil |
3 | tret | cral |
4 | catru | cush |
5 | qincu | sevu |
6 | sec | sedi |
7 | seften | sa |
8 | octu | ta |
9 | noven | cia |
10 | decen | la |
11 | decenunu | |
12 | decedu | |
20 | viginti | |
21 | vigintunu | |
30 | triginta | |
40 | cadraginta | |
50 | qincaginta | |
60 | secsaginta | |
70 | seftaginta | |
80 | octoginta | |
90 | nonaginta | |
100 | centu | |
200 | ducentu | |
300 | trecentu | |
1000 | mile |
Adpositions
Edit
about - in
above/beyond/over - supra
among/between - intel
at/by/near - aput
before/in front - pra
during/through - pel
for - on
from/by - ant
to - al
under/beneath/behind - sun
upon/on - supel
with/along - cu
within/in - intru
Conjuctions
Edit
however/although - camvit
and/also - ac
as if/just as - tancan
as soon as - con
because - qia
but/also - sel
if/whether - si
or - vel
provided that - dumodu
since - etenin
so/therefore/thus - ita
while/as long as/until - donec
Syntax - Compositra
Edit
Word order is generally free, though VSO is quite common. Check the examples bellow to see finer details of word order tendencies.
Alighnment in the Southwest Dialect
Edit
The Southwest Dialect is notable for having an ergative-absolutive alignment. This is especially different from the common Vishrian spoken elsewhere as well as other Romance languages, but not that of Berber languages. An example is givin bellow.
Vocabulary - Vocablariu
Edit
Vishrian has many words borrowed from an unidentified Berber language, but most of it's vocabulary is Roman. Some Berber words include the following.
Berber Word | Berber Meaning | Vishrian, Nominative Singular | Vishrian, Accusative Singular | Vishrian, Genitive Singular | Vishrian, Nominative Plural | Vishrian Accusative Plural | Vishrian Genitive Plural | Vishrian Meaning |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
adrar | Mountain | adru | adrun | adrive | adrut | adrunt | adrivet | Plantless Mountain |
agadir | Wall, Castle | agadra | agadran | agadrive | agadrat | agadrant | agadrivet | Castle |
abaghus | Monkey | abahu | abahun | abahive | abahut | abahunt | abahivet | Monkey |
asif | River | asfa | asfan | asfive | asfat | asfant | asfivet | Desert River |
asamas | sunday | asava | asavan | asave | asavat | asavant | asavet | Sunday |
aynas | monday | ela | elan | elve | elat | elant | elvet | Monday |
asinas | tuesday | asila | asilan | asilve | asilat | asilant | asilvet | Tuesday |
akr.as | wednesday | acla | aclan | aclive | aclat | aclant | aclivet | Wednesday |
akwas | thursday | aqa | aqan | aqve | aqat | aqant | aqvet | Thursday |
asimwas | friday | asiva | asivan | asive | asivat | asivant | asivet | Friday |
asid.yas | saturday | asidia | asidian | asidive | asidiat | asidiant | asidivet | Saturday |
Swadesh & Comparison with Latin
English | Latin | Vishrian |
---|---|---|
I | ego | egu |
thou | tu | tu |
he | is, ille | it |
we | nos | not |
you | vos | vot |
they | ej | |
this | hic, is | hic |
that | ille | le |
here | hic | al hic |
there | ibi | alle |
who | quis | qit |
what | quid | qil |
where | ubi | ubi |
when | quando | qadu |
how | quam, quomodo | qan |
not | non | non |
all | omnis | omnu |
many | multi | multu |
some | aliqui, aliquot | aliqu |
few | pauci | pocu |
other | alter, alius | altru |
one | unus | unu |
two | duo | du |
three | tres | tret |
four | quattuor | qatru |
five | quinque | qinqe |
big | magnus, grandis | magu |
long | longus | logu |
wide | latus | latu |
thick | creber | crebru |
heavy | gravis | gravu |
small | parvus | parvu |
short | brevis | brevu |
narrow | angustus | ogustu |
thin | macer | macru |
woman | femina, mulier | femina |
man (adult male | vir | viru |
man (human being) | homo, hominem | homa |
child/infant, son/daughter, boy/girl, baby/neonate | puer/puella, filius/filia, neonatus/neonata | pru/pra, flu/flia |
wife | uxor, mulier | ucra |
husband | maritus | maritu |
mother | mater | matra |
father | pater | patru |
animal | animal | animla |
fish | piscis | piscu |
bird | avis/ave, avicellus (dim), aucellus (Contraction) | ava |
dog | canis | canu |
louse | pediculus | pediclu |
snake | serpens | serpensa |
worm | vermis | vermu |
tree | arbor | arbra |
forest | silva | silva |
stick | fustis | fustu |
fruit | fructus | fructa |
seed | semen | semu |
leaf | folium | folia |
root | radix | radica |
bark | cortex | cortecu |
flower | flos | fla |
grass | herba | herba |
rope | funis | funu |
skin | cutis | cuta |
meat | caro | cru |
blood | sabguis | sabga |
bone | os | u |
fat (n) | pinguis | pigu |
egg | ovum | |
horn | cornu | corna |
tail | cauda | coda |
feather | penna | pena |
hair | capillus, coma, crinis | coma |
head | caput | capa |
ear | auris | oru |
eye | oculus | ocla |
nose | nasus | nasu |
mouth | os, oris (bucca+cheek) | ora |
tooth | dens | densu |
tongue | lingua | liga |
fingernail | unguis | uga |
foot | pes | pa |
leg | crus | cra |
knee | genu | gena |
hand | manus | mana |
wing | ala | ala |
belly | venter | ventra |
guts | viscera | viscra |
neck | collum, cervix | clu |
back | tergum | tergu |
breast | pectus, mamma | mama |
heart | cor | cra |
liver | iecur | jecru |
to drink | bibere | bibre |
to feast | edere | edre |
to bite | mordere | mordre |
to suck | sugere | sugre |
to spit | sputare | sputre |
to vomit | vomere | vomre |
to blow | flare | flare |
to breath | spirare | sprare |
to laugh | ridere | ridre |
to see | videre | vidre |
to hear | audire | audre |
to know | scire | scre |
to think | putare | putre |
to smell | olere | olre |
to fear | timere | timre |
sleep | dormire | dormre |
to live | vivere | vivere |
to die | mori | mori |
to kill | necare | necre |
to fight | pugnare | pugre |
to hunt | venari | venri |
to hit | pulsare | pulsre |
to cut | secare | secre |
to split | scindere, partiri | scindre |
to stab | perforare | perfrare |
to scratch | radere, scabere | scabre |
to dig | fodere | fodre |
to swim | natare | natre |
to fly | volare | volre |
walk | gradi | gradi |
to come | venire | venre |
to lie (as in the bed) | iacere | jacre |
to sit | sedere | sedre |
to stand | stare | stre |
to turn | vertere | vertre |
to fall | cadere | cadre |
to give | dare | dre |
to hold | tenere | tenre |
to squeeze | comprimere | comprimre |
to rub | fricare | fricre |
to wash | lavare | lavare |
to wipe | tergere | tergre |
to pull | trahere | trare |
to push | pellere, urgere | pelre |
to throw | iactare | jactre |
to tie | stringere, ligare | ligre |
to sew | serere | srere |
to count | numerare | numrare |
to say | dicere | dicre |
to sing | canere | canre |
to play | ludere | ludre |
to float | fluctuare | fluctre |
to flow | fluere | flere |
to freeze | gelare | glare |
to swell | tumere | tumre |
sun | sol | sla |
moon | luna | lunu |
star | stella | stela |
water | aqua | acu |
rain | pluvia | plu |
river | fluvius | flu |
lake | lacus | lacu |
sea | mare | maru |
salt | sal | |
stone | lapis, petra | petru |
sand | arena | arena |
dust | pulvis | plu |
earth | terra | tru |
cloud | nimbus, nubes | nuba |
fog | caligo, nebula | neblu |
sky | caelum | cla |
wind | ventus | venta |
snow | nix | nica |
ice | glacies | glacia |
smoke | fumus | fumu |
fire | ignis | iga |
ashes | cineres | cinru |
burn | ardere | ardre |
road | via | vu |
mountain | mons | monsu |
red | ruber | rubru |
green | viridis | viridu |
yellow | flavus | flavu |
white | albus, candidus | albu |
black | niger, ater, fuscus, prettu | atru |
night | nox | nocu |
day | dies | dia |
year | annus | ana |
warm | calidus | calidu |
cold | frigidus | frigidu |
full | plenus | plenu |
new | novus | novu |
old | vetus | vetu |
good | bonus | bonu |
bad | malus | malu |
rotten | puter, putridus | putru |
dirty | sordidus | sordidu |
straight | rectus | rectu |
round | rotundus | rotudu |
sharp (as a knife) | acer | acru |
dull (as a knife) | hebes | hebu |
smooth | levis | levu |
wet | umidus | umidu |
dry | siccus | sicu |
correct | rectus | rectu |
near | propinquus | propu |
far | longinquus | logu |
right (adj) | dexter | dectra |
left (adj) | sinister | sinstru |
at | ad | al |
in | in | in |
with | cum | cun |
and | et | ac |
if | si | si |
because | quia, quoniam | qia |
name | nomen | noma |
As can be seen in the swadesh, many words have radically different final forms with little if not any regular sound change going on. Since many finals do help identify gendre, it is believed that these changes where more concious than natural. These changes may have been linked with the misandry that was common in Vishria.
Some Latin words do not survive in Vishrian. They're usually replaced with loans from Berber, if not some other language.
Example text - Tablu on Ecempla
Edit
English: She always closes the window before she dines.
Latin: Ea semper antequam cenat fenestram claudit.
Vishrian: Clodunt sepre a ha fensran anteqan cenant a.
Literally: Closes always she the window before dines she.
Southwest Dialect: Clodunt sepre a ha fensran anteqan cenant an.
English: I push the door & it opened.
Vishrian: Trudu egu ha janun ac recludunt it.
Literally: Push I the door & opened it.
Southwest Dialect: Trudu egu ha janun ac recludunt jun.
English: If you know, you answer. If you do not know, be silent.
Latin: Si sapis, respondes. Si non sapis, tace, tace.
Vishrian: Si sapit tu, respodet tu. Si sapit non tu, trist tacturnut.
Literally: If know you, answer you. If know not you, be silent.
The Mediterranean Pilgrimage.
English | Vishrian | Litteral Translation |
---|---|---|
Good Christian pilgrim, If you want to reach the Jordan Steal bread for your days of travel, For you will find neither bread nor wine. |
Bonu bibliservu ac pregrinantu, Si volu ir atigu tu ha jordanun Amoju pansa on tvi diant ha mjive, On veru nansiscu nec tu pansan ac vinan. |
Good Christian and traveller, If want to reach you the Jordan Steal bread for your days the travel-of, For will find not you bread and wine. |
Bibliservu is the only word for christian in Vishrian,. While in Late Vishrian, it could be used without any prejudice, It's use in Early Vishrian was a different story. It translates in Early Vishrian as "Bible Slave."
The Strasbourg Oaths
English | Vishrian | Literal Translation |
---|---|---|
For God's love & for the Christian people & for our common salvation, from this day onward, so far as God gives me knowledge & power, I will defend this my brother Charles & will be of help in everything, as a man in justice ought to defend his brother, so long as he does the same for me, & I will accept no plea from Lothar which might, by my will, damage this my brother Charles. | On ha dive afectan acon ha bibliservunt acon nosri salvatan comunu, pore an huc dian, sicon logu dont divu me ha cientan ac ha virtan, veru defedu egu huc mej fratrun carlun ac trisamu praside in oman, on debitu defedut ca homu in jura jut fratrun, sicon logu facint it ha idan on me, ac veru acipu nec egu ca cosun an ludrun utra haba, an mej arbitria, corumpu huc mej fratrun carlun. | For the God's love & for the Christians & for our salvation common, onward from this day, so as far gives God me the knowledge & the power, will defend I this my brother Charles & will be of help in everything, as ought to defend a man in justice his brother, so as long does he the same for me, & will accept not I a plea from lothar which might, by my will, damage this my brother Charles. |