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common nouns[]
a[]
| root | gramar category |
etim | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| a | sfx | [adjectival; denotes ordinal when attached to a numeral] | |
| aj | sfx | [denotes a concrete manifestation or a single iteration of X] | |
| *ak | nfx | [sudden/brief + intensive/notewothy aspect] | |
| aks | nfx | [converts a transitive verb to a causative verb] | |
| *ax | sfx | E-o: -aĉ- < It | [pejorative/humble] |
b[]
| root | gramar category |
etim | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| bab | n | gate (a door installed in a fence or roofless enclosure) | |
| bac | n | bacterium | |
| baca | aj | bacterial | |
| bad | n.tr | {D,G,Sw} | bathing (immersing X in liquid to cleanse/change it) |
| bado | vt | bathe | |
| bak | num | Cantonese | hundred [V95: hun] |
| *bak | n | E: bake, G: backen | baking |
| *bako | bake | ||
| bal | n | E, G, D: ball | ball (spheroid plaything) |
| balon | n | balloon | |
| bam | n | bomb (explosive weapon) | |
| ban | n | G: Bahn, Norsk: bane | route, course, track, way (path) |
| banan | n | banana | |
| bar | n | G: Bart, It, Sp: barba | beard [V95: ceg] |
| bas | n | D: baas, E: boss | chief (boss), leader, foreman |
| bat | n | west (the western area or direction) | |
| *bat | n | E | bat (ball-hitting tool), stick (hockey), racket (tennis) |
| baz | n | base (in chemistry), alkalai | |
| bazar | n | Ukrainian, many others | bazaar, open outdoor market |
| baµ | n | C | ball-hitting tool (e.g. baseball bat; hockey stick) |
| *be | pcl | [specialized usage flag, v.g.: be lanor means pitcher (in a baseball game)] | |
| beb | n | the letter b/B | |
| bek | n | bench (a long board-like seat for several persons) | |
| bel | n | It: bello | beauty |
| ben | n | Sw: ben, D: been | bone |
| ber | n.tr | carrying (supporting and transporting something) | |
| bero | vt | carry | |
| bes | n | E | station, stopping-point, node, base (in baseball) |
| besbol | n | baseball (the play-system, not the spheroidal plaything) | |
| beton | n | concrete (usually portland cement plus sand and gravel) | |
| bev | n.tr | Pt: beber, E: beverage | imbibing (any liquid) |
| bevo | vt | drink | |
| *bi | cop | E | be (copula; does not mean "exist") |
| bid | n.tr | OE: bidan, E: bide | waiting (for someone/something) |
| bido | vt | wait for, await | |
| bil | n | Sw, Norsk | automobile, car |
| bilar | num | billion (in American Eng.); milliard (British Eng.) | |
| bim | n | MidE: beem | board, plank, beam (piece of lumber) |
| bir | n | E, G, Indo | beer |
| biµ | n | C | army |
| bod | n | bottom (the lowest side or portion of something) | |
| bog | n | bow (for archery/violin) | |
| bol | n | system of competitive athletic activity involving a ball | |
| bom | n | G: Baum, D: boom | tree |
| *bon | n | L: bonitas | goodness, niceness, desirability, pleasantness [nowaday: gut] |
| *bona | aj | good | |
| *bone | av | well | |
| bor | n | Norsk | drilling, boring into something |
| *bot | n | Lojban: botpi | botlle, flask |
| botel | n | bottle, flask | |
| bov | n | E-o: bovo, E: bovine | cattle, cow or bull |
| buc | n | Fr: bouche | mouth |
| buca | aj | oral | |
| bug | n.tr | OE: bugan | bending something |
| buk | n | Sw, Norsk: bok; G: Buch | book |
| bul | n | combustion, burning | |
| buli | vi | burn [intransitive] | |
| bulikso | vt | burn (cause to burn) | |
| bun | n | J: bun, bubun; Chi: bu | part, portion |
| bur | n | Sanskrit: purim, L: urbs | city |
| bura | aj | urban | |
| burbas | n | mayor | |
| butik | n | store (for shopping in), shop, boutique |
c[]
| root | gramar category |
etim | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| *ca | dem | Fr: chaque | every, each |
| cad | n.tr | adding, addition | |
| cag | n | G: Schlag | blow (impact), stroke (of force), shock |
| can | n | Chi: shan | mountain |
| ce | av | contraction of 'cine' | now, presently |
| *ce | pcl | [causee tag (used in conjunction with -ok- causatives), nowaday re] | |
| ced | n | shadow | |
| cef | n | Fr: chef | chiefness (most-important-ness), primacy |
| cefbur | n | capital | |
| cefe | av | primarily, mainly | |
| *ceg | n | Norsk: skjegg, Old Norse: skegg | beard [nowaday: bar] |
| cek | n | Fr | cheque (bank-draft) |
| cel | n | E | shell (natural hard outer covering) |
| cen | n | Chi: shen1-ti3 | body |
| cena | aj | physical (as opposed to mental), bodily | |
| cep | n | beginning, commencement, inception [intransitive] | |
| cev | n | Fr: cheval | horse |
| cik | n | Lojban: cikna | awakeness |
| cika | aj | awake | |
| ciki | vn | be awake | |
| cikikso | vt | wake someone up | |
| cikepi | vn | wake up (become awake) | |
| cim | n | J: shima | island |
| cin | n | Chi: jin1 | present (the present time) |
| *cip | n | E | sheep |
| cir | n | circle | |
| civ | n | Norsk: skive | disk, disc |
| co- | ** RESERVED FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES ** | ||
| cuc | n | the letter c/C | |
| cud | n | D: schudden | shaking, shuddering [intransitive] |
| cuk | n | OV Chi: qiu1 | autumn, fall (the season) |
| cuka | aj | autumnal | |
| cul | n | Norsk: skyld, D: schuld, Sp: culpabilitad | guilt |
| cum | n | communication | |
| cup | n | OV | excellence, superlative condition |
d[]
| root | gramar category |
etim | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| da | da | [relative clause terminator] | |
| dad | n | D: daad, G: Tat | act / action, deed, feat |
| dag | n | tag | daytime (dawn to dusk) |
| daga | aj | diurnal | |
| dak | n | D: dak, G: Dach, Sw: tak | roof |
| dal | n | D: dal, G: Tal | valley |
| dan | n | group (several items having a unifying relationship) | |
| *dan | cj | Chi: dan4 | but, however |
| das | das [nominalized phrase terminator] | ||
| dat | n | information, data | |
| de | pr | contraction of desu | from (= desu) |
| deb | n | debt | |
| debo | v | owe | |
| ded | n | the letter d/D | |
| dek | num | Gk: deka | ten, 10 |
| del | n.tr | assignment / assigning (tasks/blame) | |
| dem | n | Gk: demos | people (a folk), public, populace |
| den | n | lightning | |
| denson | n | thunder | |
| der | n | Turkish: deri, E: epidermis | skin |
| des | n.tr | L: de, ex | leaving, departure from ... |
| deso | leave (go away from), depart | ||
| desu | prp | from | |
| desit | n | source (place from which something departs) | |
| dev | n.tr | Pt: dever | should-ness (advisability of action) |
| devo | vt | should, ought to | |
| *di | pn | it | |
| dif | n.tr | difference (differing from, being different than) | |
| dife | av | OV | differently |
| dik | n | D, Ice, G | thickness (dimension rather than density) |
| dil | n | Turkish | tongue (does not mean "language") |
| *din | n | G: Ding | thing [nowaday: diµ] |
| dit | n | It: dito | digit (finger/thumb/toe, does not mean "numeral") |
| diµ | n | G | thing (any tangible/physical object/substance) |
| dok | n | speedwords | document |
| dol | n | OV | pain |
| dor | n.tr | D: door | permeating, going throughout X |
| doro | v | permeate (a space), last (occupy the entire time-span of ...) | |
| doru | prp | throughout (permeating the entirety of ...) | |
| dub | n.tr | L: dubium, E: dubious | doubting |
| duc | n | Fr: douche, G: Dusche | shower |
| duk | n.tr | L: ducere, E: conduct, induct | guidance, leading |
| dul | pr | done to (points out "patient" of verb; opposite of 'par') | |
| dum | n.tr | thinking about X, or having the thought specified as 'ke X' | |
| dun | n | D | thinness, slenderness |
| *dun | n | Cantonese: dung | east / the East [nowaday: duµ] |
| dup | n | E | duplication |
| dupaj | n | copy (a copy of something) | |
| dupo | n.tr | duplicate, make copies of X | |
| dur | n | E: endure, duration | continuation [intransitive] |
| dus | num | L: duo, Sp: dos, Fr: deux, E: deuce | two, 2 |
| duskere | av | twice | |
| dut | n | Rus: dut' | blowing (sending forth a current of gas) [V95 xiduto: suck] |
| duµ | n | east (the eastern area/direction) |
e[]
| root | gramar category |
etim | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| e | sfx | OV < E-o | [suffix converts noun to adverb] |
| *el | sfx | tool, implement (any kind of tool/device) | |
| ep | nfx | [commencative/inchoative aspect] | |
| es | es | [possessive particle] | |
| *et | sfx | [diminutive/attenuative aspect] | |
| *ev | nfx | [perfective aspect] | |
| *ez | sfx | [honorific/exaltative] |
f[]
| root | gramar category |
etim | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| fac | n | L: facies, E: face, facial | face (front of head including eyes, nose, and mouth) |
| *fag | n | ISV: -phage, e.g. bacteriophage | eating, ingestion |
| faj | n.tr | eating, ingestion | |
| fak | n | G | compartment, pigeonhole, locker, cell (of prison), etc |
| fal | n | downward motion (resulting from gravity) | |
| fali | vi | fall, descend | |
| famil | n | G: Familie, Sp: familia | family |
| *fan | n | Norsk: fange, G: fangen | capture |
| *fano | v | catch (capture) | |
| far | n.tr | G: fahren | riding (sitting on/in X while it transports one) |
| faro | v | ride (to sit in/on X and move from place to place) | |
| fatik | n | physical sensation of weariness, tiredness, fatigue | |
| faz | n | stage or step (in a multi-step cyclical process), phase | |
| faµ | n.tr | G | capturing, catching |
| fe | av | ¿contraction of? fute | will (in the future) |
| feber | n | Norsk:feber, E: febrifuge | fever |
| fek | n | E: fecal | feces, dung, manure, poop, crap, ordure |
| fel | n | field (unbroken expanse / area where effect is present) | |
| fem | n/pfx | female | |
| fembov | n | cow | |
| femsib | n | sister | |
| fen | n | L: ventus, Chi: feng | wind |
| fer | n | L: ferrum, E: ferrous | iron |
| fes | n | L: festivus | festivity, party (celebration) |
| fet | n | G: Fett | fat, lard, blubber |
| fic | n | E | fish |
| fid | n.tr | trusting | |
| fik | n.tr | copulation, having sexual intercourse with X | |
| fil | n.tr | E:-philia | liking (deriving pleasure from), enjoyment of... |
| fin | n | Sp, Fr: fin | ending, finish, conclusion[intransitive] |
| fio | ij | "disregard my previous sentence; I meant to say/write:" | |
| fir | num | Dan: fire, G: vier | four, 4 |
| fis | n | Glosa: fisi | crack, fissure |
| fob | n.tr | Gk: phob-, E: phobia | fear, being afraid of X |
| fol | n | G: voll | fullness, being totally filled |
| fom | n | shape, form (contours and proportions) | |
| for | pr | V98 | before (prior to), earlier than |
| *for | n | L: formo | form, shape |
| fos | n | L: fossio | digging |
| fot | n | foot (on end of leg) | |
| *fot | n | G: Foto | photograph |
| *fotel | n | camera | |
| fra | title | Ms., Miss, Mrs. | |
| fuf | n | the letter f/F | |
| fug | n.tr | exiting, going out of (after being in) | |
| fugu | prp | OE: fugel, Dan: fugl, E: fowl | out of |
| ful | n | bird (vertebrate egg-laying animal with wings) | |
| fum | n | Romanian | smoke |
| *fun | n | Novial: funde | bottom |
| fut | n | future (that which happens after X moment), post- | |
| futa | aj | future, pending, subsequent | |
| fute | av | will will (in the future), shall (will do/happen/be) [fute gives fe] | |
| futu | prp | after (in the future of ...) |
g[]
| root | gramar category |
etim | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| *gab | n | G: Gabelung | forking, bifurcation |
| *gabel | n | fork | |
| gal | n.tr | equalling, being equivalent in value or significance to X | |
| *gal | pcl | [direct object tag; used when required by unusual syntax] | |
| galo | vt | equal (be equivalent to) | |
| gam | av | to the same degree | |
| gan | n | Bengali | song, singing |
| gani | v | sing | |
| gas | n | G, E, It: gas | gas (shapeless fluid tending to expand indefinitely) |
| gavan | n | harbor, port, haven | |
| ge | pr | Chi: gei3 | [beneficiary / dative / indir.obj. tag] |
| geg | n | the letter g/G | |
| gel | n | G: gelb, D: geel, It: giallo | yellow color |
| gem | n | E | game (a rule-governed amusement) |
| *gen | n | E: generate, genesis | creating / creation, making |
| gev | n.tr | giving (causing X to have Y) | |
| gig | num | ISV: giga | billion (10^9) |
| gil | n | Korean: gil | street, road |
| *gin | n | E: green, G: grün | yellow color |
| gis | n.tr | D | guess, conjecture |
| goc | n | Fr: gauche | left-hand side or direction |
| gon | n | E: -gon in polygon, hexagon etc | angle, corner |
| gor | n | E, G: Gold + Sp, It: oro, Fr: or | gold (the metal) |
| gov | n | government | |
| gum | n | Croat, Czech: guma, G: Gummi | rubber |
| gur | n | OV Chi: gu3 | grain(s), cereal crops |
| gut | n | goodness (a vague term of pleasantness or desirability) |
h[]
| root | gramar category |
etim | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| *hac | n | Persian: hasht, J: hachi | eight, 8 [nowaday: hog] |
| *hag | n | Gk: hagios, E: hagi-, hagiology | sacredness, sanctity |
| haga | aj | holy | |
| *hak | n | D: haak, G: Haken | hook |
| haj | n | existence | |
| hak | n.tr | creating, creation (causing X to exist) | |
| hal | n | E: in-/ex-hale, L: halare | breath, respiration |
| han | n/pfx | a male individual of any species [V95 vir] | |
| hansib | n | brother | |
| har | n | Afrikaans, Dutch, German: haar | hair |
| has | n.tr | G: Hass | hatred |
| haso | vt | hate, loathe | |
| hat | n.tr | OV | possession (legal ownership) |
| *hat | n | Turkish | line, mark |
| hav | n.tr | having, being furnished with | |
| hec | n | the letter e/E | |
| heder | n | ivy | |
| hef | n | G: Hefe | yeast |
| hel | n.tr | E: help, G: helfen | assistance, helping |
| hem | num | half | |
| *hem | n | E: hemo-, Gk: haimo- | blood |
| her | title | Mister, Mr., sir | |
| het | n | Gk: heteros | other one, another |
| hez | n | pause, hesitation (temporary suspension of action) | |
| *hi | pcl | less (lesser degree/smaller amount) | |
| hib | n.tr | L: inhibere | inhibition, holding back |
| hibo | v | restrain, constrain, inhibit | |
| hiber | n | winter (coldest season) | |
| *hin | pcl | *hi | <=, merely, no more than, ... and previous |
| his | n.tr | perception, detecting via physical sensation | |
| hit | n | E | heat (hotness) |
| ho | ij | oh! (denotes any sudden feeling) | |
| *ho | pcl | more (greater degree/larger amount) | |
| hob | n | cessation, stopping [intransitive] | |
| hoc | n | the letter o/O | |
| hof | n.tr | G: Hoffnung | hope |
| hog | num | eight | |
| hok | n | highness (as opposed to lowness), ¿height? | |
| hol | n | Gk: holos | wholeness, completeness |
| hole | n | entirely | |
| hom | n | E-o: homo | person, human being [archaic; changed to 'jin'] |
| hor | n | Sp: hora, E: horology | hour (1/24 of a day) |
| hov | n | firm removable protective artificial cover | |
| *hoz | n | Hose | pants, trousers, slacks |
| huk | n | squatting (body position) | |
| hul | n | Dan: hul, Norsk: hull | hole |
| *hun | num | E: hundred, G: hundert, Norsk: hundre | hundred, 100 [nowaday: bak] |
| hus | n | Sw, Dan: hus | house (a man-made dwelling-structure) |
| hutan | n | Indo | forest, woods |
| huz | n | the letter h/H | |
| hxc | n | the letter x/X |
i[]
| root | gramar category |
etim | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| i | sfx | [intransitive verb indicator] | |
| ist | sfx | V92 | professional/habitual do-er, -ist |
| it | sfx | that which is -ed [passive participle - substantive] | |
| ita | sfx | -ed [passive participle - adjectival] | |
| ite | sfx | -edly [passive participle - adverbial] | |
| iz | sfx | [attenuative aspect; indicates low density / low intensity] | |
| iza | sfx | [allomorph of 'iz'] |
j[]
| root | gramar category |
etim | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| jej | n | the letter j/J | |
| jin | n | J | person, human being (any member of "mankind") |
k[]
| root | gramar category |
etim | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| kabar | n | Indo | news, reports of recent events |
| kabel | n | cable (many wires bundled together) | |
| kac | n.tr | Fr: cacher | concealment |
| kaco | vt | hide, conceal | |
| kad | num | four | |
| kak | n | Phrygian: kakoun, Gk: kakos | evil-doing, immorality, sin |
| kal | n | Sw: kall, Ice: kaldur | cold |
| kamar | n | Indo | room (portion of a building) |
| kamin | n | Croat, Rus | fireplace, hearth |
| kan | pfx | [indicates polar opposite of tagged item] | |
| kanal | n | canal, channel | |
| kap | n | It: capo, G: Kopf, E: capital | head |
| kaphov | n | helmet | |
| kat | n | E: cat, G: Katze | cat (Felis catus) |
| kav | n | Croat, Czech: kava | coffee |
| kaz | n.tr | causing, inducing or forcing X to happen | |
| kazit | n | result (thing which is brought about; that which is caused) | |
| kazo | vt | cause, make happen, bring about | |
| kazu | pr | resulting in, so that, having the result that... | |
| ke | ke | [nominalized phrase initiator] | |
| kec | num | some (any unspecified greater-than-zero quantity) | |
| ked | n.tr | believing, belief | |
| kedo | vt | believe ('ke X' is true/false) | |
| kek | ij | [taboo curse word], heck!, darn it!, shucks! | |
| kemik | n | chemical (an artificially isolated substance) | |
| ken | n | knowing (being able to recall and use certain information) | |
| keno | vt | know | |
| kep | n.tr | competition | |
| kepo | vt | compete against, vie with | |
| ker | n | iteration, instance, time(s) | |
| kibun | n | J | feeling, mood |
| kin | n | E: kinetic | motion (*not* travel from place to place) |
| kir | n.tr | E: acquire | acquisition, getting, obtaining |
| kis | n.tr | E | kissing |
| kok | n.tr | D: koken | cooking / cookery (preparing food using heat) |
| kol | n | cabbage | |
| kom | n.tr | arrival, coming to (travel toward a given location) | |
| komit | n | destination (that which one arrives at) | |
| komu | pr | to (arriving at) | |
| kor | n | L: cor, E: coronary | heart (blood-pumping muscle) |
| kso | sfx | [converts an intransitive verb to a causative verb] | |
| ku | pn | he/she, him/her [third person sentient] | |
| kub | n | cube | |
| kuc | n | Fr: coucher, E-o: kushi | reclining |
| kud | n.tr | OE: cuth, OHG: kund | being familiar / acquainted with X |
| kuhal | n | alcohol | |
| kuj | n | V95 Nostratic: kujna | dog |
| kuk | n | the letter k/K | |
| kuler | n | Fr: cuiller, Pt: colher | spoon |
| kun | n.tr | ability (to perform a task), capacity (for doing X) | |
| kuno | vt | can (is able to) | |
| kur | n | medicine (the art of maintaining + restoring good health) | |
| kus | popn | his/her |
l[]
| root | gramar category |
etim | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| lab | n | Sp: labio, It: labbro, E: labial | lip |
| laba | aj | labial | |
| lac | n | the letter a/A | |
| lad | n | Rus | harmony, accord |
| laf | n | a.p. | liquid |
| lag | n | layer | |
| laho | vopcl | ¿from loha? | hello! (initiates a conversation or letter) |
| lak | n | lake | |
| lal | ij | [means "I scoff at the foolishness which I am witnessing"] | |
| lam | n | paralysis | |
| las | n.tr | G: zulassen | permission, authorization |
| laso | vt | let, permit, allow | |
| lat | n | E: lateral, L: latus | side, flank |
| lav | n.tr | Sp, Pt: lavar | washing, lavation |
| le | le | [foreign term flag] | |
| lec | n | G: Laecheln | smile |
| leg | n.tr | reading | |
| lek | n | G: Elektrizitat | electricity |
| lekrif | n | e-mail message | |
| lel | n | the letter l/L | |
| ler | n | G: leer | emptiness, vacancy |
| les | av | less (in a smaller quantity or degree) | |
| let | n | Norsk: lett | condition of being easy, not difficult |
| leta | aj | easy | |
| lev | n | E: elevate, E-o: levi | upward motion |
| levi | vn | rise | |
| lib | n.tr | love, affection (familial/romantic) | |
| libo | vt | love | |
| lic | n | the letter i/I | |
| lif | n | leaf (of a plant) | |
| lig | n | lying (body position), reclining | |
| lik | n.tr | Atakapa: lik- | mashing / crushing, smashing (flattening) |
| lim | num | five | |
| lin | n | Lincos: lin | language (a culture's communications protocol) |
| lip | n | E: leap | leap/leaping |
| liter | n | ISV | liter (unit of volume), litre |
| liµ | n | bell | |
| lob | n.tr | G: Lob, loben | praise, compliments |
| loha | vopcl | Hawaiian: aloha | goodbye |
| loj | n | Rus: lozh', Croat: lež | lie, falsehood, deceit |
| lok | n.tr | location, the act of being in a certain place | |
| loko | vt | be located in the same place as | |
| loku | pr | at (in the same place as) | |
| lom | n | Croat: lom, Rus: lomat' | breakage, fracture |
| lon | n | E: long, G: lang | length (linear; not temporal) |
| lop | n | D: loopen | running, rapid locomotion |
| lor | n | E: lore | science/scientific study, -ology, -istics |
| los | n | Norsk: lås | lock (device which secures doors etc.) |
| luc | n | the letter u/U | |
| lud | n | L: ludus | playing, recreation, amusement |
| luf | n | G, D: Luft | air |
| luk | n | D: luk, Norsk: lykke, G: Glück | happiness |
| lum | n | L: lumen | light (visible energy), illumination |
| lun | n | L, Sp, It: luna; E: lunar | moon |
| lunat | n | lunar month, lunation | |
| luµ | n | Chi | dragon |
m[]
| root | gramar category |
etim | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| m | num | [contraction of "men" used in informal situations] | |
| ma | sfpcl | [interrogative sentence marker] | |
| mad | n | Sp, It: madre, Czech: matka, Sw: moder | mother |
| mag | n | magnetism | |
| maj | n | Fr: image | image, picture, illustration |
| mak | n | power, strength | |
| mal | n | badness (a vague term of unpleasantness or undesirability) | |
| mam | n | breast (mound of flesh culminating in a teat), mammary | |
| man | pn | [null pronoun; to indicate a quasi-passive] | |
| map | n | E: map; Sp, Port, Polish, Czech: mapa | map, chart, diagram |
| mar | n | ocean, sea, marine area | |
| mat | n | eye | |
| med | n | accompaniment, togetherness | |
| mede | av | together | |
| medo | vt | accompany (be with) | |
| medu | pr | with (accompanying) | |
| mega | pfx | 1000000 times the indicated unit of measurement | |
| mej | pr | Rus: mezhdu | between, among, inter- |
| mek | n | machine (assemblage of parts designed to transmit motion or energy) | |
| mel | n | OV | honey |
| melan | n | Gk: melani | ink |
| mem | n | memory (recollection/ remembrance/ remembering) | |
| men | num | more than one; two or more | |
| menku | pn | they, them | |
| menkus | popn | their | |
| menti | pn | you [plural] | |
| mentis | popn | your [plural] | |
| menya | pn | we, us | |
| menyas | popn | our | |
| mer | av | more | (a greater quantity or higher degree) |
| mes | n | Gk: mesos, E: meso- | middle, center |
| met | n.tr | L: metiri | measurement |
| metal | n | G: Metall | metal |
| meter | n | ISV | meter (unit of length), metre |
| mic | n.tr | G: mischen | mixture, blend |
| mico | vt | mix | |
| mihon | n | J | sample, specimen, random or representative example |
| mikan | n | J | mandarin orange, tangerine (Citrus reticulata) |
| mikro | pfx | ISV | 1) too small to see, 2) divided by one million |
| milon | num | million (1,000,000) | |
| mim | n.tr | imitation, mimicry, emulation | |
| mimo | vt | imitate | |
| minut | n | minute (1/60 of hour; 1/60 of degree) | |
| mir | n | ant (insect of family Formicidae) | |
| mis | pfx/n | error, incorrectness, mis-, mal- | |
| mit | n.tr | L: mittere, E: transmit | transmission, causing to go |
| mito | vt | send | |
| mob | n | It: mobilia | (a piece of) furniture |
| sedmob | n | chair | |
| mod | n | OV L | method, way, manner of doing |
| mohan | n | J | model to be emulated, exaemplary example |
| mol | n | It: molle | softness (malleability / yieldfulness) |
| molekul | n | Indo | molecule |
| mom | n | the letter m/M | |
| monat | n | G | month (civil/arbitrary as opposed to lunar) |
| mor | n | L: mors, Fr: mort, E: mortality | death (dead state) |
| muc | n | J: mushi, Czech: hmyz | insect |
| mun | n | Sp: mundo | world |
| mur | n | D: muur, Dan, Fr: mur; E: mural | wall |
| mus | n | Norsk | mouse |
| mut | n | G: Mut, D: moed | courage, bravery |
| muzik | n | G | music (artificial pleasant sounds; an art-form) |
n[]
| root | gramar category |
etim | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| nam | n | name | |
| *nam | n | J: nami, E: tsunami | wave |
| *namfaro | v | surf | |
| nar | n | the letter n/N | |
| nas | pcl | [converts common noun to proper noun] | |
| nat | n | Interglossa: nato, E: natal | birth |
| nav | n | It: nave | ship |
| nd | nfx | [active participle] | |
| ne | modal | don't! [negative imperative] | |
| ned | n.tr | being lower than X | |
| nedu | pr | below, beneath, under | |
| nej | n | Fr: neige | snow |
| nek | n.tr | denial, negation | |
| nen | n.tr | being located inside of X | |
| nenu | pr | inside, within (located inside of) | |
| ner | n.tr | being close to X, proximity | |
| neru | pr | near | |
| net | n | net, screen, mesh, web | |
| nev | num | nine | |
| nez | n.tr | admiration | |
| nezo | vt | admire | |
| nik | n | practitioner, professional do-er | |
| nil | n | blueness, blue color | |
| nob | n | Papiamentu: nobo | newness |
| noba | aj | new | |
| noc | n | night | |
| noj | n | Rus, Croat | knife |
| nok | n | Norsk: nøkkel | key (for use with lock) |
| nol | n.tr | [no English equivalent] | |
| nolo | vt | [no English equivalent] | |
| nom | num | zero, no (not any), none | |
| non | av/pfx | not; non-, un- | |
| nor | n | Fr, It, Sw: nord, E: north | north (northern area/direction) |
| not | n.tr | G: Not(wendingkeit) | need(ing) |
| noto | vt | need, require | |
| nub | n | Sp, It: nube, L: nubes | cloud |
| nud | n | nakedness, nudity | |
| nug | n | OV | enough-ness, sufficiency |
| nuga | aj | sufficient | |
| nuk | n | nucleus | |
| numer | n | numeral, digit (written symbol representing quantity) | |
| nur | n | E, ISV: neuro- | nerve(-cell) |
| nura | aj | neural | |
| nus | n | G: Nuss | nut (seed with hard removable shell) |
| nuµ | n | agriculture |
o[]
| root | gramar category |
etim | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| o | sfx | [transitive verb indicator] | |
| ob | sfx | [cessative aspect] | |
| oz | sfx | [intensive aspect; indicates high density / intensity] | |
| oza | sfx | [allomorph of 'iz'] |
p[]
| root | gramar category |
etim | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| pad | n | Afrikaans | road |
| pag | n.tr | Sp: pago | payment |
| paj | n.tr | Croat: pažnja | attention |
| pajo | vt | pay attention to | |
| pak | n | D: pak, E: pack | package, packet, parcel |
| pal | n | Korean: p'al | arm (shoulder to wrist) |
| pan | n | OV Sp,Fr | bread |
| papal | n | butterfly | |
| paper | n | G: Papier; Czech, Croat: papir | paper |
| par | pr | done by (points out the agent of the verb's action) | |
| pas | n | the past | |
| pat | n | Sp, It: padre | father |
| pata | aj | paternal | |
| patat | n | potato | |
| paz | n | Sp | peace, tranquility |
| paµ | n | Voryera unit of weight equal to 80 kilograms | |
| pe | av | did [past tense indicator] | |
| ped | n | E: pedi- pedo- e.g. pediatric | child |
| peg | n | Sp: pegar | attachment |
| pego | vt | attach, affix | |
| pek | n | L: pectus, Sp: pecho, E: pectoral | chest (of body) |
| pel | n.tr | pushing (pressing on and causing a thing to move) | |
| pem | n | pressure | |
| per | pfx | [creates fractions] | |
| persan | num | a third | |
| perdek | num | one tenth | |
| pet | n | Greek: petra | rock, stone |
| pez | n | It, Pt: peso, E-o: pezo | weight |
| pezij | aj | light-weight | |
| pezoj | aj | heavy | |
| pin | n.tr | a.p. | comparison |
| pino | vt | compare | |
| pinu | pr | than, compared to | |
| piper | n | black pepper (of genus Piper; not Capsicum) | |
| pir | n | fire (combustion manifested in light and heat) | |
| pis | n | E: piss, D: pis | urine |
| piv | n | OV | an individual (as opposed to society or some group) |
| piz | num | pi (3.14159...) | |
| poc | n | OV | politics |
| poca | aj | political | |
| pod | n | ISV: -pod, E: podiatry | foot (on which something stands) |
| podhov | n | shoe | |
| pog | n | D: pogen, Croat: pokušaj | attempt, trying to do X |
| pogo | vt | try | |
| pokal | n | Sw, G | trophy, cup (as in "World Cup") |
| pom | n | Korean | spring (the season) |
| pop | n | D | doll, effigy |
| pos | n | Afrikaans | |
| posa | aj | postal | |
| puber | n | D, L: puber | an adolescent, teenager |
| pud | n | Czech: pudr, Rus: pudra | powder |
| pug | n | L: pugnus | fist |
| pun | n | point (geometry etc.), spot, dot | |
| pup | n | the letter p/P | |
| pur | n | E | purity (of substance) |
| put | n | Sp: putrefaccion | decay, rot, putrefaction |
| puµ | n | decimal point |
r[]
| root | gramar category |
etim | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| rab | n | Rus | slave |
| rac | n | arrangement | |
| rad | n | G: Rad | wheel |
| rag | n | Bengali | anger |
| rago | vt | be angry at | |
| raj | n | Hindi: raj, Bengali: raja | monarch |
| rak | n | Norsk | straightness (of line), directness |
| ram | n | G: Rahmen, Rus: rama, Czech: ram | frame |
| ran | n | Croat: ran, Rus: rano | earliness |
| ras | n | Sw, D | race, breed, ethnic group |
| rat | n | L: ratio | reason(ing), rational thought |
| rav | n | Croat: ravan, Rus: rovnay | flatness, levelness |
| raµ | n | the letter µ | |
| re | pr | [causee tag] | |
| rec | n | right, right-hand side or direction, starboard | |
| red | n | Croat: red, Rus: ryad | row, series, line (of objects), queue |
| rek | n | E: corRECt, G: korREKt | correctness (accuracy/propriety) |
| rel | n | relation(ship) (a quality that connects >=2 things) | |
| rem | n | Norsk, Croat | strap (restraining band of material) |
| ren | n | Afrikaans: reen | rain |
| rep | pfx/n | repeating/a repetition, re- | |
| repe | av | again | |
| rer | n | the letter r/R | |
| rev | n | Fr: rêve | dream |
| rez | n.tr | "resultancy" [this Vorlin noun has no English equivalent] | |
| rezo | vt | result from, stem from (be caused by) | |
| rezu | pr | because, because of, resulting from, due to, owing to | |
| rib | n.tr | G: Reibung, D: wrijven | rubbing |
| ric | n | OV | wealth |
| rid | n | laughter, laughing | |
| rif | n | letter (sent in mail to someone) | |
| ril | n | reality, actuality | |
| rila | aj | real | |
| rip | n.tr | OE | reaping, harvest |
| ripo | vt | reap, harvest | |
| ris | n | Rus, Sw, Dan: ris | rice |
| rit | n.tr | writing (drawing glyphs that represent data X) | |
| rito | vt | write | |
| river | n | E: river, Fr: riviere | river |
| rod | n | red color | |
| roda | aj | red | |
| roman | n | novel (long work of written fiction) | |
| rot | n | L | turning (rotating/ revolving/ pivoting) |
| roti | vn | turn | |
| ruk | n | D: rug, G: Ruecken | back (rear part), dorsal area |
| run | n | E: rune | character (written), letter (of alphabet), glyph |
| runset | n | alphabet (or syllabary) of a language |
s[]
| root | gramar category |
etim | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| sabun | n | Croat: sapun, Turkish: sabun | soap |
| sak | n | E | sack, bag |
| sal | n | L, Sp, Pt: sal | salt |
| sam | dem | the same one | |
| samo | vt | be the same individual as... | |
| san | num | three | |
| sar | n | art (skillful production of esthetically pleasing things) | |
| saran | n | Pali | refuge, sanctuary |
| se | cj | It | if, in the event that..., on condition that... |
| sed | n | E: sedentary | sitting (being seated) |
| sedi | vn | sit | |
| sej | n | se | circumstance, situation, case (set of conditions) |
| sek | n.tr | L: secare, Interglossa: secto | cutting |
| sen | n.tr | L: sine, Pt: sem | lack (state of not having X) |
| seno | vt | lack | |
| senu | pr | without, lacking, not having | |
| ser | n | series of things, sequence | |
| set | n/sfx | E: set | set (complete set/supply/array of similar items) |
| sib | n | sibling (one having the same mother and/or father) | |
| sig | pn | self, auto-, [reflexive pronoun] | |
| sik | n | color | |
| sim | n.tr | resemblence, similarity to X | |
| simu | pr | like | |
| sin | n | OV | muscle, sinew |
| sinoza | aj | muscular | |
| sir | n | Croat: sir, Czech: syr, Rus: sar | cheese |
| sis | n | system | |
| soc | n | society | |
| soca | aj | social (pertaining to society) | |
| sof | n | Gk | wisdom ["sof" meant "sleep" in V1999] |
| sofa | aj | wise | |
| sok | n | sock (soft foot-garment), stocking | |
| sol | n | state of being "the sole" or "the only" X; singularity | |
| sole | av | only (exclusively) | |
| som | n | sleep | |
| somi | vn | sleep | |
| son | n | L: sonus, E: sonic | sound |
| sop | n | Indonesian: sop, Sp, Pt: sopa | soup |
| sus | n | the letter s/S | |
| suµ | n | Voryera unit of length equal to 175 centimeters |
t[]
| root | gramar category |
etim | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| tabul | n | table (of data, not a table with legs) | |
| tac | n | G: Tasche | |
| tag | n | G: Tag, Sw: dag | day (24-hour period) |
| tak | n | Norsk: takke = thank | gratitude, thankfulness |
| tal | n | D: taal, Norsk: tale | speech, talking |
| tam | n | Sp: tambor, Hindi: tamtam | drum, percussion instrument |
| tan | dem | this, these | |
| tar | n | delay/ing, postponing, retarding | |
| tas | n | Turkish: tas, G: Tasse | cup |
| taz | num | thousand | |
| te | scj | OV | then (at that time / in that case) |
| tef | n.tr | pertaining to X, being about X, being on the topic of X | |
| tefu | pr | about (pertaining to; does not mean "approximate") | |
| tek | n | Gk: technologia | technology |
| tel | n | Gk: tele | distance (as opposed to nearness), farness |
| *tem | n | L: tempus, Pt: tempo | time, occasion [nowaday: zit] |
| *teme | av | times, -fold [nowaday: ker] | |
| *temur | n | time (the abstract phenomenon; *temur lopi ~= "time flies") | |
| *temfagor | chronofage | ||
| ten | n | Chi: tian | sky, heaven(s), firmament |
| tep | n | rug, carpet, tapestry, any large piece of area-covering fabric | |
| ter | n | L: terra | earth (as opposed to sea or sky/heaven), land |
| ti | pn | you (singular) | |
| tid | n | Norsk | period of time, interval, duration |
| tif | n | G: Tiefe | depth |
| tifiz | aj | shallow | |
| tifoz | aj | deep | |
| tik | n.tr | penetration | |
| tim | n | E: team | team, crew (group of beings sharing work) |
| tin | dem | that, those | |
| tip | n | Rus | kind, type, sort (of ...) |
| tir | n | lower animal, beast (any animal other than humans) | |
| tiran | n | tyrant, dictator | |
| tis | popn | your (singular) | |
| titul | n | Czech | title (name-like reference to book/song/etc.) |
| tok | n | Croat, Czech, Rus | current, flow, stream(ing) |
| tom | n.tr | Sp, Pt: tomar | taking (rapid/complete/violent acquisition) |
| tomat | n | D: tomaat | tomato |
| ton | n | tone (the pitch and timbre of a sound) | |
| top | n | E, D: top, Norsk: topp | top, summit, peak |
| tor | num | six | |
| tub | n | It: tubo | pipe, tube |
| tuc | n.tr | said in fencing: "touche!" | contact, touching |
| tuco | vt | touch | |
| tucu | vt | on (touching) | |
| tug | n.tr | Croat: tuga | sorrow, grief |
| tugo | vt | grieve about, feel sad about | |
| tuk | n | G: Tuch | a cloth (handy bit of fabric), rag, towel, napkin |
| tul | n.tr | OV L: ultra | exceeding |
| tulo | vt | exceed, go beyond | |
| tulu | vt | beyond | |
| tun | dem | yonder, that one over there | |
| tur | n | Croat | rump, buttocks, arse/ass |
| tus | n | L: tussis, E: tussive | cough(ing) |
| tut | n | the letter t/T |
u[]
| root | gramar category |
etim | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| u | sfx | [forms a preposition] | |
| uc | sfx | [moderative aspect; having typical amount/number/quantity] |
v[]
| root | gramar category |
etim | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| vag | n | L: vagari, E: vagabond | wandering (aimless travel) |
| vagi | vn | drift, roam, wander | |
| vaj | n | Rus: vazhnost | importance |
| van | n | a.p. | water |
| vap | n | OV | weapon |
| vas | n | L: vas, Lojban: vasru | container, vessel |
| vat | n | Turkish: vaat | vow, oath, promise |
| veg | n | plant (vegetable organism) | |
| ven | n | Dan: ven, Norsk: venn, Sw: vän | friend |
| ver | n | L: veritas, Sp: verdadero, E: verity | truth, honesty |
| vev | n | the letter v/V | |
| vez | n | star (a point of light in the sky) | |
| veza | aj | stellar | |
| vid | n.tr | L: videre | sight, vision, seeing |
| vido | vt | see | |
| vik | n | Sw: vik | bay (an offset body of water) |
| vil | n.tr | wanting, desire | |
| vilo | vt | want | |
| vin | n | wine | |
| *vir | n/pfx | E: virile, E-o: viro | male |
| virbov | n | bull | |
| vit | n | OHG: hwiz | whiteness, white color |
| viv | n | living (engaging in biological processes) | |
| vod | n | word | |
| vog | n | Fr, It | vogue, fad, trendy behavior, fashion |
| vok | n | L: vox | voice |
| vokal | n | G, Croat | vowel |
| von | n | G: wohnen | residing/residence, dwelling |
| vor | n | compromise between technical and aesthetic criteria | |
| vu- | ** DO NOT CREATE MORPHEMES BEGINNING WITH vu- ** |
w[]
| root | gramar category |
etim | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| wan | pr | and ["wan" can only combine nouns] | |
| war | n | Chi: hua1, E: floWER | flower, blossom |
| wat | n | E, Fr | watt (unit of power measurement) |
| waµ | scj | and-then [joins 2 sentences, indicates 2nd happens after 1st] | |
| we | we | [separates surname and given name] | |
| wel | wel | [relative clause initiator] | |
| wu | n | the letter w/W | |
| wuhu | ij | yahoo!, yippee!, hooray!, hoorah!, yay! |
*x[]
| root | gramar category |
etim | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| xi |
y[]
| root | gramar category |
etim | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| ya | pn | I, me | |
| yac | n | Turkish: yash | age (duration of existence) |
| yag | n.tr | G: jagen | hunting |
| yak | n | G: Jacke | jacket (lightweight coat-like garment) |
| yal | n.tr | a.p. | failure to do X / falling short of target X |
| yan | n | member (of organization/group/set), citizen (of country) | |
| yar | n | G: Jahr, D: jaar | year |
| yas | popn | my | |
| yer | n | Basque: herri = people, land | nation, country (state) |
| yi | n | the letter y/Y | |
| yo | vopcl | hey, oh ..., yo [vocative particle] | |
| yug | n | L: iugulum, E: jugular | throat |
| yuk | n | G: jucken | itching sensation |
| yun | num | E: unity, unit, unite, unify | one, 1 |
| yuwem | num | one and a half, 1.5 |
z[]
| root | gramar category |
etim | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| zad | n | D: zaad | seed |
| zak | n | D | affair, matter, concern, thing (intangible/abstract) |
| zan | n | Tang-era Chinese | meditation |
| zat | n.tr | G: ersetzen, Ersatz | replacing, substitution |
| zatu | pr | instead of, rather than | |
| ze | pr | [specifier flag / apposition preventer] | |
| zed | n | E: cede, E-o: cedi | surrender, submission |
| zeg | n | segment (a major and self-evident subdivision), section | |
| zel | n.tr | E: sell | sale, vending |
| zev | n | Turkish: zevk | pleasure (good sensations) |
| zez | n | the letter z/Z | |
| zib | num | seven | |
| zik | n | G: Sieg | victory, winning |
| zil | n | E: zeal, Gk: zilos | zeal, ardour, enthusiasm |
| zim | n | OV | -ism, ideology, belief system |
| zin | n | G: Sinn, D: zin | meaning, sense (of a word etc) |
| zit | n | time (the continuum / abstract phenomenon) | |
| zomer | n | summer (hottest season) | |
| zon | n | G: Sonne, D: zon | sun |
| zona | aj | solar | |
| zor | n.tr | G: Sorge, D: zorg | care, concern, solicitude |
| zoro | vt | care about the well-being of X | |
| zov | n.tr | Rus, Croat | call(ing), sound/signal to attract attention |
| zubon | n | J | pants, trousers, slacks |
| zud | n | G: Süd, D: zuiden | south (southern area / direction) |
| zuk | n.tr | D: zoeken, G: suchen | search(ing for ...), seeking |
| zuker | n | G: Zucker | sugar |
| zur | n | acid | |
| zuz | n | buzzing sound | |
| µ | ij | well, hmm, um, er |
proper nouns[]
| proper nouns | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| root | gramar category |
etim | meaning |
| Afrik | prop | Africa | |
| Firat | prop | Turkish | Euphrates River |
| Juµ | prop | Chinese culture/ethnicity (note: difficult to define) | |
| Nihon | prop | Japan | |
| Rom | prop | Rome (the city or the ancient empire) | |
| Rus | prop | Russian ethnicity/culture | |
| Urop | prop | Europe | |
| Venus | prop | Venus (planet/goddess) | |
| Vorlin | prop | compound by roots vor and lin |
Vorlin |
| Yovis | prop | Jupiter (planet/god) | |
| Yuwes | prop | United States of America | |
morphemes below need to be replaced or approved[]
| root | gramar category |
etim | meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| cam | dem | every, each | |
| maten | n | Haitian Creole | morning (dawn to noon) |
| motor | n | motor | |
| polis | n | police | |
| ramen | n | Czech: rameno, Croat: rame | shoulder |
| zahid | n | Indo | hermit |
| zavod | n | Rus, Croat | factory, works (as in "waterworks") |
| od | sfx | [augmentative] |