Wasmaxna

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Verbs	0%
Adjectives	0%
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Words	of 1500

Wasmaxna '
Type
VSO
Alignment

Head direction
head-final generally
Tonal
No
Declensions
Yes
Conjugations
Yes
Genders
Yes
Nouns decline according to...
Case	Number
Definiteness	Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect

General information[]

Wasmaxna is a bit of a homage to three languages I have learned by mixing them in a creative way, Japanese, Hebrew, and Chickasaw. The core grammar is Chickasaw (VSO), with the verbs having prefixes for the alignment roles and conjugated to tense, aspect, and mood. Verbs are on a root system like Hebrew, which get filled in with different vowels and sometimes adding a suffix to conjugate. Things like relative clauses and case-tags work like Japanese. All modifiers, including relative clauses, go before the noun ("The big train, which I saw" => "The seen-by-me big train"). I have got a basic structure, but it's still a work-in-progress.

Phonology[]

Consonants[]

S, N, H, C (ch), X (sh), P, R (lh), W, M, F, L, Y, B, T, K

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Epiglottal	Glottal
Nasal
Plosive
Fricative
Affricate
Approximant
Trill
Flap or tap
Lateral fric.
Lateral app.
Lateral flap

Vowels[]

A (Ah), O (Oh), E (Eh), I (Ii), U (Oo)

	Front	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
Close
Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open

Alphabet[]

Phonotactics[]

Grammar[]

	Gender	Cases	Numbers	Tenses	Persons	Moods	Voices	Aspects
Verb	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No
Nouns	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Adjectives	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Numbers	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Participles	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Adverb	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Pronouns	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No
Adpositions	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Article	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Particle	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No

Verbs are formed by 4-letter-roots, conjugated by time & form into templates, like Hebrew. (That is, you fill in different vowels to conjugate the root.) The verbs also have prefixes to add Subject & Object operators, like Chickasaw. The rest of the sentence adds phrases to fill the operator slots as well as other roles not in the verb, with tags at the end of the phrase for their role (a subject market, an object marker, direct object, and participles that work sort of like markers for objects of the prepositions, a bit like Japanese's use of "ha", "ga", "wo", etc.)

Basic example: John gave the book to Mary.

Wasmaxna form: He-it-gave John subj book obj Mary to.

Verb Prefixes:

I male single subject: Ya Me male single object: Fa

I female single subject Na Me female single object Sa

I neuter single subject Ka Me neuter single object Ta

You male single subject: Yo You male single object: Fo

You female single subject: No You female single object: So

You neuter single subject: Ko You neuter single object: To

He single subject: I [Yi] Him single object: Fi

She single subject: Ni Her single object: Si

It single subject: Ki It single object: Ti

We male plural subject: Yax Us male plural object: Fax

We female plural subject: Nax Us female plural object: Sax

We neuter plural subject: Kax Us neuter plural object: Tax

Y’all male plural subject: Yox Y’all male plural object: Fox

Y’all female plural subject: Nox Y’all female plural object: Sox

Y’all neuter plural subject: Kox Y’all neuter plural object: Tox

They male plural: Ix [Yix] Them male plural object: Fix

They female plural: Nix Them female plural object: Six

They neuter plural: Kix Them neuter plural object: Tix

Honorific plural subject: Bax

Honorific plural object: Bix

Verb Forms:

Example Root: X-L-M-P (to deceive)

Present simple: o:i Infinitive (to) form: a:a-fis Future simple: i:a

Xolmip Xalmap-fis Xilmap

(indicative)

Past simple: u:e Present progressive: o:i-bit Past progressive: u:e-bit

Xulmep Xolmip-bit Xulmep-bit

Future progressive: i:a-bit

Xolmap-bit

Present perfect: o:i-pax Past perfect: u:e-pax Future Perfect: i:a-pax

Xolmip-pax xulmep-pax xilmap-pax

Subjunctive (if): a:a-lu Negative: <stem>-lai Imperative: a:a-halos

Xalmap-lu <stem>-lal xalmap-halos

Interrogative[?]: reflexive:

<stem>-kal <stem>-yalos

Subjunctive (may) a:a-nofo

Xalmap-nofo

Subjunctive (must) a:a-pawo

Xalmap-pawo

Gerend (reify the action): o.u.o.

Xolumop (i.e., deceiving)

If a word ends in a vowel, a selected final (silent) consonant should follow it:

H for ah

W for oh

Y for ii

oo and eh cannot be final vowels

Ideas -

“Let’s __” form?

Xilmap-yaxha

Xalmap-yaxha

Subjects, Direct Objects, Indirect Objects, etc, get tagged with marker post-words (like the “et” in Hebrew for objects, or the “ga” in Japanese for subjects), as well as certain tags to set-off phrases; again, post-phrase tags (like “ni” in Japanese for to, “to” for quotes, etc). The sentence can also end with marker-words tagging the type of sentence (like “ka” in Japanese for questions).

Case (suffix) markers for nouns:

Subject/nominative: -ma

Copula complement tag: -sa

Direct object/accusitive: -ca

Indirect object/dative (objects of prepositions): -ko [kot]

Passive/Ablative: -wa (done by X)

Ideational/vocative: -bo [bot] (behold the …)

Plural: End with: P [or “ep”]

Definite: Add “e” to make it definite (“the”): mae, cae, koe, te’e, wae, boe

Plural: mape, cape, kope, tepe, wape, bope

Possessive [operates like ‘s]: -te

Personal possessive suffix (m/f):

My: teya / tena

Your: teyo / teno

His / her / its: teyi / teni / teki
Their: teyix, tenix, tekix

Our: teyax, tenax

Whose: krote

To: Fi

For: Nu

That phrase: xu

In: Pohu

On:

Many sentences don’t need extra words because the sense is captured in the verb itself (e.g., he-her-saw). You don’t need extra words for “he” and “she” tagged with subject & object marker-words because they are captured in the verb. So just saying the verb completes the sentence. (However you can put the tagged words “he” and “she” in if you like, possibly for emphasis.)

But if you want to say “John saw Jane”, then you would say “he-her-saw John subj. Jane obj.” Because the roles are tagged, like Japanese you can switch them around and put the object first and subject second, e.g., for emphasis, as in “he-her-saw Jane obj John subj” to answer the question “he-it-saw what obj John subj question.”

He sees her: Yafisoplil.

John sees Jane: “Yafisoplil Can ma Cen ca.”

John gave Jane the book. “Yafihuxcey Can ma Cen ca hicane koe.”

John gave the book to Jane. “Yafihuxcey Can ma Cen fi hicane koe.”

Other pronouns (correlatives)

Query This That Some No Every

Adj (which) (this) (that) (some) (no) (every)

kul hiul xul [Paxepe] tayo [sowa] Fecle nono[xowe]

(that there) any: xayi

aul

Person (who) (this one) (that one) (someone) (no one) (everyone)

Kro[fe] hrofe xrofe tayorofe Feclerofe nonorofe

(that there)

aulrofe

Thing (what) (this) (that) (something) (nothing) (everything)

kul hiul xul tayokul feclekul nonokul

(that there)

aul

Place (where) (here) (there) (someplace) (nowhere) (everywhere)

kixi Hixi xuxi [Cene] tayokixi feclekixi nonokixi

(over there)

aulxi

Time (when) (now) (then) (sometime) (never) (always)

kok hiok xuok tayokok feclekok nonokok

Way (how) (thus) (somehow)

Xecuha hixecuha tayoxecuha

Reason(why) (because this) (because that)

Kulfi hinufi xulnufi

Counting

1 to 10

Ten-five

Two-ten-five

Three-hundred two-ten five

…

Adjectives

Modifiers go before the noun. It is absolute head-final like Japanese & Turkish.

This goes for modifying relative clauses also, as described below.

-er (more): X [Adj-ce] more [than] Y. X ADJ-ce[haya] Y-ra.

-est (most): X most. X ADJ-maxufi

As … As: (hixe) X ADJ nemuselo hixe Y-li.

X [adj] compares as to Y,

(Nemuselo)

Opposite (un-) Xax-

Lack (-less) (hocuno) Hocu-

surfeit (-ful)

possibility (-able)

liking (-phile)

disliking (-phobe)

inhabitant (-er, -ian, -an, -ese)

weakening meaning (-ish)

strengthening meaning (uber-)

adverb (-ly)

Convert adjective to noun (-ness)

Head-final (place all modifiers before, head-noun is last)

The ten very happy bar-exam passed robots

10[xina] – very – Mayeha(happy) Bar-exam Kix-LuSHeS robot-bope.

Relative prepositional phrase (whom, which, that…):

Try similar to Japanese. Again, like the head-final adjectives, relative phrases will be placed in front of the head-noun or phrase to describe it, as if adjectives (as the happy robots example shows).

When the relative clause uses a new verb, the slot of the noun getting modified is replaced with an interrogative word to designate its grammatical role for that verb. So for example, for the sentence "The train, which I saw, was running.", we want to say something like "the seen-by-me train was running".

The head verb is "was running" with TRAIN is in the subject slot. But the train is also in the object-slot of the modifying relative clause ("I saw it"). To communicate it being in this object slot, we do a similar trick as English. We substitute the prefix slot of the train with "WHAT". So instead of saying "I-it-SAW" like a normal verb, we say "I-what-SAW".

For Wasmaxna, we start with the head verb, with the prefix slots for the roles [It-it-RUN-past-progressive]. The next word will be the verb for the relative clause, with WHAT in the slot for the modified noun, here the TRAIN. [I-what-SAW]. Then finally we have the modified noun, [TRAIN]. Then after that we put the tag for a subject (since TRAIN is a subject of the head noun RUN). If we had another adjective, like BIG, we'd put that just before the TRAIN after the relative clause. So "The big train, which I saw" would be "[I-what-SAW] [BIG] [TRAIN] [Subject-definite tag]". "Yakul-suplel hiceka liya mae". "To see" is SPLL. We add u-e vowels to make it past. It gets two prefixes, a male-subject-first-person "Ya" for I, and "kul" in the object slot for "what" (the noun we are modifying). The TRAIN is "liya", and it takes the subject tag "ma", which applies to the head verb (RUN, not in this phrase), NOT the object tag "ca" for "to see". The TRAIN is both a subject & object of two verbs. The way we know the TRAIN is the object of the 2nd verb, to see, is because of the "What" (kul) put in its object slot, and then the train (liya) fills that spot. Hiceka means "big", to show that adjectives go after modifying relative clauses.

If we wanted to make a full sentence out of it, "The big train which I saw was running", we'd add the head verb "It was running" verb at the front. "To go" is the root YCHW. We add u-e vowels for past tense (yuchew), then "bit" to make it progressive. It takes the "ki" prefix for the subject (neuter, the TRAIN).

Ki-yuchew-bit yakul-suplel hiceka liya mae.

Other Examples:

The man John hit yesterday prefers beer to wine.

[He-it-PREFERS] [he-who-HIT] [JOHN] [Subject marker] [yesterday] [MAN] [Subject marker] [BEER] [object-definite marker] [WINE] [OVER] [(object-of-"over" marker)].

Yi-ti-conwip yi-kro-nepyum Can ma pohepewo yubyu mae molewe cae uina nenos.

The girl you think I love is absent.

[she-it-IS] [you-THINK] [THAT] [I-who-LOVE] [GIRL] [Subject marker] [ABSENT] [Copula marker].

The neighbor whose son I teased wants to see you.

[he-it-WANTS] [I-him-TEASED] [WHOSE] [SON] [object marker] [NEIGHBOR] [Subject-definite marker] [him-you-SEE-infinitive].

The cat I said Alison brought home is stuck now in the tree.

[it-it-IS] [I-it-SAID] [THAT] [she-who-BROUGHT] [ALISON] [Subject marker] [Home] [To] [CAT] [Subject marker] [NOW] [TREE] [Object-definite] [STUCK] [copula].

The man that plowed my field is coming over here.

[He-COMING] [who-it-PLOWED] [FIELD] [object-my] [MAN] [subject] [HERE] [TO].

"The big train, which I saw, was going fast."

[It-WAS GOING] [I-what-SAW] [BIG] [TRAIN] [subject-definite] [fast]

Ki-kuybexbit kikul-suplel hiceka liya mae babate.

……………………………………

Adjectives / Adverbs

Adjectives and adverbs directly follow their target words.

[No need to follow gender or number]

Question Words

What – kul

That - xul

This -

When – kok

Then - xuok

Now -

Where – kixi

There - xixi

Here -

Why – To-what – kulfi

Because [To-that] - xulfi

Prepositional Phrases (which, who/m)

“That” phrases

Quoting phrases

“When” phrases

“If” Phrases

Vocabulary[]

No.	English
1	I	Ya (male), Fa (object) Na (female), Sa (object) Ka (neutral), Ta (object)
2	you (singular)	Yo (male), Fo (object) No (female), So (object) Ko (neutral), To (object)
3	he	Yi (male), Fi (object) Ni (female), Si (object) Ki (neutral), Ti (object)
4	we	Yax (male), Fax (object) Nax (female), Sax (object) Kax (neutral), Tax (object)
5	you (plural)	Yox (male), Fox (object) Nox (female), Sox (object) Kox (neutral), Tox (object)
6	they	Yix (male), Fix (object) Nix (female), Six (object) Kix (neutral), Tix (object)
7	this	hiul
8	that	xul
9	here	hixi
10	there	xuxi
11	who	kro
12	what	kul
13	where	kixi
14	when	kok
15	how	kulfi
16	not	fecle -lai (for verbs)
17	all	nono
18	many	epo
19	some	sowa
20	few	sepuxu
21	other	sobu
22	one	sfu
23	two	wepe
24	three	cehec
25	four	xinewi
26	five	holaso
27	big	hiceka
28	long	laho
29	wide	nibi
30	thick	tosen xesipati (clumpy)
31	heavy	riki
32	small	epu
33	short	loxu
34	narrow	bwefeho
35	thin	ato
36	woman	sixo
37	man (adult male)	yubyu
38	man (human being)	rofe
39	child	wafxexo
40	wife	cameta
41	husband	—
42	mother	lace
43	father	pimo
44	animal	wifuni
45	fish	susawa
46	bird	hosesef
47	dog	bice
48	louse	insect: naci
49	snake	—
50	worm	—
51	tree	sabowu
52	forest	losapaxi
53	stick	sosa
54	fruit	vegetable: rosaru
55	seed	xicap
56	leaf	xabo
57	root	hahos
58	bark	—
59	flower	mexoyoyi
60	grass	nasetehu
61	rope	efram
62	skin	ropiye
63	meat	soloxeye
64	blood	ribaha
65	bone	niwice
66	fat	hawessa
67	egg	leyiwo
68	horn	—
69	tail	xesax
70	feather	yapmabiso
71	hair	—
72	head	hixunu
73	ear	pwetab
74	eye	minabosaf
75	nose	sen
76	mouth	risufo
77	tooth	sense
78	tongue	—
79	fingernail	—
80	foot	—
81	leg	—
82	knee	—
83	hand	—
84	wing	—
85	belly	—
86	guts	—
87	neck	—
88	back	—
89	breast	—
90	heart	—
91	liver	—
92	drink	—
93	eat	—
94	bite	—
95	suck	—
96	spit	—
97	vomit	—
98	blow	—
99	breathe	—
100	laugh	—
101	see	—
102	hear	—
103	know	—
104	think	—
105	smell	—
106	fear	—
107	sleep	—
108	live	—
109	die	—
110	kill	—
111	fight	—
112	hunt	—
113	hit	—
114	cut	—
115	split	—
116	stab	—
117	scratch	—
118	dig	—
119	swim	—
120	fly	—
121	walk	—
122	come	—
123	lie	—
124	sit	—
125	stand	—
126	turn	—
127	fall	—
128	give	—
129	hold	—
130	squeeze	—
131	rub	—
132	wash	—
133	wipe	—
134	pull	—
135	push	—
136	throw	—
137	tie	—
138	sew	—
139	count	—
140	say	—
141	sing	—
142	play	—
143	float	—
144	flow	—
145	freeze	—
146	swell	—
147	sun	—
148	moon	—
149	star	—
150	water	—
151	rain	—
152	river	—
153	lake	—
154	sea	—
155	salt	—
156	stone	—
157	sand	—
158	dust	—
159	earth	—
160	cloud	—
161	fog	—
162	sky	—
163	wind	—
164	snow	—
165	ice	—
166	smoke	—
167	fire	—
168	ash	—
169	burn	—
170	road	—
171	mountain	—
172	red	—
173	green	—
174	yellow	—
175	white	—
176	black	—
177	night	—
178	day	—
179	year	—
180	warm	—
181	cold	—
182	full	—
183	new	—
184	old	—
185	good	—
186	bad	—
187	rotten	—
188	dirty	—
189	straight	—
190	round	—
191	sharp	—
192	dull	—
193	smooth	—
194	wet	—
195	dry	—
196	correct	—
197	near	—
198	far	—
199	right	—
200	left	—
201	at	—
202	in	—
203	with	—
204	and	—
205	if	—
206	because	—
207	name	—

I have a 70 page dictionary so far. I'm trying to get it online a bit at a time. (Google Docs/Drive is fiddly.)

Here is the link: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1d9kp5TcbN2yq4AjMP_j_2hF4Oz_UN9DU5QyjcJfdkVo/edit

Example text[]

I'm in the process of translating Ralph Waldo Emerson's "Self Reliance" in the language to develop it. I will try to upload it here periodically:

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1kHjZWkfKPD4lGn1_op0j7h9preCsCn3uDlGNk7I-leY/edit