m (→Revamp) |
Elector Dark (talk | contribs) |
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(23 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
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This is my attempt at making the language more speakable for me, as a person who wants to learn it >A< |
This is my attempt at making the language more speakable for me, as a person who wants to learn it >A< |
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+ | [[Xynder/Old Xynder|Old Xynder]] |
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− | Nothing too major will occur. The current changes as of late are: |
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+ | |||
+ | <s>Nothing too major will occur.</s> The current changes as of late are: |
||
*<u>'''Removed:'''</u> |
*<u>'''Removed:'''</u> |
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− | + | *<u>''''''</u>'''Ŝ''' and '''TX'''. |
|
+ | ** Heavy difference between dialects |
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*<u>'''Added:'''</u> |
*<u>'''Added:'''</u> |
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− | **<u>''''''</u>Capitalisation rules |
+ | **<u>''''''</u>Capitalisation rules (now reverted) |
*<u>'''Changed:'''</u> |
*<u>'''Changed:'''</u> |
||
− | + | *<u>''''''</u>'''Ê''' is now written as '''É'''. |
|
− | **'''Ö''''s long and short pronunciation are lowered. |
+ | **'''<nowiki>Ö'</nowiki>'''s long and short pronunciation are lowered. |
**Word order. |
**Word order. |
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**Noun declension. |
**Noun declension. |
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+ | ** Articles and determiners |
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+ | ** Pronouns |
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+ | ** Adjectival rules |
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+ | ** Verb conjugations |
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+ | ** Negation |
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*<u>'''To-Do List:'''</u> |
*<u>'''To-Do List:'''</u> |
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− | **<u>''''''</u>Reform irregular verbs. |
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− | **Reform adjectival rules. |
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− | **Reform regular verb conjugation rules. |
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**Change the interrogative system in some way. |
**Change the interrogative system in some way. |
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− | **Change negation system |
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==Phonology== |
==Phonology== |
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{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 750px; height: 100px;" |
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 750px; height: 100px;" |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|<u>Consonants</u> |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |<u>Consonants</u> |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Bilabial |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Bilabial |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Labiodental |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Labiodental |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Dental |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Dental |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Alveolar |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Alveolar |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Alveolopalatal |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Alveolopalatal |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Postalveolar |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Postalveolar |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Retroflex |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Retroflex |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Palatal |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Palatal |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Velar |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Velar |
− | ! colspan="2" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Uvular |
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Uvular |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Glottal |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Glottal |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Nasal |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Nasal |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|m |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |m |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|n |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |n |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|ɲ |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |ɲ |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|ŋ |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |ŋ |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Plosive |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Plosive |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|p b |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |p b |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|t d |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |t d |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|c |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |c |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|k g |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |k g |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|(ʔ) |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |(ʔ) |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Fricative |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Fricative |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|f v |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |f v |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |ð̞̠ˠ |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|s z |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |s z |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|ɕ |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |ɕ |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|ʃ ʒ |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |ʃ ʒ |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|ʂ |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |ʂ |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|ç ʝ |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |ç ʝ |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|x ɣ |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |x ɣ |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|χ |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |χ |
− | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|ʁ |
+ | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |ʁ |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|h |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |h |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Approximant |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Approximant |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|ɹ |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |ɹ |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|j |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |j |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Trill |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Trill |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|r |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |r |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Flap/Tap |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Flap/Tap |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|ɾ |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |ɾ |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Lateral Approximant |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Lateral Approximant |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|l |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |l |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|ɭ |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |ɭ |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
|} |
|} |
||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;" |
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;" |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|<u>Vowels</u> |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |<u>Vowels</u> |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Front |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Front |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Near-Front |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Near-Front |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Central |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Central |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Near-Back |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Near-Back |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Back |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Back |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Close |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Close |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|i y |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |i y |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|ʉ |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |ʉ |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
| style="text-align:center;" |u |
| style="text-align:center;" |u |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Near-Close |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Near-Close |
− | | colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|ɪ ʏ |
+ | | colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |ɪ ʏ |
− | | colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|ʊ |
+ | | colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |ʊ |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Close-Mid |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Close-Mid |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|e ø |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |e ø |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|(ɵ) |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |(ɵ) |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|o |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |o |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Mid |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Mid |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|ə |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |ə |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Open-Mid |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Open-Mid |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|ɛ <span style="text-align:start;">œ</span> |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |ɛ <span style="text-align:start;">œ</span> |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|<span style="text-align:start;">ʌ ɔ</span> |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |<span style="text-align:start;">ʌ ɔ</span> |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Near-Open |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Near-Open |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|æ |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |æ |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|(ɐ) |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |(ɐ) |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Open |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Open |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |(ɶ) |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |ä |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|ɑ ɒ |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |ɑ ɒ |
|} |
|} |
||
Every row below is it's own distinct letter excluding digraphs and '''é'''. |
Every row below is it's own distinct letter excluding digraphs and '''é'''. |
||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;" |
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;" |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Graph |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Graph |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Condition |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Condition |
− | ! colspan="2" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Capital Dialect |
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Capital Dialect |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Netheren Dialect |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Netheren Dialect |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Troderen Dialect |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Troderen Dialect |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|A a |
+ | | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |A a |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|Long Pronunciation |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |Long Pronunciation |
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|ɑ: |
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |ɑ: |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|ɛ: |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |ɛ: |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|Short Pronunciation |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |Short Pronunciation |
− | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |ä |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|Ae ae |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |Ae ae |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|e: |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |e: |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|''Ar ar (Troderen Dialect)'' |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |''Ar ar (Troderen Dialect)'' |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|a: |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |a: |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|''Ee ee (Netheren Dialect)'' |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |''Ee ee (Netheren Dialect)'' |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|e: |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |e: |
− | | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
+ | | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Ää |
+ | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Ää |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|Long Pronunciation |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |Long Pronunciation |
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|æ: |
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |æ: |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|Short Pronunciation |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |Short Pronunciation |
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|æ |
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |æ |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="1" rowspan="2"| |
+ | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" | |
<p style="text-align:center;">''Ææ (Troderen Dialect)''</p> |
<p style="text-align:center;">''Ææ (Troderen Dialect)''</p> |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|Long Pronunciation |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |Long Pronunciation |
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|e: |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |e: |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|Short Pronunciation |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |Short Pronunciation |
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|ɛ |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |ɛ |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|Bb |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |Bb |
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|b |
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |b |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|b̥ |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |b̥ |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|Cc |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |Cc |
− | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|t͡s |
+ | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |t͡s |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|Cz cz |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |Cz cz |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|t͡ʃ |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |t͡ʃ |
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Czr czr |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Czr czr (rcz) |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|t͡ʂ |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |t͡ʂ |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|''Tj tj (Netheren Dialect)'' |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |''Tj tj (Netheren Dialect)'' |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|t͡ʃ |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |t͡ʃ |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Dd |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Dd |
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|d |
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |d |
− | | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|d̥ |
+ | | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |d̥ |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|d̪ |
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |d̪ |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|(Dd) dd |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |(Dd) dd |
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|ð |
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |ð |
− | | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |ð̞̠ˠ |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |ð̞̠ˠ |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|''Dj dj (Netheren and Troderen Dialect)'' |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |''Dj dj (Netheren and Troderen Dialect)'' |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|d͡ʒ |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |d͡ʒ |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|Ee |
+ | | colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |Ee |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|Long Pronunciation |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |Long Pronunciation |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|ɛ: |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |ɛ: |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|e: |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |e: |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|ɪ: |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |ɪ: |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|Short Pronunciation |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |Short Pronunciation |
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|ɛ |
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |ɛ |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|æ |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |æ |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Word-Final |
+ | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Word-Final |
− | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|ə |
+ | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |ə |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Eg eg |
+ | | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Eg eg |
− | | colspan="3" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
+ | | colspan="3" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|e |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |e |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|Normal Pronunciation |
+ | | colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |Normal Pronunciation |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|ej |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |ej |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|''Er er (Troderen Dialect)'' |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |''Er er (Troderen Dialect)'' |
− | | colspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|ɐ |
+ | | colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |ɐ |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |Eu eu |
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|y: |
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |y: |
− | | colspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
+ | | colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|ʏ(:) |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |ʏ(:) |
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|ɨ |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |ɨ |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|Éé |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |Éé |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|Word-Final |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |Word-Final |
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|ɛ |
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |ɛ |
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|Ff |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |Ff |
− | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|f |
+ | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |f |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Gg |
+ | | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Gg |
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|Normal Pronunciation |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |Normal Pronunciation |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|g |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |g |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|χ |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |χ |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|g̊ |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |g̊ |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Word-Final |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Word-Final |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|w |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |w |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|Gj gj |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |Gj gj |
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|ʝ |
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |ʝ |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|Hh |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |Hh |
− | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|h |
+ | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |h |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|Hj hj |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |Hj hj |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|ç |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |ç |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|hj |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |hj |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|j |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |j |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|Hv hv |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |Hv hv |
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|Word-Initial |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |Word-Initial |
− | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|v̥ |
+ | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |v̥ |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Hz hz |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Hz hz |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|x |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |x |
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|χ |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |χ |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="1" rowspan=" |
+ | | colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |Ii |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|Long Pronunciation |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |Long Pronunciation |
− | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|i: |
+ | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |i: |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|Short Pronunciation |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |Short Pronunciation |
− | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|ɪ |
+ | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |ɪ |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |Word-Final Short Pronunciation |
− | | colspan=" |
+ | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |i |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|ɛi |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |Ij ij |
− | | colspan=" |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |æɪ |
− | | |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |ɛi |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |''Ig ig (Troderen Dialect)'' |
− | | colspan=" |
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |ai |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |Jj |
− | | colspan=" |
+ | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |j |
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|kʰ |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |Kk |
− | | colspan=" |
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |k(ʰ) |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |kʰ |
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |Kj kj |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |c |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |kj |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |Ll |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |l |
− | | |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |lˠ |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |l |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |Lj lj |
− | | colspan=" |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |lʲ |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |lj |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |Mm |
− | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |m |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan=" |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |Nn |
− | | style="text-align:center;" |
+ | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |n |
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|ŋ |
||
− | | colspan="3" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;" |
+ | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Ńń |
− | | |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |Normal Pronunciation |
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |ŋ |
||
+ | | colspan="3" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |Before-Vowel Pronunciation |
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |ɑ̃(n) |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |(Ng) ng |
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |ŋ |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" | |
||
<p style="text-align:center;">Ni ni</p> |
<p style="text-align:center;">Ni ni</p> |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|ɲ |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |ɲ |
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|Nj nj |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |Nj nj |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Oo |
+ | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Oo |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|Long Pronunciation |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |Long Pronunciation |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|ɔ: |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |ɔ: |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|o: |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |o: |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|Short Pronunciation |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |Short Pronunciation |
− | | colspan=" |
+ | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |ɒ |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|ɒ |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan=" |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Oe oe |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |u: |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |u |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|Long Pronunciation |
||
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|ø: |
||
− | | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |Oy oy |
− | | colspan=" |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |u̯ɐ: |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Öö |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |Long Pronunciation |
||
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |ø: |
||
+ | | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |Short Pronunciation |
||
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |œ |
||
+ | |- |
||
+ | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |''Øø'' |
||
'' (Troderen Dialect)'' |
'' (Troderen Dialect)'' |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|Long Pronunciation |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |Long Pronunciation |
− | | colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
+ | | colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|ø: |
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |ø: |
+ | |- |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |Short Pronunciation |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |œ |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |Öa öa |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |o: |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan=" |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |Öe öe |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |ə: |
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2 |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |ə |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|ə: |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |ʌ |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |Pp |
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |p(ʰ) |
||
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |pʰ |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |Qq |
− | | colspan=" |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |χ |
− | | colspan=" |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |Rr |
− | | |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |Normal Pronunciation |
− | | colspan=" |
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |ɾ |
+ | | colspan="3" rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |ʁ |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |''Lengthened'' pronunciation sometimes used in singing |
− | | style="text-align:center;" |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |ɭ: |
− | | |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
− | | colspan="3" rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;"|ʁ |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;" |
+ | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Situational Pronunciation |
− | | colspan=" |
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |r |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |ɹ |
− | | |
+ | | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |Pronunciation when imported from Germanic languages that use this rhotic sound |
− | | |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |ʁ |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |Ss |
− | | colspan=" |
+ | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |s |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan=" |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Sz sz |
− | | colspan=" |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |ʃ |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2 |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |ɕ |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|ʃ |
||
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|''Sj sj (Netheren and Troderen Dialect)'' |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |''Sj sj (Netheren and Troderen Dialect)'' |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|ʃ |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |ʃ |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|Szr szr |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |Szr szr (rs/rsz) |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|ʂ |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |ʂ |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|''Sr sr (Netheren Dialect)'' |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |''Sr sr (Netheren Dialect)'' |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|ʂ |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |ʂ |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|Tt |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |Tt |
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|t(ʰ) |
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |t(ʰ) |
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|tˢ |
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |tˢ |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Uu |
+ | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Uu |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|Long Pronunciation |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |Long Pronunciation |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|ʉ: |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |ʉ: |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|u: |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |u: |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|Short Pronunciation |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |Short Pronunciation |
− | | colspan=" |
+ | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |ʊ |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|ʊ |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |Ui ui |
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|<span style="text-align:center;">ɶy</span> |
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<span style="text-align:center;">ɶy</span> |
− | | colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
+ | | colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|Vv |
+ | | colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |Vv |
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|Word-Final Pronunciation |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |Word-Final Pronunciation |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|u̯ |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |u̯ |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|Normal Pronunciation |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |Normal Pronunciation |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|v̥ |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |v̥ |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|v |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |v |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|v |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |v |
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Ww |
+ | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Ww |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|Word-Final Pronunciation |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |Word-Final Pronunciation |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|f |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |f |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|Xx |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |Xx |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|z |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |z |
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|Xz xz |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |Xz xz |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|ʒ |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |ʒ |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Yy |
+ | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Yy |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|Long Pronunciation |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |Long Pronunciation |
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|ɪ: |
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |ɪ: |
− | | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|y: |
+ | | rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |y: |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|Short Pronunciation |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |Short Pronunciation |
− | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|ɪ |
+ | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |ɪ |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Zz |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Zz |
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|z |
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |z |
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;"|z̥ |
+ | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |z̥ |
|- |
|- |
||
− | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|Zz zz |
+ | | colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |Zz zz |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|d͡z |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |d͡z |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|''N/A'' |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
|} |
|} |
||
==Rules== |
==Rules== |
||
− | *Vowels receive ''shortened'' pronunciation in unstressed syllables, or if they precede a consonant cluster. |
+ | *Vowels receive ''shortened'' pronunciation in unstressed syllables (or monosyllabic words), or if they precede a consonant cluster. |
**Vowels receive ''lengthened'' pronunciation though the vowel sound isn't lengthened if preceding another vowel sound. |
**Vowels receive ''lengthened'' pronunciation though the vowel sound isn't lengthened if preceding another vowel sound. |
||
*'''I''' proceeding a consonant and preceding a vowel makes the sound /j/ |
*'''I''' proceeding a consonant and preceding a vowel makes the sound /j/ |
||
**this is the same for '''u''' and /u̯/ |
**this is the same for '''u''' and /u̯/ |
||
+ | *A word-final '''v''' preceded by a consonant is pronounced before the consonant. |
||
− | *Non-harmonic consonant clusters imply there is schwa /ɵ(:)/ between them |
||
+ | ** '''ha<u>lv</u>''' (half) /häu̯l/ |
||
+ | * Non-harmonic consonant clusters imply there is /ɵ(:)/ between them |
||
**'''Niho<u>gn</u>''': Japan /nihɔ:gɵn/ |
**'''Niho<u>gn</u>''': Japan /nihɔ:gɵn/ |
||
*To avoid confusion, certain letters often change their pronunciation slightly: |
*To avoid confusion, certain letters often change their pronunciation slightly: |
||
**'''X''' is pronounced more strongly than '''Z''' |
**'''X''' is pronounced more strongly than '''Z''' |
||
***'''Z''' is sometimes pronounced /z̥/ |
***'''Z''' is sometimes pronounced /z̥/ |
||
− | *Digraphs formed as a result of case infections are not pronounced. |
||
− | **'''Dev Uczev''' /d'''ɛu̯''' ʔʉt͡ʃ'''ɛu̯'''/ |
||
*Voiced consonants in word-final position become voiceless. |
*Voiced consonants in word-final position become voiceless. |
||
− | *If the subject isn't a pronoun, it is common to read the sentence with a comma (short pause) after the subject to avoid confusing the subject as part of a compound word if other nouns proceed it, since nouns don't have a nominative declension. |
||
− | **It is incorrect, however, to write the comma. |
||
*Stress is placed on the penultimate syllable of a word or on the syllable containing the first consonant cluster ('''in the same syllable''') in the word. |
*Stress is placed on the penultimate syllable of a word or on the syllable containing the first consonant cluster ('''in the same syllable''') in the word. |
||
**If there are no consonant clusters that aren't broken by syllable boundaries, then the stress goes to the syllable containing the first vowel sound without a shortening pronunciation or is lengthened already (e.g. '''ii''' (/i/) that ends some words). |
**If there are no consonant clusters that aren't broken by syllable boundaries, then the stress goes to the syllable containing the first vowel sound without a shortening pronunciation or is lengthened already (e.g. '''ii''' (/i/) that ends some words). |
||
***If none of these conditions are met, the stress goes to the penultimate syllable. |
***If none of these conditions are met, the stress goes to the penultimate syllable. |
||
+ | ***If a ''long'' vowel precedes a consonant cluster broken by a syllable boundary then the vowel is pronounced according to the shortened pronunciation. |
||
+ | ****'''Mansev''' - ''mother'' /ˈm'''ä'''nsɛu̯/ |
||
**This rule doesn't apply if the consonant cluster is in an ultimate syllable that ends with a schwa. |
**This rule doesn't apply if the consonant cluster is in an ultimate syllable that ends with a schwa. |
||
**Secondary stress may be applied on the second root word in a compound word where primary stress would be applied. |
**Secondary stress may be applied on the second root word in a compound word where primary stress would be applied. |
||
Line 623: | Line 636: | ||
**The letter is pronounced as the former in when in the nucleus if it is the only vowel in the nucleus. If the letter is preceded by another vowel all the while remaining in the nucleus, then the vowel becomes nasalised. |
**The letter is pronounced as the former in when in the nucleus if it is the only vowel in the nucleus. If the letter is preceded by another vowel all the while remaining in the nucleus, then the vowel becomes nasalised. |
||
*The difference between '''ń''' and '''ng''' is the same as German's '''ß''' and '''ss''' in that the latter contributes to the vowel shortening rule whereas the former does not. |
*The difference between '''ń''' and '''ng''' is the same as German's '''ß''' and '''ss''' in that the latter contributes to the vowel shortening rule whereas the former does not. |
||
+ | * '''szr '''and '''czr''' only ever appear at the beginning of root words. |
||
− | *'''IJ''', '''ig''' of the Troderen Dialect, '''eu''', '''öa''', '''öe''' and '''ui''' are all capitalised together. |
||
+ | ** Though is '''r''' precedes '''sz''', '''cz''' or '''xz''' they are retroflexed. |
||
− | **'''ÖAahelt.''' ''Everywhere''. |
||
==Table of Grammar== |
==Table of Grammar== |
||
Line 634: | Line 647: | ||
|NounCases = yes |
|NounCases = yes |
||
|NounNumber = yes |
|NounNumber = yes |
||
− | |AdjectiveCases = |
+ | |AdjectiveCases = |
|NumberCases = yes |
|NumberCases = yes |
||
|NumberNumber = yes |
|NumberNumber = yes |
||
Line 642: | Line 655: | ||
|PronounNumber = yes |
|PronounNumber = yes |
||
|PronounPerson = yes |
|PronounPerson = yes |
||
− | |ArticleGender = yes}} |
+ | |ArticleGender = yes|AdjectiveGender = yes|AdjectiveNumber = yes}} |
==Case Marking== |
==Case Marking== |
||
Line 648: | Line 661: | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;" |
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;" |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="col"|Case |
+ | ! scope="col" |Case |
− | ! scope="col"|Prefix |
+ | ! scope="col" |Prefix |
− | ! scope="col" |
+ | ! scope="col" |Example (Xynt) |
− | ! scope="col"|<span style="font-weight:bold;">Prefix (Troderen)</span> |
||
− | ! scope="col"|Example (Xynt) |
||
− | ! scope="col"|<span style="font-weight:bold;">Example (</span><span style="font-weight:bold;">Zint</span><span style="font-weight:bold;">)</span> |
||
− | ! scope="col"|<span style="font-weight:bold;">Example (</span><span style="font-weight:bold;">sind</span><span style="font-weight:bold;">)</span> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | |Nominative (NOM) |
+ | ! scope="col" |Nominative (NOM) |
− | | colspan="3" rowspan="1"| -∅ |
||
− | | colspan="1" rowspan="2"|Xynt |
||
− | |Zint |
||
− | |sind |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Accusative (ACC) |
||
| -∅ |
| -∅ |
||
+ | |Xynt |
||
− | | -ij / -i |
||
− | | -ig |
||
− | |Zint'''ij''' |
||
− | |sind'''ig''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | |Dative (DAT) |
+ | ! scope="col" | Dative (DAT) |
| -ja |
| -ja |
||
− | | -(i)g |
||
− | | -igk |
||
|Xynt'''ja''' |
|Xynt'''ja''' |
||
− | |Zint'''ig''' |
||
− | |sind'''igk''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | |Genetive (GEN) |
+ | ! scope="col" |Genetive (GEN) |
− | + | | -(a)s |
|
− | | -iss / 's |
||
|Xynt'''s''' |
|Xynt'''s''' |
||
− | |Zint'''as''' |
||
− | | |
||
− | sind'''iss''' |
||
− | |||
− | sind''''s''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | |Vocative (VOC) |
+ | ! scope="col" |Vocative (VOC) |
| -(a)v |
| -(a)v |
||
− | | -∅ |
||
− | | -yg |
||
|Xynt'''av''' |
|Xynt'''av''' |
||
− | |Zint |
||
− | |sind'''yg''' |
||
|} |
|} |
||
==Word Order== |
==Word Order== |
||
Line 700: | Line 686: | ||
#(Reflexive Pronoun) |
#(Reflexive Pronoun) |
||
#Subject |
#Subject |
||
− | #Indirect Object |
+ | #Indirect Pronoun/Object |
#(Direct Object Pronoun) |
#(Direct Object Pronoun) |
||
#(Auxiliary) Verb |
#(Auxiliary) Verb |
||
Line 723: | Line 709: | ||
==Verb Conjugation== |
==Verb Conjugation== |
||
− | All verbs end in '''el''' and most are regular. There is one irregular verb and the continuous tense is combined with the simple. |
+ | All verbs end in '''el''' and most are regular. There is one irregular verb and the continuous tense is combined with the simple. Dropping the pronoun is common in informal speech. |
===To Be=== |
===To Be=== |
||
− | This is the only irregular verb that exists. |
||
− | ====Capital Dialect==== |
||
− | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px; height: 500px;" |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Person |
||
− | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|First Person |
||
− | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|First Person |
||
− | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Third Person |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Number |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | Singular |
||
− | |||
− | ''Jê'' |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | Plural |
||
− | |||
− | ''Jöt'' |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | <span style="font-weight:bold;">Singular</span> |
||
− | |||
− | ''To'' |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | Plural |
||
− | |||
− | ''Vöt'' |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | Singular |
||
− | |||
− | ''Ê/A/O'' |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | Plural |
||
− | |||
− | ''Ö'' |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Infinitive |
||
− | | colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|ön<u>el</u> |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Past Participle |
||
− | | colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|''helt'' |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="7" scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Indicative & Subjunctive |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | Present |
||
− | |||
− | (Non-Past) |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|za |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|zasz |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|je |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|esz |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|e |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|zesz |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Past |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|sza |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|szê |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|cze |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|szes |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|sze |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|szesz |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|''Future'' |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|fjöt önelt |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|fjöcz önelt |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|fjöc önelt |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|fjöcze<span style="font-size:14px;"> </span><span style="font-size:14px;">ön</span><span style="font-size:14px;">elt</span> |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|fjöte<span style="font-size:14px;"> </span><span style="font-size:14px;">ön</span><span style="font-size:14px;">elt</span> |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|fjötesz önelt |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="7" scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Other |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Imperative |
||
− | | colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|ön<u>e</u> |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Interrogative |
||
− | | colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|<u>be-</u> |
||
− | |} |
||
− | =====Dropping 'E'===== |
||
− | '''E''' means ''is'' and sometimes is omitted. If a noun is used in accusative case alone, the ''it is'' is implied: |
||
− | |||
− | '''Telefonaj'''. |
||
− | |||
− | ''It is a telephone.'' |
||
− | |||
− | You may use the nominative case with it but it is less common than using '''e''' |
||
− | |||
− | '''O Telefonaj''' is less common than '''Telefonaj e''' and '''Telefonaj''' but is still used. |
||
− | |||
− | ''It is a telephone''. |
||
+ | === This is the only irregular verb that exists. === |
||
− | The use of '''O Telefonaj e''' is considered to be formal; in fact, no omission occurs in formal writing and speech. |
||
− | ====Netheren Dialect==== |
||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px; height: 500px;" |
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px; height: 500px;" |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Person |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Person |
− | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|First Person |
+ | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |First Person |
− | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Second Person |
− | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Third Person |
+ | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Third Person |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Number |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Number |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" | |
Singular |
Singular |
||
− | '' |
+ | ''jé'' |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" | |
Plural |
Plural |
||
− | '' |
+ | ''jöt'' |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" | |
<span style="font-weight:bold;">Singular</span> |
<span style="font-weight:bold;">Singular</span> |
||
''to'' |
''to'' |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" | |
Plural |
Plural |
||
− | '' |
+ | ''vöt'' |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" | |
Singular |
Singular |
||
− | '' |
+ | ''han/het/ot'' |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" | |
Plural |
Plural |
||
− | '' |
+ | ''öt'' |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Infinitive |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Infinitive |
− | | colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|ön<u>el</u> |
+ | | colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |ön<u>el</u> |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Past Participle |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Past Participle |
− | | colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |vaeret |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! colspan="7" scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Indicative & Subjunctive |
+ | ! colspan="7" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Indicative & Subjunctive |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | |
Present |
Present |
||
(Non-Past) |
(Non-Past) |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |höl |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |skaen |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |skiss |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |skist |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |ar |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |zesz |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Past |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Past |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |hvöl |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |hven |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |hviss |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |hvist |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |hvar |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |hvesz |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|''Future'' |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |''Future'' |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |blir vaeret |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |bliren vaeret |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |bliris vaeret |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |bliret vaeret |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|viötis<span style="font-size:14px;"> </span><span style="font-size:14px;">ön</span><span style="font-size:14px;">eld</span> |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |blirar vaeret |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|viötes<span style="font-size:14px;"> </span><span style="font-size:14px;">ön</span><span style="font-size:14px;">eld</span> |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |bliresz vaeret |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! colspan="7" scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Other |
+ | ! colspan="7" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Other |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Imperative |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Imperative |
− | | colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |geröad |
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Interrogative |
||
− | | colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|<u>be-</u> |
||
|} |
|} |
||
− | ====Troderen Dialect==== |
||
− | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px; height: 500px;" |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Person |
||
− | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|First Person |
||
− | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|First Person |
||
− | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Third Person |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Number |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | Singular |
||
+ | === Other Irregular Verbs === |
||
− | ''jæ'' |
||
+ | [http://conworkshop.info/view_gram_table.php?g=af74486d65d3a42c155450ccf5d61038&w=294e63e55120c7b62661730e24dd5672 helbel] - to have |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | Plural |
||
+ | [http://conworkshop.info/view_gram_table.php?g=af74486d65d3a42c155450ccf5d61038&w=07c8db8519436816a92b10f0624dcdbc gatel] - to go |
||
− | ''jør'' |
||
+ | ===Regular Verbs (to write)=== |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | <span style="font-weight:bold;">Singular</span> |
||
− | |||
− | ''tog'' |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | Plural |
||
− | |||
− | ''vig'' |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | Singular |
||
− | |||
− | ''eg'' |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | Plural |
||
− | |||
− | ''ør'' |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Infinitive |
||
− | | colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|øn<u>el</u> |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Past Participle |
||
− | | colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|ønel<u>et</u> |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="7" scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Indicative & Subjunctive |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | Present |
||
− | |||
− | (Non-Past) |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|sø |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|søgk |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|je |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|agk |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|er |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|sagk |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Past |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|kø |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|keg |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|kus |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|kes |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|ke |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|kegk |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|''Future'' |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|ført ønelet |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|førtiss ønelet |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|førtig ønelet |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|førtiger<span style="font-size:14px;"> </span>ønelet |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|førter<span style="font-size:14px;"> </span>ønelet |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|førtigk ønelet |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="7" scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Other |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Imperative |
||
− | | colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|øn |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Interrogative |
||
− | | colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|<u>hver-</u> |
||
− | |} |
||
− | ===Regular Verbs (to go)=== |
||
Regular verbs will conjugated as follows: |
Regular verbs will conjugated as follows: |
||
− | ====Capital Dialect==== |
||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px; height: 500px;" |
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px; height: 500px;" |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Person |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Person |
− | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|1st Person |
+ | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |1st Person |
− | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|2nd Person |
+ | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |2nd Person |
− | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Third Person |
+ | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Third Person |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Number |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Number |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" | |
Singular |
Singular |
||
− | '' |
+ | ''jé'' |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" | |
Plural |
Plural |
||
− | '' |
+ | ''jöt'' |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" | |
− | <span style="font-weight:bold;">Singular</span> |
||
− | |||
− | ''To'' |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | Plural |
||
− | |||
− | ''Vöt'' |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | Singular |
||
− | |||
− | ''Ê/A/O'' |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | Plural |
||
− | |||
− | ''Ö'' |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Infinitive |
||
− | | colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|gat<u>el</u> |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Past Participle |
||
− | | colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|gat<u>elt</u> |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="7" scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Indicative & Subjunctive |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | Present |
||
− | |||
− | (Non-Past) |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|gat |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|gacz (gat<u>sz</u>) |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|gac (gat<u>s</u>) |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|gacze (gat<u>sze</u>) |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|gat<u>e</u> |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|gat<u>esz</u> |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Past |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|gat<u>er</u> |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|gat<u>odem</u> |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|gat<u>es</u> |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|gat<u>oga</u> |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|gat<u>ne</u> |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|gat<u>czie</u> |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|''Future'' |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|fjöt gatelt |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|fjöcz gatelt |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|fjöc gatelt |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|fjöcze gatelt |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|fjöte gatelt |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|fjötesz gatelt |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="7" scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Other |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Imperative |
||
− | | colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|gat<u>e</u> |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Interrogative |
||
− | | colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|<u>be-</u> |
||
− | |} |
||
− | ====Netheren Dialect==== |
||
− | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px; height: 500px;" |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Person |
||
− | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|First Person |
||
− | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|First Person |
||
− | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Third Person |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Number |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | Singular |
||
− | |||
− | ''jä'' |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | Plural |
||
− | |||
− | ''ju'' |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
||
<span style="font-weight:bold;">Singular</span> |
<span style="font-weight:bold;">Singular</span> |
||
''to'' |
''to'' |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" | |
Plural |
Plural |
||
− | '' |
+ | ''vöt'' |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" | |
Singular |
Singular |
||
− | '' |
+ | ''han/het/ot'' |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" | |
Plural |
Plural |
||
− | '' |
+ | ''öt'' |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Infinitive |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Infinitive |
− | | colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |skriv<u>el</u> |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Past Participle |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Past Participle |
− | | colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |skriv<u>let</u> |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! colspan="7" scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Indicative & Subjunctive |
+ | ! colspan="7" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Indicative & Subjunctive |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | |
Present |
Present |
||
(Non-Past) |
(Non-Past) |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |skriv |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |skriv<u>en</u> |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |skriv<u>is</u> |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |skriv<u>et</u> |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |skriv<u>ar</u> |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |skriv<u>esz</u> |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Past |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Past |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |skriv<u>er</u> |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |skriv<u>ent</u> |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |skriv<u>ist</u> |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |skriv<u>tet</u> |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |skriv<u>ta</u> |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |skriv<u>est</u> |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|''Future'' |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |''Future'' |
− | | style="text-align:center;" |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |blir skrivlet |
− | | style="text-align:center;" |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |bliren skrivlet |
− | | style="text-align:center;" |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |bliris skrivlet |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |bliret skrivlet |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|viötis<span style="font-size:14px;"> </span><span style="font-size:14px;">ket</span><span style="font-size:14px;">eld</span> |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |blirar skrivlet |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|viötes<span style="font-size:14px;"> </span><span style="font-size:14px;">ket</span><span style="font-size:14px;">eld</span> |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |bliresz skrivlet |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! colspan="7" scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Other |
+ | ! colspan="7" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Other |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Imperative |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Imperative |
− | | colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |skriv<u>e(röad)</u> |
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Interrogative |
||
− | | colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|<u>be-</u> |
||
− | |} |
||
− | ====Troderen Dialect==== |
||
− | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px; height: 500px;" |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Person |
||
− | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|First Person |
||
− | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|First Person |
||
− | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Third Person |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Number |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | Singular |
||
− | |||
− | ''jæ'' |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | Plural |
||
− | |||
− | ''jør'' |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | <span style="font-weight:bold;">Singular</span> |
||
− | |||
− | ''tog'' |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | Plural |
||
− | |||
− | ''vig'' |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | Singular |
||
− | |||
− | ''eg'' |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | Plural |
||
− | |||
− | ''ør'' |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Infinitive |
||
− | | colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|kæt<u>el</u> |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Past Participle |
||
− | | colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|kætel<u>et</u> |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="7" scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Indicative & Subjunctive |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | Present |
||
− | |||
− | (Non-Past) |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|kæt |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|kæt<u>iss</u> |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|kæt<u>ig</u> |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|kæt<u>iger</u> |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|kæt<u>er</u> |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|kæt<u>igk</u> |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Past |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|kæt<u>en</u> |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|kæt<u>niss</u> |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|kæt<u>nig</u> |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|kæt<u>igen</u> |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|kæt<u>ner</u> |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|kæt<u>nigk</u> |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|''Future'' |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|ført ønelet |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|førtiss ønelet |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|førtig ønelet |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|førtiger<span style="font-size:14px;"> </span>ønelet |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|førter<span style="font-size:14px;"> </span>ønelet |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|førtigk ønelet |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="7" scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Other |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Imperative |
||
− | | colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|kæt<u>e</u> |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Interrogative |
||
− | | colspan="6" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"|<u>hver-</u> |
||
|} |
|} |
||
===Negation=== |
===Negation=== |
||
− | + | In the Capital Dialect, you use the particle '''ent'''. |
|
+ | '''Jé höl ent!''' |
||
− | '''Nezgater. / Nezketer. / Nezkæten.''' |
||
− | ''I |
+ | ''I am not!'' |
− | |||
− | '''Nezza! / Nezzen! / Nezsø.''' |
||
− | |||
− | ''I'm not!'' |
||
===Passive Verbs=== |
===Passive Verbs=== |
||
− | To make a verb passive you use the past participle with the auxiliary verb '''to |
+ | To make a verb passive you use the past participle with the auxiliary verb '''to become'''. |
+ | '''Fjöt svarblet.''' |
||
− | '''Sza svarbelt. / Sjen svarbeld. / Kø svarbelet.''' |
||
''I was killed. (I died.)'' |
''I was killed. (I died.)'' |
||
===Conditional Verbs=== |
===Conditional Verbs=== |
||
− | Conditional verbs are formed with the auxiliary verb ''' |
+ | Conditional verbs are formed with the auxiliary verb '''blirel '''(to will) and the past participle. The difference between this the using the ''future tense'' (since the future tense oddly enough uses the past participle) is that the auxiliary verb is used in the past tense. |
− | ''' |
+ | '''Blir ginglet.''' |
''I will go.'' |
''I will go.'' |
||
− | ''' |
+ | '''Blirer ginglet.''' |
''I would go.'' |
''I would go.'' |
||
− | ===Auxiliary Verbs in Future Tense=== |
||
− | According to word order, there will be two participles proceeding one another at the end of a sentence. |
||
− | |||
− | '''Fjöt gatelt önelt''' |
||
− | |||
− | ''I will be gone'' |
||
===Reflexive Verbs=== |
===Reflexive Verbs=== |
||
Infinitive reflexive verbs are written as '''strik...el''' but conjugate exactly the same as normal verbs (the '''strik-''' is removed and is replaced with the use of the reflexive pronouns; the verb is conjugated normally.) However, pronouns get dropped (if they weren't already; also not necessary to drop) and are replaced with reflexive pronouns. Otherwise the subject gets moved. |
Infinitive reflexive verbs are written as '''strik...el''' but conjugate exactly the same as normal verbs (the '''strik-''' is removed and is replaced with the use of the reflexive pronouns; the verb is conjugated normally.) However, pronouns get dropped (if they weren't already; also not necessary to drop) and are replaced with reflexive pronouns. Otherwise the subject gets moved. |
||
− | '''Za |
+ | '''Za öpta.''' |
''He hit himself.'' |
''He hit himself.'' |
||
− | '''Za <u>s'Ester</u> |
+ | '''Za <u>s'Ester</u> öfta.''' <- note the subject |
''The restaurant opened'' ''(itself.)'' |
''The restaurant opened'' ''(itself.)'' |
||
Line 1,253: | Line 905: | ||
[+1] This is rarer than the preceding sentence as reflexive pronouns tend to refer to the main verb; the use isn't incorrect, however, and will be understood. |
[+1] This is rarer than the preceding sentence as reflexive pronouns tend to refer to the main verb; the use isn't incorrect, however, and will be understood. |
||
− | ==='Polite' You=== |
||
− | There is no polite 'you' form. Though simply stating the pronoun is considered polite as subject dropping occurs very often. In writing, one can fully capitalise the pronoun. |
||
+ | === -röad === |
||
− | '''Je.''' |
||
+ | The '''-eröad''' for the imperative is used in formal situations or when ''please'' is implied with it. |
||
+ | '''Tot skrive.''' |
||
− | ''You are'' (informal) |
||
− | '' |
+ | ''Write it.'' |
+ | '''Tot skriveröad.''' |
||
− | ''You are'' (formal) |
||
− | '' |
+ | ''Please write it.'' |
+ | ==='Polite' You=== |
||
+ | There is no polite 'you' form. Though simply stating the pronoun is considered polite as subject dropping occurs very often. One can alternatively use the pronouns '''tröad''', '''tröada''', '''tröadja, tröads''' and '''tröadav''' according do their respective cases. |
||
+ | '''Skiss.''' |
||
− | ''You are ''(polite) |
||
− | ===Mismatching Subject Pronouns=== |
||
− | A way of omitting the adverb "''together''" whilst keeping the definition is to make the subject pronoun singular all the while using the plural conjugation. In the Netherbelgs, this evolved as a way of saying "''We'll do this as one.''" and thus came to mean "''together''". |
||
+ | ''You are'' (informal) |
||
− | '''Jöt ljersz.''' |
||
− | '' |
+ | '''To skiss.''' |
+ | ''You are'' (formal) |
||
− | '''Jê ljersz.''' |
||
− | '' |
+ | '''Tröad skiss.''' |
+ | ''You are ''(polite) |
||
==Personal Pronouns== |
==Personal Pronouns== |
||
The pronouns decline to the same cases as with their respective dialects. |
The pronouns decline to the same cases as with their respective dialects. |
||
Line 1,283: | Line 935: | ||
[+1] This refers to the subject: |
[+1] This refers to the subject: |
||
− | ''' |
+ | '''Striks Entitii''' |
''A thing belonging to the subject.'' |
''A thing belonging to the subject.'' |
||
− | ===Capital Dialect=== |
||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px; height: 100px;" |
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px; height: 100px;" |
||
− | ! colspan="1" rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Case |
+ | ! colspan="1" rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Case |
− | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|1st |
+ | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |1st |
− | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|2nd |
+ | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |2nd |
− | ! colspan="3" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|3rd |
+ | ! colspan="3" scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |3rd |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|S |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |S |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|P |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |P |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|S |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |S |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|P |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |P |
− | ! colspan="2" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|S |
+ | ! colspan="2" scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |S |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|P |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |P |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | |
Nominative |
Nominative |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |jé |
||
− | |||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |jöt |
||
− | Accusative |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |to |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |vöt |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |han/het/ot |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |öt |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|het/har/ot |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|öt |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Relative (Nominative) |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Relative (Nominative and Accusative) |
− | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(216,216,216);"| |
+ | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(216,216,216);" | |
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |hvit/hva/hvit |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! style="text-align:center;" |
+ | ! style="text-align:center;" |Accusative |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |mä |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |eun |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |te |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |jär |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |häm/här/ot |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |dem |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! |
+ | ! style="text-align:center;" |Reflexive (Accusative) |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |ja |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |té |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |jör |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |za |
− | | |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |öl |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|Xyńk |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Dative |
− | | |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |mäk |
− | | |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |un |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |jän |
||
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |jem/jar/jot* |
||
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |dem |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Relative (Dative) |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(216,216,216);" | |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |hvij/hvai/hvov |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|Dosk |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|Doszk |
||
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Znak |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|Ölk |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! |
+ | ! style="text-align:center;" |Reflexive (Dative) |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |strikjes |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |strikjöts |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |striktos |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |strikvöts |
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |strikets/strikars/strikots |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |striköts |
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Genetive |
− | | |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |jes |
− | | |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |jöts |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |tos |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |vöts |
||
+ | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |hars/hets/ots |
||
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |öts |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Relative (Genetive) |
− | | colspan=" |
+ | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(216,216,216);" | |
+ | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |hves/hvas/hvos |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Reflexive (Genetive) |
− | | style="text-align:center |
+ | | colspan="7" style="text-align:center;" |striks [+1] |
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(216,216,216);"| |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|Do |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|Ija |
||
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(216,216,216);"| |
||
− | |} |
||
− | ===Netheren Dialect=== |
||
− | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px; height: 100px;" |
||
− | ! colspan="1" rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Case |
||
− | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|1st |
||
− | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|2nd |
||
− | ! colspan="3" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|3rd |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope=" |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Vocative |
− | + | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(216,216,216);" |''mav'' |
|
− | + | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(216,216,216);" | |
|
− | + | | style="text-align:center;" |do |
|
− | + | | style="text-align:center;" |hvii |
|
− | + | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(216,216,216);" | |
|
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Nominative |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|jä |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|ju |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|to |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|töt |
||
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|ê/a/o |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|u |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Relative (Nominative) |
||
− | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(216,216,216);"| |
||
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|vee/vä/vo |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Accusative |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|me |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|uns |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|te |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|jeer |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|een/eer/ool |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|oi |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|zin |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Relative (Accusative) |
||
− | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(216,216,216);"| |
||
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|vij/vai/voi |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! style="text-align:center;"|Reflexive (Accusative) |
||
− | | colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"|zelf |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Dative |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|mak |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|makis |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|teeg |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|tegis |
||
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|enig/erig/olig |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|zinig |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Relative (Dative) |
||
− | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(216,216,216);"| |
||
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|veg/vag/vog |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! style="text-align:center;"|Reflexive (Dative) |
||
− | | colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"|izelfig |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Genetive |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|jäs |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|jus |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|jos |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|jers |
||
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|eens/eers/ools |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|zins |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Relative (Genetive) |
||
− | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(216,216,216);"| |
||
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|ves/vas/vos |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reflexive (Genetive) |
||
− | | colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"|wzelfig |
||
|} |
|} |
||
− | ===Troderen Dialect=== |
||
− | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px; height: 100px;" |
||
− | ! colspan="1" rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Case |
||
− | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|1st |
||
− | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|2nd |
||
− | ! colspan="3" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|3rd |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|S |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|P |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|S |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|P |
||
− | ! colspan="2" scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|S |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|P |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Nominative |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|jæ |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|jør |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|tog |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|vig |
||
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|eg |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|ør |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Relative (Nominative) |
||
− | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(216,216,216);"| |
||
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|deg/dar/dor |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Accusative |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|mig |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|jører |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|dig |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|viger |
||
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|eger |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|ører |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Relative (Accusative) |
||
− | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(216,216,216);"| |
||
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|dej/dig/doi |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! style="text-align:center;"|Reflexive (Accusative) |
||
− | | colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"|strikker |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Dative |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|migk |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|jørk |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|dagk |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|virk |
||
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|ærk |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|ørk |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Relative (Dative) |
||
− | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(216,216,216);"| |
||
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|degk/dark/dogk |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! style="text-align:center;"|Reflexive (Dative) |
||
− | | colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"|strikkrig |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Genetive |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|jæs |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|jørs |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|togs |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|vigs |
||
− | | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|egs |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|ørs |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Relative (Genetive) |
||
− | | colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(216,216,216);"| |
||
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|des/dars/dos |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Reflexive (Genetive) |
||
− | | colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"|sins |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Vocative |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(216,216,216);"|''myg'' |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(216,216,216);"| |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|tyg |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|vyg |
||
− | | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;background-color:rgb(216,216,216);"| |
||
− | |} |
||
− | ==Pluralisation== |
||
− | Pluralisation differs between the dialects. |
||
− | ===Capital Dialect=== |
||
− | This makes use the the suffix '''-(e)sz''' |
||
+ | === Contractions === |
||
− | '''Slep''' (Book) → '''Slepesz''' (Books) |
||
+ | Since most pronouns tend to be placed beside one another, colloquial contractions had evolved. |
||
+ | '''jét = jé + te''' |
||
− | '''Telefon''' (Telephone) → '''Telefonesz '''(Telephones) |
||
+ | This means I ... you. Since it is a contraction the é (which only usually is placed in the word-final position) is preserved; like in compound words. For example: '''jét liv''' means ''<nowiki>I love you'</nowiki>'''.''''' |
||
− | Nouns ending in '''II''' have the '''II''' changed to '''IE''' before pluralisation (or any case inflection). |
||
+ | '''*jem, jar & jot = i hem, i har, i ot''' |
||
− | '''Akademii''' (Academy) → '''Akademiesz''' (Academies) |
||
− | ===Netheren Dialect=== |
||
− | This dialect utilises the suffix '''-(i)s''' |
||
+ | The '''i''' (meaning ''to'') became non-syllabic upon contraction; providing the dative forms of the 3rd person singular pronouns. |
||
− | '''Slep''' (Book) → '''Slepis''' (Books) |
||
+ | '''tot = to + ot''' |
||
− | '''Telefon''' (Telephone) → '''Telefonis''' (Telephones) |
||
+ | '''vot = vöt + ot''' |
||
− | Nouns ending in '''EE''' have the '''EE''' changed to '''E''' before pluralisation (or any case inflection). |
||
+ | This is most commonly used in the imperative. They mean (''you ... it''). |
||
− | '''Akademee''' (Academy) → '''Akademes''' (Academies) |
||
+ | ==Pluralisation== |
||
− | ===Troderen Dialect=== |
||
+ | There are several pluralisation suffixes: |
||
− | The suffix used in this dialect is '''-(e)r'''. '''-er''' is added regardless of a preceding vowel unless the preceding vowel is '''E'''. Nouns with short vowel sounds in the ultimate syllable must have the possible, proceeding, single consonant doubled. |
||
+ | === Ending 1: -(o)r === |
||
+ | Nouns will usually be pluralised with '''-or''' or '''-r''' if the noun ends in a vowel. |
||
− | ''' |
+ | '''Ligt''' (light) → '''Ligtor''' (lights) |
+ | Word-final '''v'''s become '''j'''s prior to pluralisation. |
||
− | '''Telefon''' (Telephone) → '''Telefoner''' (Telephones) |
||
+ | === Ending 2: -en === |
||
− | Since '''ER''' is pronounced /ɐ/, singular words ending in '''ER''' still receive the pluralisation ending and '''ERER''' is pronounced /eːɐ/ |
||
+ | This ending is used when the noun ends in a nasal consonant, '''l''', '''r''' and '''dd'''. |
||
− | ''' |
+ | '''Dräng''' (boy) → '''Drängen''' (boys) |
+ | This is also used when nouns end in '''ii''', which then becomes '''ien'''. |
||
− | /jɛˈzɒlɐ/ → /jɛzɒˈleːɐ/ |
||
+ | '''Akademii''' (academy) → '''Akademien''' (academies) |
||
− | ==Articles== |
||
− | There is no indefinite article but there is a definite article for each gender and other words that behave as articles. |
||
− | {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;" |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Gender |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Masculine |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Feminine |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Neuter |
||
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Contraction (Before Vowel) |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Definite |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|sê |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|sa |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|so |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|s' |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|''This/That'' |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|lê |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|la |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|lo |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|l' |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"|Negative |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|nê |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|na |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|no |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|n' |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | Partitive <span style="text-align:left;font-size:14px;">(Usually Omitted)</span> |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|fê |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|fa |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|fo |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|f' |
||
− | |} |
||
− | ===Contractions=== |
||
− | There are words such as '''ecê/a/o''' which are contractions of '''et sê/a/o''' (in/on the). But with contractions, you write: |
||
+ | === Ending 3: -s === |
||
− | '''ec'Eerag''' |
||
+ | Nouns will use this ending when they end in a diphthong. |
||
+ | '''Mae '''(man) → '''Maes '''(men) |
||
− | ''on the Earth'' |
||
− | ==Adjectives== |
||
− | Adjectives always end in '''e''' and decline just like nouns. Take the word '''s'Eer''' (the Earth) and '''skeje''' (blue): |
||
+ | === Definiteness === |
||
− | The article is acutally used on it's own when describing a noun: |
||
+ | A definite, pluralised noun will obtain the original article as a suffix alongside its pluralisation suffix. Case declensions are added thereafter. |
||
− | ''' |
+ | '''Frov''' - ''woman'' |
− | '' |
+ | '''Sa Frov''' - ''the woman'' |
+ | '''Frojor''' - ''women'' |
||
− | '''A sa skeje<u>j</u> Eer<u>aj</u> e''' |
||
− | '' |
+ | '''Frojorsa''' - ''the women'' |
+ | '''Frojorsas''' - ''the women's'' |
||
− | The article actually contracts when the adjective begins with a vowel: |
||
+ | ==Articles and Determiners== |
||
− | |||
+ | Articles and determiners decline alike in that they both decline to gender and not to case. |
||
− | '''S'ergede Rojapl''' |
||
+ | {| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 500px;" |
||
− | |||
− | ''The United Kingdom'' |
||
− | ===Comparative Adjectives=== |
||
− | This uses the particle '''mo''' placed before the adjective to make it comparative. Translates to "more" in English. |
||
− | |||
− | '''S'Eer mo skeje e.''' |
||
− | |||
− | ''The Earth is more blue.'' |
||
− | ===Superlative Adjective=== |
||
− | This time you actually use the particle '''momo''' meaning "more-more" or "most". |
||
− | |||
− | '''S'Eer momo skeje e.''' |
||
− | |||
− | ''The Earth is the most blue.'' |
||
− | ==Possession== |
||
− | Possession is often shown with declension. To show something possesses another, you put the possessor with the declension after the noun. |
||
− | |||
− | '''Eer Jes''' |
||
− | |||
− | ''My Earth'' |
||
− | |||
− | Alternatively, one can say '''of'''. |
||
− | |||
− | '''Eer w Mak''' |
||
− | |||
− | ''My Earth'' |
||
− | |||
− | (Earth of Me-DAT) |
||
− | |||
− | Or you can string the nouns, however this does not apply to pronouns. So here is ''daylight'' written in its three forms. |
||
− | |||
− | '''Dagligt / Ligt w Dagag / Ligt Dagas''' |
||
− | |||
− | ''Daylight'' |
||
− | ==Derivations== |
||
− | Derivations are formed with affixes depending on the purpose: |
||
− | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 800px; height: 100px;" |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope=" |
+ | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Gender |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Masculine and Neuter |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Feminine |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Contraction (Before Vowel) |
− | ! scope="col" style="text-align:center;"|Example (Result) |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | + | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Indefinite Article |
|
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |it |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |at |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|' |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |t' |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|'''ensvikte''' (''invisible'') |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | + | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Definite Article |
|
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |set |
− | | style="text-align:center;" |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |sa |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|' |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |s' |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|'''Röjaplasz''' (''queens'') |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | + | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Distal Determiner |
|
− | | style="text-align:center;" |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |dit |
− | | style="text-align:center;" |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |dis |
− | | style="text-align:center;"|'' |
+ | | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |''N/A'' |
|- |
|- |
||
− | + | ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |Proximal Determiner |
|
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |dit ... dzan |
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
+ | | style="text-align:center;" |dis ... dzan |
− | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|'''e''' (''is'') |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|'''bee''' (''is...?'') |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|Verb (Negation) |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|'''nez'''- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|'''neze''' (''isn't'') |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|Adjective → Noun |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | | |
||
− | <p style="text-align:center;">''Capitalise''</p> |
||
− | |||
− | <p style="text-align:center;">-'''nas'''</p> |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|'''löae''' (''free'') |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|'''Löaenas''' (''freedom'') |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|Adjective → Verb |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| -'''rel''' |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|'''etle''' (''stupid'') |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|'''etlerel''' (''stupidify'') |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|Adjective → Adverb |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|''Nothing'' |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|'''eleddńte''' (''elegant'') |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|'''eleddńte''' (''elegantly'') |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | colspan="1" rowspan="3"| |
||
− | <p style="text-align:center;">Noun → Adjective</p> |
||
− | |||
− | <p style="text-align:center;"> |
||
− | </p> |
||
− | |||
− | <p style="text-align:center;">(or Adverb)</p> |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|Ends in '''E''' |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|''Decapitalise'' |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|'''Pate''' (''green'') |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|'''pate''' (''green'') |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | |
||
− | <p style="text-align:center;">Ends in one or more vowels</p> |
||
− | |||
− | <p style="text-align:center;">Last vowel isn't '''E'''</p> |
||
− | | |
||
− | <p style="text-align:center;">''Replace Vowels & Decapitalise'':</p> |
||
− | |||
− | <p style="text-align:center;">-'''e'''</p> |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|'''Ljithuana''' (''Lithuania'') |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|'''ljithuane''' (''Lithuanian'') |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | ''Decapitalise'' |
||
− | |||
− | -'''e''' |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|'''Magik''' (''magic'') |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|'''magike''' (''magical'') |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Noun → Verb |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|Ends in Vowel |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | ''Replace Vowel & Decapitalise'': |
||
− | |||
− | -'''irel''' |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|'''Kreustelle '''(''crystal'') |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|'''kreustellirel''' (''crystallise'') |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | ''Decapitalise'': |
||
− | |||
− | -'''irel''' |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|'''Końgres''' (''meeting'') |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|'''końgresirel''' (''meet'') |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Verb → Adjective |
||
− | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | ''Conjugate'': |
||
− | |||
− | -'''e''' |
||
− | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|'''magikel '''(''enchant'') |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|'''magike''' (''enchanting'') |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| -'''ne''' |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|'''magikne''' (''enchanted'') |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|Verb → Noun (Gerund) |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | ''Conjugate & Capitalise'': |
||
− | |||
− | -'''en''' |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|'''denkel''' (''drink'') |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|'''Denken''' (''drinking'') |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|Verb → Noun |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | ''Capitalise'' |
||
− | |||
− | -'''nas''' |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|'''sakstel '''(''pronounce'') |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | '''Sakstelnas '''(''pronunciation'') |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Verb → Noun (Agent) |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | ''Capitalise'' |
||
− | |||
− | -'''e''' |
||
− | | colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|'''pfrommel''' (''act'') |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|'''Pfrommele''' (''actor'') |
||
− | |- |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"| |
||
− | ''Capitalise'' |
||
− | |||
− | -'''a''' |
||
− | | style="text-align:center;"|'''Pfrommela''' (''actress'') |
||
|} |
|} |
||
+ | ===Contractions=== |
||
+ | There are words such as '''ecet/eca''' which are contractions of '''et set/sa''' (in/on the). But when further contracted, one writes: |
||
+ | '''ec'Eerja''' |
||
− | ==Supines== |
||
− | Every clause must be separated with punctuation (excluding the apostrophe); the most common being a comma. The parts of a supine are separated likewise. (This rule also means that conjunctions always follow a comma). |
||
+ | ''on the Earth'' |
||
− | '''(Jê) so Brumej ueter, Ertaj level.''' |
||
+ | ==Adjectives== |
||
+ | Adjectives effectively decline to the ''common'' and neuter gender (the masculine and feminine declensions are the same.) Take the words '''s'Eer''' (the Earth), and '''skej''' (blue): |
||
+ | === ''Common'' Declension === |
||
− | ''I used the brush to draw a picture.'' |
||
+ | Articles and determiners precede adjectives. |
||
+ | '''<u>Sa</u> skej Eer.''' |
||
− | [(I) the brush-ACC used, a picture to draw] |
||
+ | ''The blue Earth.'' |
||
− | The infinitive is used in the second portion of a supine as the first half specifies the condition. |
||
− | ==Interrogation== |
||
− | Interrogative verbs gain the prefix '''Be-''' and the word order doesn't change as with English. Thus possible responses to open questions involve repeating the verb conjugated properly and using negation when necessary: |
||
+ | === Neuter Declension === |
||
− | '''Begates?''' |
||
+ | The neuter declension consists of adding the suffix '''-t''' if the adjective didn't originally end in '''t'''. |
||
− | '' |
+ | '''Set lots<u>t</u> Muzik.''' |
+ | ''The good music/song.'' |
||
− | '''Gater.''' |
||
+ | === Plural Declension === |
||
− | ''I went ''[Yes] |
||
+ | Unlike the articles and determiners, adjectives possess a plural declension '''-e'''. This is used regardless of its gender. |
||
− | ''' |
+ | '''Lotse Muzikorset.''' |
− | '' |
+ | ''The good songs.'' |
+ | === Contraction === |
||
− | A '''glottal stop '''''(shown with a ')'' is used when adding the interrogative prefix (or any prefix) to a word beginning with a vowel: |
||
+ | The article contracts when the adjective begins with a vowel regardless of its gender: |
||
− | ''' |
+ | '''S'erged Rojapl''' |
+ | ''The United Kingdom'' |
||
− | ''is'' |
||
+ | ===Comparative Adjectives=== |
||
+ | This uses the adverb '''mo''' to make the adjective comparative. Translates to "more so" in English. |
||
− | ''' |
+ | '''S'Eer ar mo skej.''' |
+ | ''The Earth is bluer.'' |
||
− | ''isn't'' |
||
+ | When the adjective compliments the noun, then the adjective gains the suffix '''-(e)r(t/e)'''. |
||
− | '''(O) Esteraj bee.''' |
||
− | '' |
+ | '''Sa skejer Eer.''' |
− | ===Interrogative Adverbs=== |
||
− | These words are placed where the answer would normally go. |
||
− | ====What?==== |
||
− | This word actually declines like a noun and is treated like one despite bbeing registered as an adjective: |
||
+ | The bluer Earth. |
||
− | '''<u>Co</u> Ekiliberaj beecze?''' |
||
+ | <u>It is incorrect to use this suffix when not complimenting a noun.</u> |
||
− | ''What is fun? [Not asking for definition]'' |
||
− | ''' |
+ | '''Set lotsert Muzik.''' |
+ | The better music. |
||
− | ''What is fun? [Asking for definition]'' |
||
+ | ===Superlative Adjectives=== |
||
+ | Here one would use the adverb '''momo''' meaning "even more so" or "the most". |
||
− | ''' |
+ | '''S'Eer ar momo skej.''' |
− | '' |
+ | ''The Earth is the bluest.'' |
+ | Complimenting a noun, the adjective gains the suffix '''-(e)n(t/e)'''. |
||
− | ''On what did you draw a circle?'' |
||
− | ====Others==== |
||
− | The other words don't decline, are treated as adverbs [excluding the word order] and replace the answer normally: |
||
− | + | '''Sa skejen Eer.''' |
|
+ | The bluest Earth. |
||
− | **'''Ê bee xzo?''': Where is he? |
||
+ | '''Set lotsent Muzik.''' |
||
− | *'''tń''': when |
||
+ | The best music. |
||
− | **'''Ê begate tń?''': When is he going? |
||
+ | <u>It is incorrect to use this suffix when not complimenting a noun.</u> |
||
− | *'''Ce''': who |
||
+ | ==Possession== |
||
+ | Possession is often shown with declension. To show something possesses another, you put the possessor with the declension after the noun, unless the possessor is a pronouns, where the pronoun would take the place of an article. |
||
+ | '''Jes Eer. Eer Seuls.''' |
||
− | **Same conditions as '''Co''' |
||
+ | ''My Earth. The Sun's Earth.'' |
||
− | **'''Ce helbe svarbelt?''': Who has died? |
||
+ | Alternatively, one can say '''of'''. |
||
− | **'''A Cej bee?''': Who is she? |
||
+ | '''Eer w Mak. Eer w Seulja.''' |
||
− | **'''To Ceg Kolaj begefs?''': To whom are you giving cola? |
||
+ | ''My Earth. The Sun's Earth.'' |
||
− | *Possessive questions actually don't need a verb (to be): |
||
+ | (Earth of Me-DAT) |
||
− | **'''Belotesz <u>Ces</u>?''': Whose boots are these? |
||
+ | Or you can string the nouns, however this does not apply to pronouns. So here is ''daylight'' written in its three forms. |
||
− | ***''lit. Whose boots?'' |
||
+ | '''Dagligt / Ligt w Dagja / Ligt Dags''' |
||
− | ***Response:''' Belotesz Jes''': They are my boots. |
||
+ | ''Daylight'' |
||
− | ****''lit. My boots.'' |
||
+ | ==Supines== |
||
+ | Every clause must be separated with punctuation (excluding the apostrophe); the most common being a comma. The parts of a supine are separated likewise. (This rule also means that conjunctions always follow a comma). |
||
+ | '''(Jé) uter sit Brum, et at Ert i level.''' |
||
− | *There is no word for why but you can phrase it like this: |
||
+ | ''I used the brush to draw a picture.'' |
||
− | **'''Oj beeczes, de?''': Why did you do it? |
||
+ | [(I) use-IND.PST.1s the.NEU brush, in a.FEM picture to draw.INF] |
||
− | **''lit. You did it, because?'' |
||
+ | The infinitive is used in the second portion of a supine preceded by the word '<nowiki/>''to''<nowiki/>' ('''i'''), with the clause being preceded by '''et''' (''in''). |
||
− | **Thus, one can simply answer: |
||
+ | ==Interrogation== |
||
+ | In an interrogative sentence, the verb is moved to the beginning, proceeding the interrogative adverb that may already be there. Subject pronouns then become suffixes to the conjugated verb. Otherwise, the subject is attached to the verb via hyphenation; articles and determiners becoming suffixed. Descriptors aren't attached in any way unless an article or determiner is already attached. |
||
+ | '''Höljé?''' |
||
− | ***'''Oj eczer, de...[reason]''': I did it because...[reason]. |
||
− | + | ''Am I?'' |
|
+ | '''Arhan ot?''' |
||
− | **The most adverbial, so to speak. |
||
+ | ''Is it him?'' |
||
− | **'''Oj beeczes qi?''': How did you do it? |
||
+ | '''Köntahet ot önel?''' |
||
− | ==Quotation== |
||
− | Quotation is treated as a clause and thus must be pre- and proceeded with some sort of punctuation (excluding the apostrophe); most commonly a colon in this case. There exist different particles to indicate types of quotation. |
||
− | ===dar=== |
||
− | Pronounced /da:ɹ/, this particle is used to indicate that the preceding words after the last colon are what was said. |
||
+ | ''Could it be her?'' |
||
− | '''A Mak zegne: "Szelieu" dar.''' |
||
+ | '''Ar-Ligt lots?''' |
||
− | ''She said "Hello" to me'' |
||
+ | ''Is light good?'' |
||
− | [She Me-DAT said-3rdSing, "Hello" ''dar''] |
||
− | ===nńt=== |
||
− | Pronounced /nɑ̃nt/, this particle is used in the same situation as the preceding but is used for referencing names and doesn't use the colon. |
||
+ | '''Arsa-Seul goel?''' |
||
− | '''Ê Slepaj lekte, "''Sê Köl so Slepas''" nńt e.''' |
||
+ | ''Is the sun yellow?'' |
||
− | ''He is reading a book called "''The book's name''"'' |
||
+ | '''Eczarsa-goel Seul Ligt?''' |
||
− | [He book-ACC read-3rdSing, "The-MAS name the-NEU book-GEN" ''nńt ''is-3rdSing] |
||
+ | ''Does the sun create light?'' |
||
− | This literally means ''He is reading a book, ''''(it) is "The book's name"''.''' |
||
− | ===des=== |
||
− | Pronounced /dɛs/, this particle is used to indicate something is being spelled. This is used as the letters of the alphabet are often pronounced the same as some words that hold actual meaning. This particle separates the two. |
||
+ | '''Fjötar goel Ligt eczlet?''' |
||
− | '''O skribe: "S-Z-E-L-I-E-U" des.''' |
||
− | |||
− | |||
− | ''It is written as H-E-L-L-O'' |
||
− | |||
− | ''It writes: H-E-L-L-O'' |
||
− | |||
− | [It write-3rdSing, "S-Z-E-L-I-E-U" ''des''.] |
||
− | ====The alphabet==== |
||
− | To pronounce the alphabet, you take a consonant and add the suffix '''-e '''/ə/ and a vowel is pronounced as it appears unless it is '''E''' (pronounced '''Ê'''). However, one doesn't pronounce accents but specifies the letter as: |
||
− | |||
− | '''Ê''' - E niep Diakritikag (E with an accent; even though it was pronounced with an accent to begin with) |
||
− | |||
− | In some dialects, they use '''neziep''' with '''Ê''' for '''E''' (meaning ''without''; thus ''Ê without an accent'') |
||
− | |||
− | '''Ä''' - A niep Diakritikag (A with an accent) |
||
− | |||
− | '''Ö''' - O niep Diakritikag (O with an accent) |
||
− | |||
− | '''Ń''' - N niep Diakritikag (N with an accent) |
||
− | |||
− | '''Ŝ''' - S niep Diakritikag (S with an accent) |
||
− | |||
− | ('''X''' is said /zi/ to differenciate it from '''Z'''; likewise with '''V''' and '''W''' respectively) |
||
+ | ''Is yellow light made?''<nowiki/> |
||
==Numerical System== |
==Numerical System== |
||
+ | Xynder counts in base 10 though has components of base 20 in the number system. |
||
− | Numerics are in base 10. |
||
===Cardinal Numbers=== |
===Cardinal Numbers=== |
||
+ | There are only every irregularities in the first twelve numbers. Numbers 13-20 are partially irregular. Numbers 20-99 are formed using the number for the respective multiple of ten, preceded by the singular number and the word '''let''' (''and'') |
||
− | Numbers are formed with the genetive declension: |
||
− | |||
− | One: '''Onc''' |
||
− | |||
− | Twenty:''' Döat''' |
||
− | |||
− | Twenty One: '''Onc Döatas''' |
||
− | |||
− | There are only every irregularities in the first few numbers. |
||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 250px; height: 100px;" |
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 250px; height: 100px;" |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | ! scope="col"|Numeral |
+ | ! scope="col" |Numeral |
! scope="col" |Xynder |
! scope="col" |Xynder |
||
! scope="col" |Abbreviation |
! scope="col" |Abbreviation |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|0 |
|0 |
||
+ | |null |
||
− | |Nijo |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1 |
|1 |
||
− | | |
+ | |on |
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|2 |
|2 |
||
− | | |
+ | |dus |
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|3 |
|3 |
||
+ | |hvet |
||
− | |Wco |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|4 |
|4 |
||
+ | |kvat |
||
− | |Kvat |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|5 |
|5 |
||
+ | |pente |
||
− | |Penyw |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|6 |
|6 |
||
+ | |czicte |
||
− | |Txicter |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|7 |
|7 |
||
+ | |svepte |
||
− | |Sept |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|8 |
|8 |
||
+ | |aske |
||
− | |Aszcz |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|9 |
|9 |
||
+ | |nar |
||
− | |Nanaraczê |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|10 |
|10 |
||
+ | |tran |
||
− | |Deut |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|11 |
|11 |
||
+ | |joel |
||
− | |Jul |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|12 |
|12 |
||
+ | |tvil |
||
− | |Tölf |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|13 |
|13 |
||
+ | |hvetran |
||
− | |Tröan |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|14 |
|14 |
||
+ | |hvatran |
||
− | |Kva Deutas |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|15 |
|15 |
||
+ | |pentran |
||
− | |Penyw Deutas |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|16 |
|16 |
||
+ | |czictran |
||
− | |Txicter Deutas |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|17 |
|17 |
||
+ | |sveptran |
||
− | |Sep Deutas |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|18 |
|18 |
||
+ | |asktran |
||
− | |Asz Deutas |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|19 |
|19 |
||
+ | |nantran |
||
− | |Nanaraczê Deutas |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|20 |
|20 |
||
| |
| |
||
+ | tvyne |
||
− | Döat |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|21 |
|21 |
||
+ | |on<u>let</u>tvyne |
||
− | |Onc Döatas |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|30 |
|30 |
||
+ | |onhalvtvyn |
||
− | |Wcot |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|40 |
|40 |
||
+ | |dustvyn |
||
− | |Kvot |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|50 |
|50 |
||
+ | |dushalvtvyn |
||
− | |Pont |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|60 |
|60 |
||
+ | |hvettvyn |
||
− | |Txont |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|70 |
|70 |
||
+ | |hvethalvtvyn |
||
− | |Sopt |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|80 |
|80 |
||
+ | |kvattvyn |
||
− | |Aszt |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|90 |
|90 |
||
+ | |hvathalvtvyn |
||
− | |Nant |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|100 |
|100 |
||
+ | |undra |
||
− | |Eunter |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|101 |
|101 |
||
+ | |undraleton |
||
− | |Onc Eunteras |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|110 |
|110 |
||
+ | |undralettran |
||
− | |Deut Eunteras |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
− | | |
+ | |121 |
+ | |undraletonlettvyne |
||
− | |Onc Deutas Eunteras |
||
+ | | |
||
− | |Jul Eunteras |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|200 |
|200 |
||
+ | |dusundra |
||
− | |Dunter |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|300 |
|300 |
||
+ | |hvetundra |
||
− | |Wonter |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|400 |
|400 |
||
+ | |hvatundra |
||
− | |Kvanter |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|500 |
|500 |
||
+ | |pentundra |
||
− | |Penter |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|600 |
|600 |
||
+ | |czictundra |
||
− | |Txicter |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|700 |
|700 |
||
+ | |septundra |
||
− | |Septer |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|800 |
|800 |
||
+ | |askundra |
||
− | |Aszter |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|900 |
|900 |
||
+ | |narundra |
||
− | |Nanter |
||
| |
| |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1,000 |
|1,000 |
||
− | | |
+ | |tys |
|1t. |
|1t. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|2,000 |
|2,000 |
||
+ | |dustys |
||
− | |Dutys |
||
|2t. |
|2t. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|3,000 |
|3,000 |
||
+ | |hvettys |
||
− | |Wotys |
||
|3t. |
|3t. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|10,000 |
|10,000 |
||
+ | |trantys |
||
− | |Deutys |
||
|10t. |
|10t. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|20,000 |
|20,000 |
||
+ | |tvyntys |
||
− | |Döatys |
||
|20t. |
|20t. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|30,000 |
|30,000 |
||
+ | |onhalvtvyntys |
||
− | |Wcotys |
||
|30t. |
|30t. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|100,000 |
|100,000 |
||
+ | |undratys |
||
− | |Euntys |
||
|100t. |
|100t. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1 million |
|1 million |
||
+ | |milnas |
||
− | |Milnas |
||
|1mia. |
|1mia. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|10 million |
|10 million |
||
+ | |tranmilmas |
||
− | |Deumilnas |
||
|10mia. |
|10mia. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|100 million |
|100 million |
||
+ | |undramilnas |
||
− | |Eumilnas |
||
− | | |
+ | |100mid.. |
|- |
|- |
||
|1 billion |
|1 billion |
||
+ | |milliad |
||
− | |Miljad |
||
|1mij. |
|1mij. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1 trillion |
|1 trillion |
||
+ | |bilnas |
||
− | |Bilnas |
||
|1bia. |
|1bia. |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|1 quadrillion |
|1 quadrillion |
||
+ | |billiad |
||
− | |Biljad |
||
− | | |
+ | |1bid. |
|} |
|} |
||
===Ordinal Numbers=== |
===Ordinal Numbers=== |
||
+ | Ordinal numbers are formed by taking the cardinal number and adding the suffix '''-(e)r'''. |
||
− | This gets complicated. The '''first number''' in the sequence is converted into an ordinal number. This is done by removing the capitalisation and either adding an '''e''' suffix or replacing the last vowel with '''e'''. |
||
− | + | 10: '''tran''' |
|
− | + | 10th: '''traner''' |
|
Numbers involving the genetive case lose their declension and become a prefix to the initial number: |
Numbers involving the genetive case lose their declension and become a prefix to the initial number: |
||
− | 31: ''' |
+ | 31: '''onletonhavltvyne''' |
− | 31st:''' |
+ | 31st:''' onletonhavltvyner''' |
As a result of making extremely long words, they are often pronounced separately: |
As a result of making extremely long words, they are often pronounced separately: |
||
+ | 121: '''undraletonlettvyne''' |
||
− | 111: '''Onc Deutas Eunteras''' / '''Jul Eunteras''' |
||
+ | 121st: '''undraletonlettvyner''' - pronounced '''undralet-onlettvyner''' |
||
− | 111th: '''Eunterdeutonce*''' / '''Eunterjule '''*/ˈyntɛɾdy:t'''ʔ'''ˈɒnt͡sə/ |
||
− | ==Dialects== |
||
− | Although the dialects were made uniform, it wasn't completely effective an thus some dialects linger, especially in rural areas of the Netherbelgs. Though before the reform, the dialects were severely different to the point where they could not be understood or even read by some of the other dialects. |
||
− | ===The Dialect of the Capital=== |
||
− | Informally referred to as the Dukronen Dialect, this is the official dialect that the capital, state, government and ambassadors use. Any films translated will also use this dialect alongside its words. The local name for the dialect is '''So Kapitelxyntdialekt''' (''The Capital Xynder Dialect'') and is mainly spoken in the centre and east of the Netherbelgs; in the cities Dukrone, Dullen, Euvo and other nearby minor cities or villages. This dialect is also referred to as ''standard'' and follows all the specifications, grammar and pronunciation in this article. |
||
− | ===The Netheren Dialect=== |
||
− | Informally referred to as the Western Dialect, this is the dialect that was/is used to the west of the country. The dialect heavily likes to contract and uses contractions (seen in the local name: '''S'nedere Dialekt''') that aren't understood by some of the other Netherbelgen. The word order also changes in that the infinitive follows an auxiliary verb and participles following those; whereas usually they would come at the end of a clause. Also, quotation particles aren't used at all in this region. Several pronunciation differences are: |
||
− | *'''U''' is pronounced as /u/ |
||
− | *'''R''' used to be pronounced /ʁ/ though now remains as the tapped rhotic |
||
− | *'''L '''is velarised |
||
− | *'''IJ''' is realised as /ɛɪ̯/ |
||
− | *'''E''''s long pronunciation is /e/ |
||
− | *'''G''' is usually written in the place of '''Q''' as '''G''' in the dialect is pronounced /χ/ |
||
− | **'''CH''' is also pronounced so |
||
− | As for writing differences: |
||
− | *There are dialectal words such as '''Vijfl''' for ''waffle'' as opposed to '''Wafföel''' |
||
− | *The personal pronouns aren't capitalised and some are written differently. |
||
− | *The plural verb conjugation is always the same. |
||
− | *Subjects are never dropped. |
||
− | *You can additionally contract the definite articles before '''N''', '''T''', '''L''', '''Z''' and '''J'''. |
||
− | *'''SZ''', '''SZR''' and '''CZ''' are written as '''SJ''', '''SR''' and '''TJ''' respectively. |
||
− | |||
− | ===The Troderen Dialect=== |
||
− | This dialect ('''So Dialekt Trøder's''') is the least understood, ''modern'' dialect, in that many sounds are written differently though most sound the same. There are a lot of dialectal words because of this. Accents are written differently too. '''Ä''' is written as '''Æ''', '''Ê''' as '''EG''', '''Ń''' as '''NG''', '''Ö''' as '''Ø''' and the accented '''S''' isn't used. The dialects also seems to resemble the native language Sveg is some areas. Here are the differences |
||
− | *Nothing is capitalised apart from words at the beginning of sentences and proper nouns |
||
− | *There a '''lot''' more dialectal words than the western dialect |
||
− | *'''SZ''', '''SZR''' and '''CZ''' are written as they are in the western dialect |
||
− | *The pronunciation is different: |
||
− | **Thus many declensions and conjugations are different |
||
− | ***The case declensions in order: |
||
− | ****'''-∅''' |
||
− | ****'''-ig''' |
||
− | ****'''-igk''' |
||
− | ****'''-iss''' |
||
− | ****'''-yg''' |
||
− | **A word-final '''EG''' is pronounced /e:/ |
||
− | **'''G''' becomes /u̯/ in the syllable coda |
||
− | ***Standard words written in this dialect tend to have this '''G''' written as a '''K''' |
||
− | **'''ER''' is pronounced /ɐ/ |
||
− | **'''AR''' is pronounced /ɑ:/ |
||
− | **'''R''' is pronounced /ʁ/ and /ɐ̯/ in the syllabic coda |
||
− | **'''IJ''' is written as '''IG''' and is pronounced /aɪ̯/ |
||
− | **'''Y''' is pronounced /y:/ |
||
− | **'''AN''' is written where '''Ń''' as a nasal vowel would go |
||
− | **'''R''' is usually /ʁ/ |
||
==Translations== |
==Translations== |
||
− | ===Swadesh List=== |
||
− | {{Swadesh |
||
− | |nativename = Xynt;Zint;Sind |
||
− | |language = Dukronen Dialect;Netheren Dialect;Troderen Dialect |
||
− | |I = Jê;jä;jæ |
||
− | |you (singular) = To;to;tog |
||
− | |he = Ê;ê;eg |
||
− | |we = Jöt;ju;jør |
||
− | |you (plural) = Vöt;töt;vig |
||
− | |they = Ö;u;ør |
||
− | |this = lê / la / lo;dit;dit |
||
− | |that = lê / la / lo;dit;dit |
||
− | |here = ör;ör;ørre |
||
− | |there = dzan;djan;djænne |
||
− | |who = Ce;Cit;tig |
||
− | |what = Co;Cot;tag |
||
− | |where = xzo;gjo;jo |
||
− | |when = tń;tńt;tan |
||
− | |how = qi;git;kig |
||
− | |not = nez-;nez-;nez- |
||
− | |one = onc;onc;onter |
||
− | |two = duz;dus;duger |
||
− | |three = wco;vito;vitter |
||
− | |four = kvat;kvat;kvatter |
||
− | |five = penyw;penner;pænner |
||
− | |small = mitge;mitge;mitge |
||
− | |mother = Manse;Manse;mænsrinn |
||
− | |father = Vonse;Vanse;vænser |
||
− | |flower = Geblymp |
||
− | |heart = Hja |
||
− | |eat = essel |
||
− | |laugh = hzoklel |
||
− | |know = kinel |
||
− | |think = dahzel |
||
− | |die = svarbel (passive) |
||
− | |kill = svarbel |
||
− | |walk = gatel |
||
− | |stand = sztael |
||
− | |give = gefel |
||
− | |say = zegel |
||
− | |freeze = fröel |
||
− | |sun = Seul |
||
− | |sea = Maer |
||
− | |earth = Eer |
||
− | |sky = Socio |
||
− | |wind = Breuz |
||
− | |snow = Zne |
||
− | |ice = Jel |
||
− | |mountain = Berg |
||
− | |red = blute |
||
− | |green = pate |
||
− | |night = Njit |
||
− | |day = Dag |
||
− | |year = Jag |
||
− | |cold = freuste |
||
− | |in = et |
||
− | |with = niep |
||
− | |and = lc |
||
− | |if = ie |
||
− | |because = de |
||
− | |name = Köl|short = kroge;kroge;krogge|languagecount = 3 |
||
− | |all = alle;alle;ælle |
||
− | |many = fälle;vele;fælle |
||
− | |some = fê / fa / fo;vê / va / vo;feg / far / fog |
||
− | |few = mine;mine;mine |
||
− | |other = öre;eure;øe|big = grote;grote;grøtte |
||
− | |long = lune;lune;lune |
||
− | |wide = splikte;splikte;splikte |
||
− | |thick = asplikte;asplikte;asplikte |
||
− | |heavy = svaere;svere;svære |
||
− | |narrow = stryńe;stryńe;stringe |
||
− | |thin = stryńe;stryńe;stringe|woman = Frov;Fro;frog |
||
− | |man (adult male) = Mae;Mee;meg |
||
− | |man (human being) = Xynt;Zint;sind |
||
− | |child = Skyld;Schild;skild|wife = Frov;Fro;frog |
||
− | |husband = Mae;Mee;meg |
||
− | |animal = Wov;Wo;vog |
||
− | |fish = Xzae;Sjee;sjeg |
||
− | |bird = Flugle;Flugle;flugl |
||
− | |dog = Loudre;Luder;leuder|louse = Lys;Lis;lis |
||
− | |snake = Slänne;Slänne;slænne}} |
||
− | |||
− | ===Frozen Songs=== |
||
− | I tried my best to make them rhyme. |
||
− | ====Frozen Heart==== |
||
− | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="width: 750px; height: 100px;" |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="col"|Xynder |
||
− | ! scope="col"|English |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Du sa Freustag lc sê freusteg |
||
− | |Born from the frost |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Xaeg gebeurelt önelt... |
||
− | |and the cold air.. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Sê Tyran Freustas eukspende. |
||
− | |The frost's power awakens. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |So fröenej Hjaj gebeurelt. |
||
− | |Born the frozen heart. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2"| |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |So Hjaj öpe. Freuste e. |
||
− | |Strike the heart. It's cold. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Föa Lipag lc Slag, öpe. |
||
− | |For love and fear, strike. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Szönasaj opere, fröeej Locenas. |
||
− | |See beauty, freezing goodness. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |So Jelaj gesplinte! |
||
− | |Split the ice! |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |So fröenej Hjaj öpe. |
||
− | |Strike the frozen heart. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2"| |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Hjeup! Höa! Attńnt! Lasse los! |
||
− | |Hyup! Ho! Be careful! Let go! |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Hjeup! Höa! Attńnt! Lasse los! |
||
− | |Hyup! Ho! Be careful! Let go! |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2"| |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Szöne! |
||
− | |Beautiful! |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Tyrane! |
||
− | |Powerful! |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Glosse! |
||
− | |Dangerous! |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Freuste! |
||
− | |Cold! |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2"| |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Jel Magikej helbe, nezkontrollelt. |
||
− | |Ice has magic, uncontrolled. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Mo reuk' al Oncag! Mo reuk' al Deutag! |
||
− | |Stronger than one! Stronger than ten! |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Mo reuk' al Eunter Maeszag! |
||
− | |Stronger than a hundred men! |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Hjeup! |
||
− | |Hyup! |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2"| |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Du sa Freustag lc sê freusteg |
||
− | |Born from the frost |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Xaeg gebeurelt önelt! |
||
− | |and cold air! |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Sê Tyran Freustas eukspende! |
||
− | |The frost's power awakens! |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |So fröenej Hjaj gebeurelt! |
||
− | |Born the frozen heart! |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2"| |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |So Hjaj öpe! Freuste e! |
||
− | |Strike the heart! It's cold! |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Föa Lipag lc Slag, öpe! |
||
− | |For love and fear, strike! |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Szönasaj opere, fröeej Locenas! |
||
− | |See beauty, freezing goodness! |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |So Jelaj gesplinte! |
||
− | |Split the ice! |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Attńnt, so fröene Hja... |
||
− | |Be careful, the frozen heart... |
||
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | ====For The First Time In Forever==== |
||
− | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="width: 750px; height: 750px;" |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="col"|Part |
||
− | ! scope="col"|Xynder |
||
− | ! scope="col"|English |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="1" rowspan="47"|Anna |
||
− | |''[aspire]'' Krönnendagaj! |
||
− | |[gasp] (It's) coronation day! |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Krönnendagaj! |
||
− | |(It's) coronation day! |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2"| |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |So Vente lc sa Tro öf'le zesz. |
||
− | |The window and the door are open. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Oj beeczczie sai tń? |
||
− | |Since when did they do that? |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Nezkiner, dat Tys Taaszaj helbodem. |
||
− | |I didn't know that we had a thousand plates. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Zallesz nulle szesz föa Jageszag. |
||
− | |(The) halls were empty for years. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Danskesveup neziep Danskag? |
||
− | |(What's) a ballroom without a ball? |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Jöt sa Truszaj öfe joe. |
||
− | |Finally let's open the gate. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2"| |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Öl Xyntesz fjötesz operelt. |
||
− | |There will be people. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |O stränge nezbee? |
||
− | |Isn't it strange? |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Jê mo joroe beza föask, de? |
||
− | |Why am I so ready for this? |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2"| |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |W onceg Ljog et Euorogag. |
||
− | |For the first time in forever. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Öl Muzik lc Ligt operesz. |
||
− | |There is music and light. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |W onceg Ljog et Euorogag. |
||
− | |For the first time in forever. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Fjöt w Njitag danselt. |
||
− | |I will dance throughout the night. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2"| |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Nezkiner, ie nioe za. |
||
− | |I didn't know if I'm nervous. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Sko dahz, dat Jê za. |
||
− | |But I think I am. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |De w onceg Ljog et Euorogag. |
||
− | |Because for the first time in forever. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Jê llun' nezza. |
||
− | |I am not alone. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2"| |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Boda befjöt ekte reuwelt? ''[aspire]'' |
||
− | |Will everyone really come? ''[gasp]'' |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Va ie En .. końgresir? |
||
− | |And if I... meet him? |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2"| |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Jê szöne fjöt hijnjit ijperelt. |
||
− | |I will look beautiful tonight. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Klijt Jes fjöte zor ijperelt. |
||
− | |My dress will look (so) too. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Jê mo szińkelonse fjöt önelt. |
||
− | |I will be so sophisticated. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Eu! En fjöt pföklyge operelt. |
||
− | |Ooh! I'll suddenly see him. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Eleddńte Mae fjöte dzan sztaelt. |
||
− | |An elegant man will stand there. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Szokolätaj szov et Maskag Jes. |
||
− | |I am stuffing chocolate in my face. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2"| |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Sko hzoklsz lc zegsz w Njitag. |
||
− | |But we laugh and talk throughout the night. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |O mö stränge e. |
||
− | |It is very strange. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Nezbehelbe mo bäld dyvelt, de? |
||
− | |Why hasn't this happened sooner? |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2"| |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |De w onceg Ljog et Euorogag. |
||
− | |Because for the first time in forever. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Za Magik fjöte operelt. |
||
− | |There will be magic. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Va w onceg Ljog et Euorogag. |
||
− | |And for the first time in forever. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Jê köner kinelt önel. |
||
− | |I could be known. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2"| |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Va Jê kin, dat O leuke e, |
||
− | |And I know that it's crazy |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Romänsdrijmaj helbel. |
||
− | |to have a dream of romance. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Sko w onceg Ljog et Euorogag, |
||
− | |But for the first time in forever, |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Jê fjöt vöedeutel'. |
||
− | |I will understand. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="3"| |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! rowspan="6"|Elsa |
||
− | |Nezlasse et, nezopere. |
||
− | |Don't let (them) in, do not see. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Locej Fjemaj öne, ök je jaede. |
||
− | |Be a girl good like you are every time. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Xyńk sa ektej Dos nezcöage. |
||
− | |Don't show them the real you. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Fjöler va Allöetiń szlemm' fjöte. |
||
− | |A mistake and everything will (go/be) bad. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2"| |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |E neue hijte. |
||
− | |It's only today. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | !Anna |
||
− | |E neue hijte. |
||
− | |It's only today. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="3"| |
||
− | |- |
||
− | !Elsa |
||
− | |Mo retere köne. |
||
− | |It can (happen/be) later. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | !Anna |
||
− | |Mo retere fjöte. |
||
− | |It will (happen/be) later. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | !Elsa |
||
− | |Sê Wahzeszag zege, sa Truj öfel. |
||
− | |Tell the guards to open the gate. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! rowspan="3"|Anna |
||
− | |Fjöt skärt önelt! |
||
− | |It'll be time! |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2"| |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |W onceg Ljog et Euorogag. |
||
− | |For the first time in forever. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | !Elsa |
||
− | |Nezlasse et, nezopere. |
||
− | |Don't let (them) in, do not see. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | !Anna |
||
− | |Drijmesz Jes ekte fjötesz. |
||
− | |My dreams are becoming real. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | !Elsa |
||
− | |Locej Fjemaj öne, ök je jaede. |
||
− | |Be a good girl like you are every time. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | !Anna |
||
− | |Gat los du sa lönteg Eerag |
||
− | |I'm running away from the lonely world. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | !Elsa |
||
− | |Nezcöage. |
||
− | |Do not show. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | !Anna |
||
− | |Va Öl Lipesz operesz. |
||
− | |And there is love ''(love is pluralised; still carries same meaning)''. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | !Elsa |
||
− | |Xyńk sa ektej Dos cöage nii. |
||
− | |Never show them the real you. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="3"| |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="1" rowspan="5"|Anna |
||
− | |Fjöte gjördag morgon önelt. |
||
− | |It'll be over tomorrow. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Jê Hijtej helb neue. |
||
− | |I only have today. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |De w onceg Ljog et Euorogag. |
||
− | |Because for the first time in forever. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |W onceg Ljog et Euorogag. |
||
− | |For the first time in forever. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Nij Mak Wävaj sztae! |
||
− | |Nothing's standing in my way. |
||
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | ====Let It Go==== |
||
− | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table" style="height: 100px; width: 750px;" |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="col"|Xynder |
||
− | ! scope="col"|English |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Sê Zne so Ber'weupaj sikröane. |
||
− | |The snow covers the mountain top. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Nê Seulfantesz svikte zesz. |
||
− | |No footprints are visible. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |O Rojaplaj Löntas, |
||
− | |A kingdom of loneliness. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Va skeune, dat sa Röjaplaj za. |
||
− | |And it seems that I'm the queen. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2"| |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Sa Breuzesz szrauesz, ök lê Teufone et Mak. |
||
− | |The winds are howling like the storm in me. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Köner kontrollel, co Jê sza daen. |
||
− | |I couldn't control what I was then. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2"| |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Nezlasse et, nezopere. |
||
− | |Don't let (them) in, do not see. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Locej Fjemaj öne, ök je jaede. |
||
− | |Be a good girl like you are every time. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Xyńk sa ektej Dos cöage nii. |
||
− | |Never show them the real you. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Jê bestev qi? |
||
− | |How do I hide? |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2"| |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Lasse los, lasse los. |
||
− | |Let go, let go. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Da fjöt cöagelt, dat reuke za. |
||
− | |I will show you that I am strong. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Lasse los, lasse los. |
||
− | |Let go, let go. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Jê Hjaj helb, ira? |
||
− | |I have a heart, right? |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2"| |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Za ljeg Esk, |
||
− | |I don't care |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |co Ö zegesz. |
||
− | |what they say. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Sê Teufone sztae. |
||
− | |The storm remains. / Let the storm remain. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Sa Freust teulej Ma sze lamata. |
||
− | |The cold was always a part of me. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2"| |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Ljeg sa Farnasag, |
||
− | |No matter the distance, |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Allöetiń mitge e. |
||
− | |everything is small. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Sa Frugtesz, hva Ma kontrollesz, |
||
− | |The fears which control me, |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Mak 'zkönesz raikel. |
||
− | |cannot reach me. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2"| |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Gaenöembreuj Jes fjöte önelt. |
||
− | |It will be my breakthrough. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Esk Allöetińaj fjöt gefelt. |
||
− | |I will give it everything. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Xyn fjöt cöagelt, ce Jê za. |
||
− | |I will show them who I am. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Löae za! |
||
− | |I'm free! |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2"| |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Lasse los, lasse los. |
||
− | |Let go, let go. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Sê Tyraneszaj Jes eukspendesz. |
||
− | |The powers of mine are awakening. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Lasse los, lasse los. |
||
− | |Let go, let go. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |No Troneszaj Jes operesz. |
||
− | |They don't see my tears. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2"| |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Jê za ör, |
||
− | |I am here |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |va fjöt ör sztaelt. |
||
− | |and I'll stay here. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Sê Teufone sztae. |
||
− | |The storm remains. / Let the storm remain. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2"| |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Sê Tyran Jes raike eti Sociog. |
||
− | |The power of mine reaches into (the) sky. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Sa Spirii Jes spirale du so Landeg eti Hag. |
||
− | |The spirit of mine spirals from the land up above. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Va Tń kreustellire eti Zneglaseszag. |
||
− | |And a thought crystallises into snowflakes. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Fjöt reuk nii gatelt. |
||
− | |I'll never go back. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |De s'Alte e gjördag. |
||
− | |Because the past is over. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2"| |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Löae za, Ja Jê za. |
||
− | |I am free, I am myself. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Jê za joe gjedde gebeurelt. |
||
− | |I am finally born again. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Löae za, Ja Jê za. |
||
− | |I am free, I am myself. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Co sze, beje fjöte önelt. |
||
− | |What was will be old. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2"| |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Jê za ör |
||
− | |I am here |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |eca Dagligtag. |
||
− | |in the daylight. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Sê Teufone sztae. |
||
− | |The storm remains. / Let the storm remain. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Sa Freust teulej Ma sze lamata. |
||
− | |The cold was always a part of me. |
||
− | |} |
||
− | |||
− | ====For The First Time In Forever (Reprise)==== |
||
− | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="article-table article-table-selected" style="height: 100px; width: 750px;" |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row"|Part |
||
− | ! scope="col"|Xynder |
||
− | ! scope="col"|English |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="1" rowspan="14" scope="row"|Anna |
||
− | |To Ma nezmols kulel. Jê Slaj nezhelb. |
||
− | |You don't have to protect me. I'm not afraid. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |To Ma nezmiese los. |
||
− | |Don't send me away. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Sa Troj nezöpe et. |
||
− | |Don't slam the door. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |To sa kanskej Rńdastaj nezecze et. |
||
− | |Don't shut out the whole world. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="row"| |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |De w onceg Ljog et Euorogag, |
||
− | |Because for the first time in forever, |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Jê vöedeut joe. |
||
− | |I finally understand. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |W onceg Ljog et Euorogag, |
||
− | |For the first time in forever, |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Jöt fessz dolam upre. |
||
− | |We're resolving (this) easily now. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2" rowspan="1" scope="row"| |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |''Lê Bergaj könsz ergede ljerel.'' |
||
− | |''We can leave this mountain together.'' |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Slaj nezmole helbel, |
||
− | |You musn't be afraid. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |De w onceg Ljog et Euorogag, |
||
− | |Because for the first time in forever. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Jê fjöt ör önelt. |
||
− | |I will be here. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="3" scope="row"| |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="1" rowspan="3" scope="row"|Elsa |
||
− | |Annau, |
||
− | |Anna, |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Geröad gate hijm, To Ma respe. |
||
− | |Please go home, leave me alone. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |So Seulaj fasze va sa Truszaj öfe. |
||
− | |Enjoy the sun and open the gates. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row"|Anna |
||
− | |Stak, sko- |
||
− | |Yes, but- |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="1" rowspan="4" scope="row"|Elsa |
||
− | |Kin, dat |
||
− | |I know, that |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |To loce maes, sko Ma respe, |
||
− | |You mean well, but leave me be. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Stak, llune za, sko llune lc löae, |
||
− | |Yes, I am alone, but alone and free. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |Sztae upre reuk va herme esz joe. |
||
− | |Just stay back and you are finally safe. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="3" scope="row"| |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row"|Anna |
||
− | |Jöt herme nezzasz. |
||
− | |We aren't safe. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row"|Elsa |
||
− | |To Coj bemaes? |
||
− | |What do you mean? |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row"|Anna |
||
− | |Jê nezdahz, dat To kins. |
||
− | |I don't think that you know. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row"|Elsa |
||
− | |Coj nezkin? Mak zeg'. |
||
− | |What don't I know? Tell me. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row"|Anna |
||
− | |Arendelle steve ecê Zneg. |
||
− | |Arendelle is hiding in the snow. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row"|Elsa |
||
− | |Co? |
||
− | |What? |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row"|Anna |
||
− | |To aevjej Wzondaj helbs eczelt... öaahelt. |
||
− | |You've made an eternal winter... everywhere. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row"|Elsa |
||
− | |Öaahelt? |
||
− | |Everywhere? |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row"|Anna |
||
− | |Ölk, En köns upre enfröel. |
||
− | |Okay, you can just thaw it. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row"|Elsa |
||
− | |Wij, nezkön, J- Jê nezkin qi! |
||
− | |No, I can't, I- I don't know how! |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="1" rowspan="3" scope="row"|Anna |
||
− | |Stak To köns! Jê kin seu! |
||
− | |Yes you can! I know so! |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! colspan="2"| |
||
− | |- |
||
− | |De w onceg Ljog et Euorogag, |
||
− | |Because for the first time in forever. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row"|Elsa |
||
− | |Öa, Jê Kavaj za, löae nezza! |
||
− | |Oh, I am a fool, I'm not free! |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row"|Anna |
||
− | |To Slaszaj nezhelbe. |
||
− | |Do not be afraid. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row"|Elsa |
||
− | |Za nê Avgan opere du s'ekteg Mak. |
||
− | |There's no exit from the real me. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row"|Anna |
||
− | |En hälcz na Aevjenasag. |
||
− | |We're stopping it after an eternity. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row"|Elsa |
||
− | |En nezkön kontrollel! |
||
− | |I cannot control it! |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row"|Anna |
||
− | |Jê En fjöcz hältelt, Jê lc To. |
||
− | |We will stop this together, you and me. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row"|Elsa |
||
− | |Öa, Annau, To Esk mo szlemme fjöc eczelt! |
||
− | |Oh, Anna, you'll make it worse! |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row"|Anna |
||
− | |Loce öne. |
||
− | |Be okay. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row"|Elsa |
||
− | |Fjöte dyvelt! |
||
− | |It will happen! |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row"|Anna |
||
− | |So Seul fjöte illumelt. |
||
− | |The sun will shine. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row"|Elsa |
||
− | |Glosse fjöte önelt! |
||
− | |It will be dangerous! |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row"|Anna |
||
− | |Jöt lê Wzondaj fjöcz hältelt. |
||
− | |We will stop this winter. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row"|Elsa |
||
− | |Öa! |
||
− | |Oh! |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row"|Anna |
||
− | |Socio fjöte illumelt. |
||
− | |(The) sky will illuminate. |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row"|Elsa |
||
− | |ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ... |
||
− | |AHHHHHH... |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row"|Anna |
||
− | |Va Allöetiń ölk fjöte önelt... |
||
− | |And everything will be okay... |
||
− | |- |
||
− | ! scope="row"|Elsa |
||
− | |NEZKÖN! |
||
− | |I CAN'T! |
||
− | |} |
||
[[Category:Natrodian languages]] |
[[Category:Natrodian languages]] |
||
[[Category:Languages]] |
[[Category:Languages]] |
Latest revision as of 14:10, 15 July 2017
By all means, please either help fix spelling, grammar and organization problems or contact the author about them. Thank you.
By all means, take a look around. Thank you.
By all means, please contribute to the language's culture and/or history.
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|
Xynder Xynt | |||
---|---|---|---|
Type | |||
Fusional | |||
Alignment | |||
Nominative-Accusative | |||
Head direction | |||
Final | |||
Tonal | |||
No | |||
Declensions | |||
Yes | |||
Conjugations | |||
Yes | |||
Genders | |||
No | |||
Nouns decline according to... | |||
Case | Number | ||
Definiteness | Gender | ||
Verbs conjugate according to... | |||
Voice | Mood | ||
Person | Number | ||
Tense | Aspect |
Undergoing Significant Revamp
Yet another descendant language from Natraden . The grammar has remained fairly intact along with the genders (MAS, FEM and NEU) and the phonology has been simplified. This language is the main language of the Netherbelgs.
Revamp
This is my attempt at making the language more speakable for me, as a person who wants to learn it >A<
Nothing too major will occur. The current changes as of late are:
- Removed:
- Ŝ and TX.
- Heavy difference between dialects
- Added:
- Capitalisation rules (now reverted)
- Changed:
- Ê is now written as É.
- Ö's long and short pronunciation are lowered.
- Word order.
- Noun declension.
- Articles and determiners
- Pronouns
- Adjectival rules
- Verb conjugations
- Negation
- To-Do List:
- Change the interrogative system in some way.
Phonology
The basic phonology of the language.
Consonants | Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Alveolopalatal | Postalveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||||||||
Plosive | p b | t d | c | k g | (ʔ) | |||||||
Fricative | f v | ð̞̠ˠ | s z | ɕ | ʃ ʒ | ʂ | ç ʝ | x ɣ | χ | ʁ | h | |
Approximant | ɹ | j | ||||||||||
Trill | r | |||||||||||
Flap/Tap | ɾ | |||||||||||
Lateral Approximant | l | ɭ |
Vowels | Front | Near-Front | Central | Near-Back | Back |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i y | ʉ | u | ||
Near-Close | ɪ ʏ | ʊ | |||
Close-Mid | e ø | (ɵ) | o | ||
Mid | ə | ||||
Open-Mid | ɛ œ | ʌ ɔ | |||
Near-Open | æ | (ɐ) | |||
Open | (ɶ) | ä | ɑ ɒ |
Every row below is it's own distinct letter excluding digraphs and é.
Graph | Condition | Capital Dialect | Netheren Dialect | Troderen Dialect | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A a | Long Pronunciation | ɑ: | ɛ: | ||||
Short Pronunciation | ä | ||||||
Ae ae | e: | N/A | |||||
Ar ar (Troderen Dialect) | N/A | a: | |||||
Ee ee (Netheren Dialect) | N/A | e: | N/A | ||||
Ää | Long Pronunciation | æ: | |||||
Short Pronunciation | æ | ||||||
Ææ (Troderen Dialect) |
Long Pronunciation | N/A | e: | ||||
Short Pronunciation | N/A | ɛ | |||||
Bb | b | b̥ | |||||
Cc | t͡s | ||||||
Cz cz | t͡ʃ | N/A | |||||
Czr czr (rcz) | t͡ʂ | ||||||
Tj tj (Netheren Dialect) | N/A | t͡ʃ | N/A | ||||
Dd | d | d̥ | |||||
d̪ | |||||||
(Dd) dd | ð | ð̞̠ˠ | |||||
ð̞̠ˠ | N/A | ||||||
Dj dj (Netheren and Troderen Dialect) | N/A | d͡ʒ | |||||
Ee | Long Pronunciation | ɛ: | e: | ɪ: | |||
Short Pronunciation | ɛ | æ | |||||
Word-Final | ə | ||||||
Eg eg | N/A | e | |||||
Normal Pronunciation | ej | ||||||
Er er (Troderen Dialect) | ɐ | ||||||
Eu eu | y: | N/A | |||||
ʏ(:) | N/A | ||||||
ɨ | |||||||
Éé | Word-Final | ɛ | N/A | ||||
Ff | f | ||||||
Gg | Normal Pronunciation | g | χ | g̊ | |||
Word-Final | N/A | w | |||||
Gj gj | ʝ | N/A | |||||
Hh | h | ||||||
Hj hj | ç | hj | j | ||||
Hv hv | Word-Initial | v̥ | |||||
Hz hz | x | N/A | |||||
χ | |||||||
Ii | Long Pronunciation | i: | |||||
Short Pronunciation | ɪ | ||||||
Word-Final Short Pronunciation | i | ||||||
Ij ij | æɪ | ɛi | N/A | ||||
Ig ig (Troderen Dialect) | N/A | ai | |||||
Jj | j | ||||||
Kk | k(ʰ) | kʰ | |||||
Kj kj | c | kj | N/A | ||||
Ll | l | lˠ | l | ||||
Lj lj | lʲ | lj | |||||
Mm | m | ||||||
Nn | n | ||||||
Ńń | Normal Pronunciation | ŋ | N/A | ||||
Before-Vowel Pronunciation | ɑ̃(n) | ||||||
(Ng) ng | ŋ | ||||||
Ni ni |
ɲ | N/A | |||||
Nj nj | |||||||
Oo | Long Pronunciation | ɔ: | o: | ||||
Short Pronunciation | ɒ | ||||||
Oe oe | u: | N/A | |||||
u | |||||||
Oy oy | u̯ɐ: | N/A | |||||
Öö | Long Pronunciation | ø: | N/A | ||||
Short Pronunciation | œ | ||||||
Øø
(Troderen Dialect) |
Long Pronunciation | N/A | ø: | ||||
Short Pronunciation | œ | ||||||
Öa öa | o: | N/A | |||||
Öe öe | ə: | ||||||
ə | |||||||
ʌ | |||||||
Pp | p(ʰ) | pʰ | |||||
χ | N/A | ||||||
Rr | Normal Pronunciation | ɾ | ʁ | ||||
Lengthened pronunciation sometimes used in singing | ɭ: | N/A | |||||
Situational Pronunciation | r | ||||||
ɹ | N/A | ||||||
Pronunciation when imported from Germanic languages that use this rhotic sound | ʁ | ||||||
Ss | s | ||||||
Sz sz | ʃ | N/A | |||||
ɕ | |||||||
Sj sj (Netheren and Troderen Dialect) | N/A | ʃ | |||||
Szr szr (rs/rsz) | ʂ | N/A | |||||
Sr sr (Netheren Dialect) | N/A | ʂ | N/A | ||||
Tt | t(ʰ) | tˢ | |||||
Uu | Long Pronunciation | ʉ: | u: | ||||
Short Pronunciation | ʊ | ||||||
Ui ui | ɶy | N/A | |||||
Vv | Word-Final Pronunciation | u̯ | |||||
Normal Pronunciation | v̥ | v | |||||
v | N/A | ||||||
Ww | |||||||
Word-Final Pronunciation | f | ||||||
Xx | z | N/A | |||||
Xz xz | ʒ | ||||||
Yy | Long Pronunciation | ɪ: | y: | ||||
Short Pronunciation | ɪ | ||||||
Zz | z | N/A | |||||
z̥ | |||||||
Zz zz | d͡z | N/A |
Rules
- Vowels receive shortened pronunciation in unstressed syllables (or monosyllabic words), or if they precede a consonant cluster.
- Vowels receive lengthened pronunciation though the vowel sound isn't lengthened if preceding another vowel sound.
- I proceeding a consonant and preceding a vowel makes the sound /j/
- this is the same for u and /u̯/
- A word-final v preceded by a consonant is pronounced before the consonant.
- halv (half) /häu̯l/
- Non-harmonic consonant clusters imply there is /ɵ(:)/ between them
- Nihogn: Japan /nihɔ:gɵn/
- To avoid confusion, certain letters often change their pronunciation slightly:
- X is pronounced more strongly than Z
- Z is sometimes pronounced /z̥/
- X is pronounced more strongly than Z
- Voiced consonants in word-final position become voiceless.
- Stress is placed on the penultimate syllable of a word or on the syllable containing the first consonant cluster (in the same syllable) in the word.
- If there are no consonant clusters that aren't broken by syllable boundaries, then the stress goes to the syllable containing the first vowel sound without a shortening pronunciation or is lengthened already (e.g. ii (/i/) that ends some words).
- If none of these conditions are met, the stress goes to the penultimate syllable.
- If a long vowel precedes a consonant cluster broken by a syllable boundary then the vowel is pronounced according to the shortened pronunciation.
- Mansev - mother /ˈmänsɛu̯/
- This rule doesn't apply if the consonant cluster is in an ultimate syllable that ends with a schwa.
- Secondary stress may be applied on the second root word in a compound word where primary stress would be applied.
- Single syllable words that end in e and begin with more than one consonant sound have the e automatically pronounced with an accent.
- Zne /ˈznɛː/ snow
- Ce /ˈt͡sɛː/ who
- If there are no consonant clusters that aren't broken by syllable boundaries, then the stress goes to the syllable containing the first vowel sound without a shortening pronunciation or is lengthened already (e.g. ii (/i/) that ends some words).
- Ń is pronounced as /ɑ̃/ when in the syllable nucleus and /ŋ/ elsewhere.
- The letter is pronounced as the former in when in the nucleus if it is the only vowel in the nucleus. If the letter is preceded by another vowel all the while remaining in the nucleus, then the vowel becomes nasalised.
- The difference between ń and ng is the same as German's ß and ss in that the latter contributes to the vowel shortening rule whereas the former does not.
- szr and czr only ever appear at the beginning of root words.
- Though is r precedes sz, cz or xz they are retroflexed.
Table of Grammar
Gender | Cases | Numbers | Tenses | Persons | Moods | Voices | Aspects | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Verb | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
Nouns | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Adjectives | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Numbers | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No |
Participles | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No |
Adverb | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Pronouns | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | No |
Adpositions | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Article | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Particle | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
Case Marking
Case marking is defined with sets of declensions:
Case | Prefix | Example (Xynt) |
---|---|---|
Nominative (NOM) | -∅ | Xynt |
Dative (DAT) | -ja | Xyntja |
Genetive (GEN) | -(a)s | Xynts |
Vocative (VOC) | -(a)v | Xyntav |
Word Order
The order has remained fairly the same:
Capital and Troderen Dialect
- (Reflexive Pronoun)
- Subject
- Indirect Pronoun/Object
- (Direct Object Pronoun)
- (Auxiliary) Verb
- Adverb
- Object/Adjective
- Other Information
- Separable Part of a Separable Verb
- Participle
- Verb/Participle (when auxiliary verb is used)
Netheren Dialect
- (Reflexive Pronoun)
- Subject
- Indirect Object
- Object/Adjective
- (Auxiliary) Verb
- Adverb
- Verb/Participle (when auxiliary verb is used)
- Participle
- Other Information
- Separable Part of a Separable Verb
- Participle
Verb Conjugation
All verbs end in el and most are regular. There is one irregular verb and the continuous tense is combined with the simple. Dropping the pronoun is common in informal speech.
To Be
This is the only irregular verb that exists.
Person | First Person | Second Person | Third Person | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number |
Singular jé |
Plural jöt |
Singular to |
Plural vöt |
Singular han/het/ot |
Plural öt |
Infinitive | önel | |||||
Past Participle | vaeret | |||||
Indicative & Subjunctive | ||||||
Present (Non-Past) |
höl | skaen | skiss | skist | ar | zesz |
Past | hvöl | hven | hviss | hvist | hvar | hvesz |
Future | blir vaeret | bliren vaeret | bliris vaeret | bliret vaeret | blirar vaeret | bliresz vaeret |
Other | ||||||
Imperative | geröad |
Other Irregular Verbs
helbel - to have
gatel - to go
Regular Verbs (to write)
Regular verbs will conjugated as follows:
Person | 1st Person | 2nd Person | Third Person | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number |
Singular jé |
Plural jöt |
Singular to |
Plural vöt |
Singular han/het/ot |
Plural öt |
Infinitive | skrivel | |||||
Past Participle | skrivlet | |||||
Indicative & Subjunctive | ||||||
Present (Non-Past) |
skriv | skriven | skrivis | skrivet | skrivar | skrivesz |
Past | skriver | skrivent | skrivist | skrivtet | skrivta | skrivest |
Future | blir skrivlet | bliren skrivlet | bliris skrivlet | bliret skrivlet | blirar skrivlet | bliresz skrivlet |
Other | ||||||
Imperative | skrive(röad) |
Negation
In the Capital Dialect, you use the particle ent.
Jé höl ent!
I am not!
Passive Verbs
To make a verb passive you use the past participle with the auxiliary verb to become.
Fjöt svarblet.
I was killed. (I died.)
Conditional Verbs
Conditional verbs are formed with the auxiliary verb blirel (to will) and the past participle. The difference between this the using the future tense (since the future tense oddly enough uses the past participle) is that the auxiliary verb is used in the past tense.
Blir ginglet.
I will go.
Blirer ginglet.
I would go.
Reflexive Verbs
Infinitive reflexive verbs are written as strik...el but conjugate exactly the same as normal verbs (the strik- is removed and is replaced with the use of the reflexive pronouns; the verb is conjugated normally.) However, pronouns get dropped (if they weren't already; also not necessary to drop) and are replaced with reflexive pronouns. Otherwise the subject gets moved.
Za öpta.
He hit himself.
Za s'Ester öfta. <- note the subject
The restaurant opened (itself.)
S'Ester fjöt striksvarbelt. or Za s'Ester fjöt svarbelt. [+1]
The restaurant will open (itself.)
[+1] This is rarer than the preceding sentence as reflexive pronouns tend to refer to the main verb; the use isn't incorrect, however, and will be understood.
-röad
The -eröad for the imperative is used in formal situations or when please is implied with it.
Tot skrive.
Write it.
Tot skriveröad.
Please write it.
'Polite' You
There is no polite 'you' form. Though simply stating the pronoun is considered polite as subject dropping occurs very often. One can alternatively use the pronouns tröad, tröada, tröadja, tröads and tröadav according do their respective cases.
Skiss.
You are (informal)
To skiss.
You are (formal)
Tröad skiss.
You are (polite)
Personal Pronouns
The pronouns decline to the same cases as with their respective dialects.
[+1] This refers to the subject:
Striks Entitii
A thing belonging to the subject.
Case | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S | P | S | P | S | P | ||
Nominative |
jé | jöt | to | vöt | han/het/ot | öt | |
Relative (Nominative and Accusative) | hvit/hva/hvit | ||||||
Accusative | mä | eun | te | jär | häm/här/ot | dem | |
Reflexive (Accusative) | ja | té | jör | za | öl | ||
Dative | mäk | un | jän | jem/jar/jot* | dem | ||
Relative (Dative) | hvij/hvai/hvov | ||||||
Reflexive (Dative) | strikjes | strikjöts | striktos | strikvöts | strikets/strikars/strikots | striköts | |
Genetive | jes | jöts | tos | vöts | hars/hets/ots | öts | |
Relative (Genetive) | hves/hvas/hvos | ||||||
Reflexive (Genetive) | striks [+1] | ||||||
Vocative | mav | do | hvii |
Contractions
Since most pronouns tend to be placed beside one another, colloquial contractions had evolved.
jét = jé + te
This means I ... you. Since it is a contraction the é (which only usually is placed in the word-final position) is preserved; like in compound words. For example: jét liv means I love you'.
*jem, jar & jot = i hem, i har, i ot
The i (meaning to) became non-syllabic upon contraction; providing the dative forms of the 3rd person singular pronouns.
tot = to + ot
vot = vöt + ot
This is most commonly used in the imperative. They mean (you ... it).
Pluralisation
There are several pluralisation suffixes:
Ending 1: -(o)r
Nouns will usually be pluralised with -or or -r if the noun ends in a vowel.
Ligt (light) → Ligtor (lights)
Word-final vs become js prior to pluralisation.
Ending 2: -en
This ending is used when the noun ends in a nasal consonant, l, r and dd.
Dräng (boy) → Drängen (boys)
This is also used when nouns end in ii, which then becomes ien.
Akademii (academy) → Akademien (academies)
Ending 3: -s
Nouns will use this ending when they end in a diphthong.
Mae (man) → Maes (men)
Definiteness
A definite, pluralised noun will obtain the original article as a suffix alongside its pluralisation suffix. Case declensions are added thereafter.
Frov - woman
Sa Frov - the woman
Frojor - women
Frojorsa - the women
Frojorsas - the women's
Articles and Determiners
Articles and determiners decline alike in that they both decline to gender and not to case.
Gender | Masculine and Neuter | Feminine | Contraction (Before Vowel) |
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite Article | it | at | t' |
Definite Article | set | sa | s' |
Distal Determiner | dit | dis | N/A |
Proximal Determiner | dit ... dzan | dis ... dzan |
Contractions
There are words such as ecet/eca which are contractions of et set/sa (in/on the). But when further contracted, one writes:
ec'Eerja
on the Earth
Adjectives
Adjectives effectively decline to the common and neuter gender (the masculine and feminine declensions are the same.) Take the words s'Eer (the Earth), and skej (blue):
Common Declension
Articles and determiners precede adjectives.
Sa skej Eer.
The blue Earth.
Neuter Declension
The neuter declension consists of adding the suffix -t if the adjective didn't originally end in t.
Set lotst Muzik.
The good music/song.
Plural Declension
Unlike the articles and determiners, adjectives possess a plural declension -e. This is used regardless of its gender.
Lotse Muzikorset.
The good songs.
Contraction
The article contracts when the adjective begins with a vowel regardless of its gender:
S'erged Rojapl
The United Kingdom
Comparative Adjectives
This uses the adverb mo to make the adjective comparative. Translates to "more so" in English.
S'Eer ar mo skej.
The Earth is bluer.
When the adjective compliments the noun, then the adjective gains the suffix -(e)r(t/e).
Sa skejer Eer.
The bluer Earth.
It is incorrect to use this suffix when not complimenting a noun.
Set lotsert Muzik.
The better music.
Superlative Adjectives
Here one would use the adverb momo meaning "even more so" or "the most".
S'Eer ar momo skej.
The Earth is the bluest.
Complimenting a noun, the adjective gains the suffix -(e)n(t/e).
Sa skejen Eer.
The bluest Earth.
Set lotsent Muzik.
The best music.
It is incorrect to use this suffix when not complimenting a noun.
Possession
Possession is often shown with declension. To show something possesses another, you put the possessor with the declension after the noun, unless the possessor is a pronouns, where the pronoun would take the place of an article.
Jes Eer. Eer Seuls.
My Earth. The Sun's Earth.
Alternatively, one can say of.
Eer w Mak. Eer w Seulja.
My Earth. The Sun's Earth.
(Earth of Me-DAT)
Or you can string the nouns, however this does not apply to pronouns. So here is daylight written in its three forms.
Dagligt / Ligt w Dagja / Ligt Dags
Daylight
Supines
Every clause must be separated with punctuation (excluding the apostrophe); the most common being a comma. The parts of a supine are separated likewise. (This rule also means that conjunctions always follow a comma).
(Jé) uter sit Brum, et at Ert i level.
I used the brush to draw a picture.
[(I) use-IND.PST.1s the.NEU brush, in a.FEM picture to draw.INF]
The infinitive is used in the second portion of a supine preceded by the word 'to' (i), with the clause being preceded by et (in).
Interrogation
In an interrogative sentence, the verb is moved to the beginning, proceeding the interrogative adverb that may already be there. Subject pronouns then become suffixes to the conjugated verb. Otherwise, the subject is attached to the verb via hyphenation; articles and determiners becoming suffixed. Descriptors aren't attached in any way unless an article or determiner is already attached.
Höljé?
Am I?
Arhan ot?
Is it him?
Köntahet ot önel?
Could it be her?
Ar-Ligt lots?
Is light good?
Arsa-Seul goel?
Is the sun yellow?
Eczarsa-goel Seul Ligt?
Does the sun create light?
Fjötar goel Ligt eczlet?
Is yellow light made?
Numerical System
Xynder counts in base 10 though has components of base 20 in the number system.
Cardinal Numbers
There are only every irregularities in the first twelve numbers. Numbers 13-20 are partially irregular. Numbers 20-99 are formed using the number for the respective multiple of ten, preceded by the singular number and the word let (and)
Numeral | Xynder | Abbreviation |
---|---|---|
0 | null | |
1 | on | |
2 | dus | |
3 | hvet | |
4 | kvat | |
5 | pente | |
6 | czicte | |
7 | svepte | |
8 | aske | |
9 | nar | |
10 | tran | |
11 | joel | |
12 | tvil | |
13 | hvetran | |
14 | hvatran | |
15 | pentran | |
16 | czictran | |
17 | sveptran | |
18 | asktran | |
19 | nantran | |
20 |
tvyne |
|
21 | onlettvyne | |
30 | onhalvtvyn | |
40 | dustvyn | |
50 | dushalvtvyn | |
60 | hvettvyn | |
70 | hvethalvtvyn | |
80 | kvattvyn | |
90 | hvathalvtvyn | |
100 | undra | |
101 | undraleton | |
110 | undralettran | |
121 | undraletonlettvyne | |
200 | dusundra | |
300 | hvetundra | |
400 | hvatundra | |
500 | pentundra | |
600 | czictundra | |
700 | septundra | |
800 | askundra | |
900 | narundra | |
1,000 | tys | 1t. |
2,000 | dustys | 2t. |
3,000 | hvettys | 3t. |
10,000 | trantys | 10t. |
20,000 | tvyntys | 20t. |
30,000 | onhalvtvyntys | 30t. |
100,000 | undratys | 100t. |
1 million | milnas | 1mia. |
10 million | tranmilmas | 10mia. |
100 million | undramilnas | 100mid.. |
1 billion | milliad | 1mij. |
1 trillion | bilnas | 1bia. |
1 quadrillion | billiad | 1bid. |
Ordinal Numbers
Ordinal numbers are formed by taking the cardinal number and adding the suffix -(e)r.
10: tran
10th: traner
Numbers involving the genetive case lose their declension and become a prefix to the initial number:
31: onletonhavltvyne
31st: onletonhavltvyner
As a result of making extremely long words, they are often pronounced separately:
121: undraletonlettvyne
121st: undraletonlettvyner - pronounced undralet-onlettvyner