Xynder

The author requests that you do not make significant changes to this project without first seeking approval.
By all means, please either help fix spelling, grammar and organization problems or contact the author about them. Thank you.

The author wishes to make it clear this project is currently undergoing significant construction or revamp.
By all means, take a look around. Thank you.

This project is completed.
By all means, please contribute to the language's culture and/or history.

Progress 98%
	Stats Nouns 100% Verbs 100% Adjectives 100% Syntax 100% Words 647 of 1500

Xynder Xynt
Type
Fusional
Alignment
Nominative-Accusative
Head direction
Final
Tonal
No
Declensions
Yes
Conjugations
Yes
Genders
No
Nouns decline according to...
Case	Number
Definiteness	Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice	Mood
Person	Number
Tense	Aspect

Undergoing Significant Revamp

Yet another descendant language from Natraden . The grammar has remained fairly intact along with the genders (MAS, FEM and NEU) and the phonology has been simplified. This language is the main language of the Netherbelgs.

Revamp

This is my attempt at making the language more speakable for me, as a person who wants to learn it >A<

Old Xynder

Nothing too major will occur. The current changes as of late are:

• Removed:

• ​Ŝ and TX.
  • Heavy difference between dialects
• Added:

• • ​Capitalisation rules (now reverted)
• Changed:

• ​Ê is now written as É.
  • Ö's long and short pronunciation are lowered.
  • Word order.
  • Noun declension.
  • Articles and determiners
  • Pronouns
  • Adjectival rules
  • Verb conjugations
  • Negation
• To-Do List:

• • Change the interrogative system in some way.

Phonology

The basic phonology of the language.

Consonants	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Alveolopalatal	Postalveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular		Glottal
Nasal	m			n				ɲ	ŋ
Plosive	p   b			t   d				c	k   g			(ʔ)
Fricative		f   v	ð̞̠ˠ	s   z	ɕ	ʃ   ʒ	ʂ	ç   ʝ	x   ɣ	χ	ʁ	h
Approximant						ɹ		j
Trill				r
Flap/Tap				ɾ
Lateral Approximant				l			ɭ

Vowels	Front	Near-Front	Central	Near-Back	Back
Close	i   y		ʉ		u
Near-Close		ɪ   ʏ		ʊ
Close-Mid	e   ø		(ɵ)		o
Mid			ə
Open-Mid	ɛ   œ				ʌ   ɔ
Near-Open	æ		(ɐ)
Open	(ɶ)		ä		ɑ   ɒ

Every row below is it's own distinct letter excluding digraphs and é.

Graph	Condition	Capital Dialect		Netheren Dialect	Troderen Dialect
A a	Long Pronunciation	ɑ:			ɛ:
	Short Pronunciation	ä
Ae ae		e:		N/A
Ar ar (Troderen Dialect)		N/A		a:
Ee ee (Netheren Dialect)		N/A		e:	N/A
Ää	Long Pronunciation	æ:
	Short Pronunciation	æ
Ææ (Troderen Dialect)	Long Pronunciation	N/A			e:
	Short Pronunciation	N/A			ɛ
Bb		b			b̥
Cc		t͡s
Cz cz		t͡ʃ		N/A
Czr czr (rcz)		t͡ʂ
Tj tj (Netheren Dialect)		N/A		t͡ʃ	N/A
Dd		d			d̥
		d̪
(Dd) dd		ð			ð̞̠ˠ
		ð̞̠ˠ		N/A
Dj dj (Netheren and Troderen Dialect)		N/A		d͡ʒ
Ee	Long Pronunciation	ɛ:		e:	ɪ:
	Short Pronunciation	ɛ			æ
	Word-Final	ə
Eg eg		N/A			e
	Normal Pronunciation				ej
Er er (Troderen Dialect)					ɐ
Eu eu		y:			N/A
		ʏ(:)		N/A
		ɨ
Éé	Word-Final	ɛ			N/A
Ff		f
Gg	Normal Pronunciation		g	χ	g̊
	Word-Final		N/A		w
Gj gj		ʝ			N/A
Hh		h
Hj hj		ç		hj	j
Hv hv	Word-Initial		v̥
Hz hz		x		N/A
		χ
Ii	Long Pronunciation	i:
	Short Pronunciation	ɪ
	Word-Final Short Pronunciation	i
Ij ij		æɪ		ɛi	N/A
Ig ig (Troderen Dialect)		N/A			ai
Jj		j
Kk		k(ʰ)			kʰ
Kj kj		c		kj	N/A
Ll		l		lˠ	l
Lj lj		lʲ		lj
Mm		m
Nn		n
Ńń	Normal Pronunciation	ŋ			N/A
	Before-Vowel Pronunciation	ɑ̃(n)
(Ng) ng		ŋ
Ni ni		ɲ		N/A
Nj nj
Oo	Long Pronunciation	ɔ:		o:
	Short Pronunciation	ɒ
Oe oe		u:		N/A
		u
Oy oy		u̯ɐ:		N/A
Öö	Long Pronunciation	ø:			N/A
	Short Pronunciation	œ
Øø  (Troderen Dialect)	Long Pronunciation	N/A			ø:
	Short Pronunciation				œ
Öa öa		o:		N/A
Öe öe		ə:
		ə
		ʌ
Pp		p(ʰ)			pʰ
Qq		χ		N/A
Rr	Normal Pronunciation	ɾ			ʁ
	Lengthened pronunciation sometimes used in singing	ɭ:		N/A
	Situational Pronunciation	r
		ɹ		N/A
	Pronunciation when imported from Germanic languages that use this rhotic sound	ʁ
Ss		s
Sz sz		ʃ		N/A
		ɕ
Sj sj (Netheren and Troderen Dialect)		N/A		ʃ
Szr szr (rs/rsz)		ʂ		N/A
Sr sr (Netheren Dialect)		N/A		ʂ	N/A
Tt		t(ʰ)			tˢ
Uu	Long Pronunciation	ʉ:		u:
	Short Pronunciation	ʊ
Ui ui		ɶy			N/A
Vv	Word-Final Pronunciation		u̯
	Normal Pronunciation		v̥		v
			v		N/A
Ww
	Word-Final Pronunciation		f
Xx		z		N/A
Xz xz		ʒ
Yy	Long Pronunciation	ɪ:			y:
	Short Pronunciation	ɪ
Zz		z			N/A
		z̥
Zz zz		d͡z		N/A

Rules

• Vowels receive shortened pronunciation in unstressed syllables (or monosyllabic words), or if they precede a consonant cluster.
  • Vowels receive lengthened pronunciation though the vowel sound isn't lengthened if preceding another vowel sound.
• I proceeding a consonant and preceding a vowel makes the sound /j/
  • ​this is the same for u and /u̯/
• A word-final v preceded by a consonant is pronounced before the consonant.
  • halv (half) /häu̯l/
• Non-harmonic consonant clusters imply there is /ɵ(:)/ between them
  • Nihogn: Japan /nihɔ:gɵn/
• To avoid confusion, certain letters often change their pronunciation slightly:
  • X is pronounced more strongly than Z
    • ​Z is sometimes pronounced /z̥/
• Voiced consonants in word-final position become voiceless.
• Stress is placed on the penultimate syllable of a word or on the syllable containing the first consonant cluster (in the same syllable) in the word.
  • If there are no consonant clusters that aren't broken by syllable boundaries, then the stress goes to the syllable containing the first vowel sound without a shortening pronunciation or is lengthened already (e.g. ii (/i/) that ends some words).
    • If none of these conditions are met, the stress goes to the penultimate syllable.
    • If a long vowel precedes a consonant cluster broken by a syllable boundary then the vowel is pronounced according to the shortened pronunciation.
      • Mansev - mother /ˈmänsɛu̯/
  • This rule doesn't apply if the consonant cluster is in an ultimate syllable that ends with a schwa.
  • Secondary stress may be applied on the second root word in a compound word where primary stress would be applied.
  • Single syllable words that end in e and begin with more than one consonant sound have the e automatically pronounced with an accent.
    • Zne /ˈznɛː/ snow
    • Ce /ˈt͡sɛː/ who
• Ń is pronounced as /ɑ̃/ when in the syllable nucleus and /ŋ/ elsewhere.
  • The letter is pronounced as the former in when in the nucleus if it is the only vowel in the nucleus. If the letter is preceded by another vowel all the while remaining in the nucleus, then the vowel becomes nasalised.
• The difference between ń and ng is the same as German's ß and ss in that the latter contributes to the vowel shortening rule whereas the former does not.
• szr and czr only ever appear at the beginning of root words.
  • Though is r precedes sz, cz or xz they are retroflexed.

Table of Grammar

	Gender	Cases	Numbers	Tenses	Persons	Moods	Voices	Aspects
Verb	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No
Nouns	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Adjectives	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Numbers	No	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No	No
Participles	No	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No
Adverb	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Pronouns	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	No	No	No
Adpositions	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Article	Yes	No	No	No	No	No	No	No
Particle	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	No

Case Marking

Case marking is defined with sets of declensions:

Case	Prefix	Example (Xynt)
Nominative (NOM)	-∅	Xynt
Dative (DAT)	-ja	Xyntja
Genetive (GEN)	-(a)s	Xynts
Vocative (VOC)	-(a)v	Xyntav

Word Order

The order has remained fairly the same:

Capital and Troderen Dialect

1. (Reflexive Pronoun)
2. Subject
3. Indirect Pronoun/Object
4. (Direct Object Pronoun)
5. (Auxiliary) Verb
6. Adverb
7. Object/Adjective
8. Other Information
9. Separable Part of a Separable Verb
10. Participle
11. Verb/Participle (when auxiliary verb is used)

Netheren Dialect

1. (Reflexive Pronoun)
2. Subject
3. Indirect Object
4. Object/Adjective
5. (Auxiliary) Verb
6. Adverb
7. Verb/Participle (when auxiliary verb is used)
8. Participle
9. Other Information
10. Separable Part of a Separable Verb
11. Participle

Verb Conjugation

All verbs end in el and most are regular. There is one irregular verb and the continuous tense is combined with the simple. Dropping the pronoun is common in informal speech.

This is the only irregular verb that exists.

Person	First Person		Second Person		Third Person
Number	Singular jé	Plural jöt	Singular to	Plural vöt	Singular han/het/ot	Plural öt
Infinitive	önel
Past Participle	vaeret
Indicative & Subjunctive
Present (Non-Past)	höl	skaen	skiss	skist	ar	zesz
Past	hvöl	hven	hviss	hvist	hvar	hvesz
Future	blir vaeret	bliren vaeret	bliris vaeret	bliret vaeret	blirar vaeret	bliresz vaeret
Other
Imperative	geröad

Other Irregular Verbs

helbel - to have

gatel - to go

Regular Verbs (to write)

Regular verbs will conjugated as follows:

Person	1st Person		2nd Person		Third Person
Number	Singular jé	Plural jöt	Singular to	Plural vöt	Singular han/het/ot	Plural öt
Infinitive	skrivel
Past Participle	skrivlet
Indicative & Subjunctive
Present (Non-Past)	skriv	skriven	skrivis	skrivet	skrivar	skrivesz
Past	skriver	skrivent	skrivist	skrivtet	skrivta	skrivest
Future	blir skrivlet	bliren skrivlet	bliris skrivlet	bliret skrivlet	blirar skrivlet	bliresz skrivlet
Other
Imperative	skrive(röad)

Negation

In the Capital Dialect, you use the particle ent.

Jé höl ent!

I am not!

Passive Verbs

To make a verb passive you use the past participle with the auxiliary verb to become.

Fjöt svarblet.

I was killed. (I died.)

Conditional Verbs

Conditional verbs are formed with the auxiliary verb blirel (to will) and the past participle. The difference between this the using the future tense (since the future tense oddly enough uses the past participle) is that the auxiliary verb is used in the past tense.

Blir ginglet.

I will go.

Blirer ginglet.

I would go.

Reflexive Verbs

Infinitive reflexive verbs are written as strik...el but conjugate exactly the same as normal verbs (the strik- is removed and is replaced with the use of the reflexive pronouns; the verb is conjugated normally.) However, pronouns get dropped (if they weren't already; also not necessary to drop) and are replaced with reflexive pronouns. Otherwise the subject gets moved.

Za öpta.

He hit himself.

Za s'Ester öfta. <- note the subject

The restaurant opened (itself.)

S'Ester fjöt striksvarbelt. or Za s'Ester fjöt svarbelt. [+1]

The restaurant will open (itself.)

[+1] This is rarer than the preceding sentence as reflexive pronouns tend to refer to the main verb; the use isn't incorrect, however, and will be understood.

-röad

The -eröad for the imperative is used in formal situations or when please is implied with it.

Tot skrive.

Write it.

Tot skriveröad.

Please write it.

'Polite' You

There is no polite 'you' form. Though simply stating the pronoun is considered polite as subject dropping occurs very often. One can alternatively use the pronouns tröad, tröada, tröadja, tröads and tröadav according do their respective cases.

Skiss.

You are (informal)

To skiss.

You are (formal)

Tröad skiss.

You are (polite)

Personal Pronouns

The pronouns decline to the same cases as with their respective dialects. 

[+1] This refers to the subject:

Striks Entitii

A thing belonging to the subject.

Case	1st		2nd		3rd
	S	P	S	P	S		P
Nominative	jé	jöt	to	vöt	han/het/ot		öt
Relative (Nominative and Accusative)					hvit/hva/hvit
Accusative	mä	eun	te	jär	häm/här/ot		dem
Reflexive (Accusative)	ja		té	jör	za		öl
Dative	mäk	un		jän	jem/jar/jot*		dem
Relative (Dative)					hvij/hvai/hvov
Reflexive (Dative)	strikjes	strikjöts	striktos	strikvöts	strikets/strikars/strikots		striköts
Genetive	jes	jöts	tos	vöts	hars/hets/ots		öts
Relative (Genetive)					hves/hvas/hvos
Reflexive (Genetive)	striks [+1]
Vocative	mav		do	hvii

Contractions

Since most pronouns tend to be placed beside one another, colloquial contractions had evolved.

jét = jé + te

This means I ... you. Since it is a contraction the é (which only usually is placed in the word-final position) is preserved; like in compound words. For example: jét liv means I love you'.

*jem, jar & jot = i hem, i har, i ot

The i (meaning to) became non-syllabic upon contraction; providing the dative forms of the 3rd person singular pronouns.

tot = to + ot

vot = vöt + ot

This is most commonly used in the imperative. They mean (you ... it).

Pluralisation

There are several pluralisation suffixes:

Ending 1: -(o)r

Nouns will usually be pluralised with -or or -r if the noun ends in a vowel.

Ligt (light) → Ligtor (lights)

Word-final vs become js prior to pluralisation.

Ending 2: -en

This ending is used when the noun ends in a nasal consonant, l, r and dd.

Dräng (boy) → Drängen (boys)

This is also used when nouns end in ii, which then becomes ien.

Akademii (academy) → Akademien (academies)

Ending 3: -s

Nouns will use this ending when they end in a diphthong.

Mae (man) → Maes (men)

Definiteness

A definite, pluralised noun will obtain the original article as a suffix alongside its pluralisation suffix. Case declensions are added thereafter.

Frov - woman

Sa Frov - the woman

Frojor - women

Frojorsa - the women

Frojorsas - the women's

Articles and Determiners

Articles and determiners decline alike in that they both decline to gender and not to case.

Gender	Masculine and Neuter	Feminine	Contraction (Before Vowel)
Indefinite Article	it	at	t'
Definite Article	set	sa	s'
Distal Determiner	dit	dis	N/A
Proximal Determiner	dit ... dzan	dis ... dzan

Contractions

There are words such as ecet/eca which are contractions of et set/sa (in/on the). But when further contracted, one writes:

ec'Eerja

on the Earth

Adjectives

Adjectives effectively decline to the common and neuter gender (the masculine and feminine declensions are the same.) Take the words s'Eer (the Earth), and skej (blue):

Common Declension

Articles and determiners precede adjectives.

Sa skej Eer.

The blue Earth.

Neuter Declension

The neuter declension consists of adding the suffix -t if the adjective didn't originally end in t.

Set lotst Muzik.

The good music/song.

Plural Declension

Unlike the articles and determiners, adjectives possess a plural declension -e. This is used regardless of its gender.

Lotse Muzikorset.

The good songs.

Contraction

The article contracts when the adjective begins with a vowel regardless of its gender:

S'erged Rojapl

The United Kingdom

Comparative Adjectives

This uses the adverb mo to make the adjective comparative. Translates to "more so" in English.

S'Eer ar mo skej.

The Earth is bluer.

When the adjective compliments the noun, then the adjective gains the suffix -(e)r(t/e).

Sa skejer Eer.

The bluer Earth.

It is incorrect to use this suffix when not complimenting a noun.

Set lotsert Muzik.

The better music.

Superlative Adjectives

Here one would use the adverb momo meaning "even more so" or "the most".

S'Eer ar momo skej.

The Earth is the bluest.

Complimenting a noun, the adjective gains the suffix -(e)n(t/e).

Sa skejen Eer.

The bluest Earth.

Set lotsent Muzik.

The best music.

It is incorrect to use this suffix when not complimenting a noun.

Possession

Possession is often shown with declension. To show something possesses another, you put the possessor with the declension after the noun, unless the possessor is a pronouns, where the pronoun would take the place of an article.

Jes Eer. Eer Seuls.

My Earth. The Sun's Earth.

Alternatively, one can say of.

Eer w Mak. Eer w Seulja.

My Earth. The Sun's Earth.

(Earth of Me-DAT)

Or you can string the nouns, however this does not apply to pronouns. So here is daylight written in its three forms.

Dagligt / Ligt w Dagja / Ligt Dags

Daylight

Supines

Every clause must be separated with punctuation (excluding the apostrophe); the most common being a comma. The parts of a supine are separated likewise. (This rule also means that conjunctions always follow a comma).

(Jé) uter sit Brum, et at Ert i level.

I used the brush to draw a picture.

[(I) use-IND.PST.1s the.NEU brush, in a.FEM picture to draw.INF]

The infinitive is used in the second portion of a supine preceded by the word 'to' (i), with the clause being preceded by et (in).

Interrogation

In an interrogative sentence, the verb is moved to the beginning, proceeding the interrogative adverb that may already be there. Subject pronouns then become suffixes to the conjugated verb. Otherwise, the subject is attached to the verb via hyphenation; articles and determiners becoming suffixed. Descriptors aren't attached in any way unless an article or determiner is already attached.

Höljé?

Am I?

Arhan ot?

Is it him?

Köntahet ot önel?

Could it be her?

Ar-Ligt lots?

Is light good?

Arsa-Seul goel?

Is the sun yellow?

Eczarsa-goel Seul Ligt?

Does the sun create light?

Fjötar goel Ligt eczlet?

Is yellow light made?

Numerical System

Xynder counts in base 10 though has components of base 20 in the number system.

Cardinal Numbers

There are only every irregularities in the first twelve numbers. Numbers 13-20 are partially irregular. Numbers 20-99 are formed using the number for the respective multiple of ten, preceded by the singular number and the word let (and)

Numeral	Xynder	Abbreviation
0	null
1	on
2	dus
3	hvet
4	kvat
5	pente
6	czicte
7	svepte
8	aske
9	nar
10	tran
11	joel
12	tvil
13	hvetran
14	hvatran
15	pentran
16	czictran
17	sveptran
18	asktran
19	nantran
20	tvyne
21	onlettvyne
30	onhalvtvyn
40	dustvyn
50	dushalvtvyn
60	hvettvyn
70	hvethalvtvyn
80	kvattvyn
90	hvathalvtvyn
100	undra
101	undraleton
110	undralettran
121	undraletonlettvyne
200	dusundra
300	hvetundra
400	hvatundra
500	pentundra
600	czictundra
700	septundra
800	askundra
900	narundra
1,000	tys	1t.
2,000	dustys	2t.
3,000	hvettys	3t.
10,000	trantys	10t.
20,000	tvyntys	20t.
30,000	onhalvtvyntys	30t.
100,000	undratys	100t.
1 million	milnas	1mia.
10 million	tranmilmas	10mia.
100 million	undramilnas	100mid..
1 billion	milliad	1mij.
1 trillion	bilnas	1bia.
1 quadrillion	billiad	1bid.

Ordinal Numbers

Ordinal numbers are formed by taking the cardinal number and adding the suffix -(e)r. 

10: tran

10th: traner

Numbers involving the genetive case lose their declension and become a prefix to the initial number:

31: onletonhavltvyne

31st: onletonhavltvyner

As a result of making extremely long words, they are often pronounced separately:

121: undraletonlettvyne

121st: undraletonlettvyner - pronounced undralet-onlettvyner