| Йанюсахо Цаулан о Йанюсахо | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Type | |||
| agglutenative | |||
| Alignment | |||
| direct (SVO strict ish) | |||
| Head direction | |||
| final | |||
| Tonal | |||
| No | |||
| Declensions | |||
| Yes | |||
| Conjugations | |||
| Yes | |||
| Genders | |||
| No | |||
| Nouns decline according to... | |||
| Case | Number | ||
| Definiteness | Gender | ||
| Verbs conjugate according to... | |||
| Voice | Mood | ||
| Person | Number | ||
| Tense | Aspect | ||
General information[]
|han| - |lat|
Phonology[]
Consonants[]
| Labial | Coronal | dorsal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | |||
| Plosive | p | t | k | ||
| Fricative | s | h | |||
| Affricate | ts | tʃ | |||
| Approximant | j | ||||
| Lateral app. | l | ||||
Vowels[]
| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | |
| Close | i | y | u | |
| Mid | e~ɛ | ʌ | o~ɔ | |
| Open | a | |||
Alphabet[]
| letter | ipa |
|---|---|
| н | n |
| а | a |
| ц | ts |
| е | e~ɛ |
| э | ʌ |
| к | k |
| х | h |
| и | i |
| т | t |
| с | s |
| л | l |
| о | o~ɔ |
| м | m |
| п | p |
| й | j |
| у | y |
| ю | u |
| ч | tʃ |
Phonotactics[]
not a lot happens, syllables may be (C)V(V)(C), C being any consonant, V being any vowel
stress[]
Main stress is on the penultimate syllable (first syllable in monosyllabic or disyllabic words) if a word contains a diphthong it will have stress on that diphthong (e.g. sënka vs. qiroisëlu)
Grammar[]
Nouns[]
There are multiple nouncases in Yanüsaho, the plural and indefenite cases can also be a part of the genitive, instumental and vocative cases. A word with indefenate case does not agree to number (singular/plural), so a word can either be, singular, plural or indefenite.
| case : | singular | plural | indef | genitive | instrumental | vocative |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| man | тоню | тонюйи | тонюли | тоню(йи/ли) ка | тоню(йи/ли) мэ | тоню(йи/ли) хо |
| meal | пэли | пэлийи | пэлили | пэли(йи/ли) ка | пэли(йи/ли)тэ | пэли(йи/ли) хе |
| society | кайнун | кайнун | кайнун | кайнун(йи/ли) ка | кайнун(йи/ли) сэ | кайнун(йи/ли) хо |
| general suffix : | - | -йи | -ли | ка | -мэ(animate) -тэ(inanimate) -сэ(abstract) |
хо(animate) хэ(inanimate) хо(abstract) |
The living/abstract/object distinction in instrumental and vocative cases are from Old Yanüsaho, which had that distinction in all nouns but remains in the least common cases. All nouns are count nouns (not mass nouns) so constructions like (“one corn” or “two papers” are allowed)
Verbs[]
regular verbs on -i[]
| active | present | past | future | continuous |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | -йа | -йал | -цан | -йалам |
| 2nd person | -со | -сол | -сом | -солам |
| Obilique | -и | -ла | -на | -илам |
| passive | present | past | future | continuous |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | -йам | -лам | -йин | -йаман |
| 2nd person | -сом | -лос | -йон | -соман |
| Obilique | -йил | -тал | -тан | -илан |
Only the oblique person is used normally, this person includes everything. When a pronoun drop occurs the first or second person might be used. Passive verbs are verbs in the sentences where the passive voice occurs, the object replaces the subject, and the subject goes away (the object of the passive sentence in this case, is the subject of the active sentence.). Only if the 1st or 2nd person were the subject in the active sentence the verb conjugates to that person.
Verb particles[]
| verb particles | particle |
|---|---|
| parfect | лэ |
| optative | ню |
| imperative | су |
| subjunctive | ка |
| negative | чен(-) |
| interrogative | нэ |
verb particles are combinable, there can occur multiple after a verb, they are free to shatter over the sentence, but cannot occur before the verb. (except for qen, which only occurs directly before the verb.)
Adjectives[]
regular adjectives end on n, though nothing happens to this ending. there is a particle in between the adjective(s) and the noun that shows their relation. The adjective also agrees to the nouncase.
| adjective particle | obilique | indefenite | vocative |
|---|---|---|---|
| positive | ол | ли | (х)о |
| comperative | юл | лю | (х)ю |
| superlative | эл | лэ | (х)э |
| inclusive | мол | мил | (х)он/(х)эн |
The vocative inclusive also agrees to the class of the noun. When the adjective particle contains the indef or vocative, a noun is not needed to express this anymore BUT it’s still very common to do express it. The <х> in the vocative particle is optional.