| Yuwahasu | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Fusional | ||||||||||||
| Alignment | |||||||||||||
| Head direction | Final | ||||||||||||
| Tonal | Yes | ||||||||||||
| Declensions | Yes | ||||||||||||
| Conjugations | Yes | ||||||||||||
| Genders | 0 | ||||||||||||
| Nouns decline according to... | |||||||||||||
| Case | Number | ||||||||||||
| Definiteness | Gender | ||||||||||||
| Verbs conjugate according to... | |||||||||||||
| Voice | Mood | ||||||||||||
| Person | Number | ||||||||||||
| Tense | Aspect | ||||||||||||
| Meta-information | |||||||||||||
| Progress | Expression error: Unexpected < operator.% | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Creator | Onegoha | ||||||||||||
Usage[]
Yuwahasu is the standard dialect of the Worrosi family. It is the standard language of Hiyatyon and is widely spoken around the world in many countries as an international language. Yuwahasu is the name of its protolanguage which was passed down; however, as the "w" letter is not part of the modern Yuwahasu alphabet it is instead written as Yu2ua3ha1su1 [see left picture].
The script was originally written top to bottom, right to left using a circle-based alphabet system. However this was dropped due to it being rather hard to write as well as being inefficient for electronic display and writing, [see left]
Phonology[]
Consonants[]
| Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Alveolo-palatal | Palatal | Velar | Labial-velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||||
| Plosive | p b | t d | k g | |||||||
| Fricative | ɸ | s z | ʃ ʒ | ʑ | x | h | ||||
| Affricate | p͡f b͡v | t͡s d͡z | t͡ʃ d͡ʒ | |||||||
| Approximant | j | w | ||||||||
| Flap or tap | ɾ | |||||||||
Vowels[]
| Front | Near-front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ | u | |
| Near-close | ɪ ʏ | |||
| Close-mid | ||||
| Mid | ə | |||
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | ||
| Open | ä |
Phonotactics[]
The syllable structure is (C)(C)(H)V(C)(C). Consonant clusters are allowed, even obscure ones such as /bt/, /nɾ/. Some clusters would change its pronunciation if put together, such as /yw/ (yu0) would instead become /ʑʏ/.
Writing System[]
| Letter |  |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sound | m | n (initial) | ŋ (initial) | p (bh) | b | t (dh) | d | k (gh) | g | ɸ, p͡f, b͡v (bhw) | s | z (ssh) |
| Letter |  |
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| Sound | ʃ (sh) | ʒ (shh) | x (hh) | h | t͡s (dhs) | d͡z (ds) | t͡ʃ (dhsh) | d͡ʒ (dsh) | j (y) | ɾ (r) | ɨ, ɛ, jɛ, ɪ, jɪ, jai (yai) | ɛ, ɪ, ai (ai) |
| Letter |  |
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| Sound | jo, jə, ə, o (yo) | ə, ɔ (o) | ä (a) | u, ɨ, w (u) | i | n (as an appendage at final) | ŋ (as an appendage at final) | Low flat | Rising | High flat | High to mid falling | Mid to low falling |
| Tones | ||||||||||||
*For below, tones will be marked as numbers in superscript
Grammar[]
Pronouns[]
| Casual | Formal | |||
| Male | Female | Male | Female | |
| 1st | hi1 | ho5 | ||
| 2nd | dha4 | dho4u | ywu4 | |
| i2yu4 | ||||
| 2nd PLU | dho2i4 | dha5o | ||
| 3rd | go4 | gho4 | gyo4 /gjɔ/ | gyo4 /gjə/ |
| 3rd PLU | dhyu4dh | ghai4yu1dh | ||
| 1st person PLU | 1st person SGL + 2nd SGL | 1st PLU + 2nd SGL | 1st SGL + 2nd PLU | 1st PLU + 2nd PLU | |
| Casual | na4 | mo1 | mo4yi5 | mo4ya5 | mo3na5 |
| Formal | na2yi1 | mi1 | mi3na5 | ||
Nouns[]
- Nouns are normally inferred by context.
- In some cases an object noun can infer a transitive verb an be used like one, to instead become a predicate.
- For example: "go3na1" means bed. While there is a verb for sleep - "hhu1m", it is more natural to say "go3na1ri4" (bed.1st person) or rather, I go to bed, to convey the meaning of "I sleep" than to say "hhu1mi4" which also means I sleep.
- A verb can be conjugated to become present, past and future, so can nouns which became predicate: you can say "i1go3na1ri4" just as you how can say "i1hhu1mi4"
- There is no declension of plural and singular. These can be inferred by context or by adding quantifying adjectives.
- Different prefixes / suffixes can be added to change the case of a noun or pronoun
| Case | Prefix / suffix | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | hi1 a3gda1 - I give
(This would usually be "a3gda1ri4", the conjugated form of the predicate is used without the subject unless the subject cannot be inferred from context.) | |
| Accusative | a1dh + pronoun conjugation suffix4
a1s + other nouns |
a1dhi4 a3gda1ru4 - You give me (to someone) | lit: you.ACC give.2 |
| Dative | Accusative moved to end left undeclined, indirect object declined using above | a1dhi4 a3gda1ru4 shyo3mra1dh - You give me a weapon | lit: me.DAT give.2 weapon |
| Genetive | pronoun / noun + yi1
If the pronoun / noun before it already ends in i1 then change the tone to 3 If the pronoun / noun that comes after it starts with i1 then change it to yo1 instead If both of the above conditions are true, change it to yo3 instead. |
ywu4yi1-bhri4 - your book
hi1yi3-bhri4 - my book ywu4yo1-i1so3kyo2 - your murderer hi1yo3-i1so3kyo2 - my murderer |
Verbs[]
Syntax[]
Lexicon[]
Example text[]
nyo2mnyo2m a1s-nyo4nbhri4-ha1-na2myo4n-yi1-a3mra1dh-ha1-nu1si4mra5dh a3mra1dha4dh, mi2ra4dhyo1m na3ga1dh, ghryo4m, ghryo1m, ri2mya1, ha3su1, yi2a3ndhya1, ghyo3ri1n (Incomplete)