Zuraher

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	Stats Nouns 100% Verbs 100% Adjectives 100% Syntax 100% Words 78 of 1500

Name: Zuraher Type: Fusional Alignment: Direct Head Direction: Final Number of genders: 3 Declensions: Yes Conjugations: Yes Nouns declined according to Case Number Definitiveness Gender Verbs conjugated according to Voice Mood Person Number Tense Aspect

Phonology

Consonants

	Bilabial		Labiodental		Alveolar		Velar		Pharyngeal
Stop	p	b	p̙	b̙	t	d	k	g
Nasal	m		ɱ		n
Trill	ʙ				r
Fricative	ɸ	β			s	z	x	ɣ	ħ
Approximant			ʋ		ɹ		ɰ
Lateral Fricative					l		ʟ

Additionally, the following consonants exist: ɧ, ʍ, ʰ, ʷ, ˠ.

Vowels

	Front		Central	Back
Close	i	y	ɨ	u
Mid-Close	e	ø	ɘ	o
Mid-Open	ɛ	œ	ɜ	ɔ
Open	ɶ			ɑ	ɒ

Orthography

Phone(s)	Orthography
p, p̙2	P
b, b̙2	B
t	T
d	D
k, x1	K
g, ɣ1	G
m, ɱ2	M
n	N
ʙ, β5	V
r	RR
ɸ	F
s	S
z	Z
ħ	H
ʋ	W
ɹ	R
ɰ	J
l, ʟ3	L
ɧ	X
ʍ	HW
ʰ	h
ʷ	w
ˠ	j
ɨ, i4	I
ɜ, ɘ4	E
ɛ, e4	Ë
u	U
y	Ü
ɔ, o4	O
œ, ø4	Ö
ɑ, ɒ4	A
ɶ	Ä

Notes

1. Before or after Ä, Ë, Ö, Ü. If K is to remain /k/, it becomes CK (C initially). If G is to remain /g/, it becomes Q.
2. Before or after W as /ʋ/.
3. After velars.
4. Stressed (See Stress below).
5. As a final consonant.

Phonotactics

• A standard syllable is of the form (s)(C)(TR/A/LA)(j,w)V(j,w)(N)(C/AF), where the following are true:
  • C is any consonant
  • TR is a trill
  • A is an approximant
  • LA is a lateral approximant
  • V is a vowel
  • N is a nasal
  • AF is an affricate
  • (s) is Field 1, (C) is Field 2, and (TR/A/LA) is Field 3.
• If Field 2 is a fricative and Field 3 is used, then Field 1 cannot be used (e.g. vl, *svr)
• If Field 2 is H, then Fields 1 and 3 cannot be used (e.g. hat, *shler)
• Field 2 cannot be a nasal if Field 3 is used (e.g. naf, *nlaf)
• If E is used as a final letter, it is either reduced to /ə/ or muted.

Stress

Stress falls on:

• Monosyllabic words (Drómpf).
• The first syllable of disyllabic words (Sckő|lad).
• The second syllable of tri- and quadrisyllabic words (A|stér|naf).
• Every third syllable but the last, starting from the second, on words of 5+ syllables (Sfar|ján|to|ver|ikk).
• Irregular stress is marked with a grave accent (Cől|en|di|ko|re).

Basic Grammar

Nouns

Nouns are divided into three classes ("Genders") by their final letter:

• I: Ends in a consonant (gant - "man")
• II: Ends in an unaccented vowel (dampfe - "grass")
• III: Ends in an accented vowel (stü - "water")

They decline by case and number as follows:

	I		II		III
	S	P	S	P	S	P
Nom/Acc	gant	gante	dampfe	dampfes	stü	stün
Dat	ganta	gantaj	dampfi	dampfis	stu	stus
Gen	gants	gantes	dampfa	dampfis	stuj	stujn

There are certain irregularities, namely with words ending in N and S. Both are Class I special cases.

	cün - "wind" [modern]		öres - "stone, gem"
	S	P	S	P
Nom/Acc	cün	cünne	öres	öres
Dat	cüna	cünna	öra	öraj
Gen	cüns	cüns	örs	ören

Articles

Articles must agree with their nouns' class and number.

	I		II		III
	S	P	S	P	S	P
Definite	het	hete	de	des	dë	dën
Indefinite	en	ene	a	as	e	en

Verbs

Verbs conjugate by person, number, gender/formality and tense, with affixes to further augment conjugation. In the third person, the verb must agree with its actor's class. All other persons are Class I.

Infinitive	cöler - "to speak"

Present	I	II	III
1s	cöl
2sI (informal)	cölde
2sII (formal)	Cölen
3sI (masc/neut)	cöl	cöle	cölen
3sII (fem)	cölej	cölja	cölen
1p	cöler
2p	cölend
3pI (masc)	cöler	cölere	cöleren
3pII (fem)	cölerej	cölerja	cöleren
3pIII (neut)	cöleri	cölere	cöllen

Past	I	II	III
1s	cölge
2sI (informal)	cölged
2sII (formal)	Cölgen
3sI (masc/neut)	cölge	cölgë	cölgen
3sII (fem)	cölgej	cölga	cölgen
1p	cölger
2p	cölgend
3pI (masc)	cölger	cölgere	cölgeren
3pII (fem)	cölgerej	cölgera	cölgeren
3pIII (neut)	cölgeri	cölgre	cölgen

Perfect	I	II	III
1s	cölte
2sI (informal)	cölte
2sII (formal)	Cölten
3sI (masc/neut)	cölte	cöltë	cölten
3sII (fem)	cöltej	cölta	cölten
1p	cölter
2p	cöltend
3pI (masc)	cölter	cöltere	cölteren
3pII (fem)	cölterej	cöltera	cölteren
3pIII (neut)	cölteri	cöltre	cölten

Pluperfect	I	II	III
1s	cölgete
2sI (informal)	cölget
2sII (formal)	Cölgeten
3sI (masc/neut)	cölgete	cölgete	cölgeten
3sII (fem)	cölgetej	cölgeta	cölgeten
1p	cölgeter
2p	cölgeted
3pI (masc)	cölgeter	cölgetere	cölgetren
3pII (fem)	cölgetrej	cölgetra	cölgetren
3pIII (neut)	cölgeti	cölgetre	cölgeten

Progressive	[root] + ess[e] + [conjugation]	cöl + ess + er = cölesser
Future	vir + [Present/Perfect]	vir + cöler = vircöler
Supine	[root] + ant	cöl + ant = cölant
Imperative (2sI)	[Pres 2sI] + enti!	cölde + enti! = cöldenti!
Imperative (2p)	[Pres 2p] + enti!	cöled + enti! = cöledenti!
Imperative (1p)	[Pres 1p] + enti!	cöler + enti! = cölerenti!
Formal Imperative (2sII)	[Pres 2sII] + dikore!	Cölen + dikore! = Cőlendikore!
Subjunctive	[root] + em[e] + [conjugation]	cöl + em + er = cölemer
Gerundive	[root] + desi	cöl + desi = cöldesi
Participle	[root] + endre	cöl + endre = cölendre

"To be"

The verb ver ("to be"), and other verbs with monosyllabic infinitives, use a different system of conjugation where the infinitive is the same as the root in most cases (except Pres 1p and 3pI-III). Ver itself conjugates irregularly in the present.

Present	I	II	III
1s	fi
2sI (informal)	vid
2sII (formal)	Vin
3sI (masc/neut)	fi	fe	fen
3sII (fem)	fej	fa	fen
1p	ver
2p	vend
3pI (masc)	ver	vere	veren
3pII (fem)	vej	va	ven
3pIII (neut)	vri	vere	veren

Past	[root] + ge+ [conjugation]	ver + ge + er = verger
Perfect	[root] + te + [conjugation]	ver + te + er = verter
Pluperfect	[root] + gete + [conjugation]	ver + gete + er = vergeter
Progressive	[root] + ess[e] + [conjugation]	ver + ess + er = vesser: veste, veske, vestte
Future	vir + [Present/Perfect]	vir + ver = virer: virde, virge,...
Supine	[root] + ant	ver + ant = verant
Imperative (2sI)	[root] + ti!	ver + ti! = verti!
Imperative (2p)	[root] + denti!	ver + denti! = verdenti!
Imperative (1p)	[root] + enti!	ver + enti! = verenti!
Formal Imperative (2sII)	[root] + dikore!	Ver + dikore! = Verdikore!
Subjunctive	[root] + em[e] + [conjugation]	ver + em + er = vemer: vembe, venge, vempe
Gerundive	[root] + desi	ver + desi = verdesi
Participle	[root] + endre	ver + endre = vendre

Modal Verbs

Modal verbs are used conjugated, with the verbs they augment becoming supine.

can	eber
may	derber
should	virimer
must	dikrer
might	veminer
want	varrer
wish	irhaler
ought	nezer
need	ditanter

Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

Personal Pronouns must agree with the verbs they are agent to, or the nouns they possess.

Nominative	I1	II	III
1s	wa
2sI (informal)	tü
2sII (formal)	Dure
3sI (masc)	hu	huwe	huwen
3sII (fem)	ho	ha	howen
3sIII (neut)2	han	handre	hawen
1p	uris
2p	dure
3pI (masc)	hwer	hwere	hweren
3pII (fem)	hwej	hwera	hweren
3pIII (neut)	hweri	hwere	hwen

Acc/Dat	I1	II	III
1s	bo
2sI (informal)	tü3
2sII (formal)	Dur
3sI (masc)	hun	hunje	huwe
3sII (fem)	hon	han	howe
3sIII (neut)2	hanan	hanade	hawe
1p	üre
2p	dur
3pI (masc)	hweren	hweren	hweren
3pII (fem)	hwejn	hweran	hweren
3pIII (neut)	hwerin	hweren	hwen

Gen/Pos	I1	II	III
1s	ba
2sI (informal)	türe
2sII (formal)	Dure
3sI (masc)	hus	huwes	huwens
3sII (fem)	hos	has	howens
3sIII (neut)2	hans	handres	hawens
1p	üren
2p	dure
3pI (masc)	hweres	hweres	hwerens
3pII (fem)	hwejs	hweras	hwerens
3pIII (neut)	hweris	hweres	hwens

Reflexive	[Accusative] + ger		bo + ger = boger
Exceptions	I1	II	III
3sI (masc)	-	hungerje	hugere
3sII (fem)		hanger	hogere
3sIII (neut)2		hangerade	hagere
3pI (masc)	hwegeren	hwegeren	hwegeren
3pII (fem)	hwegejn	hwegeran	hwegeren
3pIII (neut)	hwegerin	hwegeren	hwegen

Notes

1. Used for unknown subjects.
2. 3sIII pronouns take 3sI verbs.
3. tür in Dative

Indefinite Pronouns

Nom/Acc/Dat	A
Gen/Pos	Anes
Reflexive	Ager

Impersonal Pronouns

Nom/Acc	Query	Relative	This	That	Every	All	Some/Few	None	Many/Most
which1	un	aren	tin	dan	gön	gon	sem	zen	cön
who1	ur				gör	gor		zer
what1	u		time	dame	gö			ze
where2	egi	egren	awr	dawr	göegi	gog	sembi	zegi
when2	nagi	nagren			gönagi	goni	semagi	si	cöni
why2	ira		raje	draje	göraje	gorje	semira	zejra
how2	ara	aren	arri	darri	görri	gorri	sevi	zerri	cörri

Notes

1. The following table shows dative and genitive versions of certain impersonal pronouns.

Dative	[Nom] + [w]a	un + a = una; u + wa = uwa
Genitive	[Nom] + [e]s	un + s = uns; ur + es = ures

2. These pronouns are always dative.

Numbers

The Zuraher counting system is base 10. Additionally, numbers ending in 1 or 2 and multiples of powers of ten are declined.

Number	I	II	III
0	zen
1	en	a	e
2	cöt/kod*	cöte/kode*	cöten/koden*
3	kath
4	peder
5	ho
6	sanam
7	adam
8	asi
9	ön
10	ets	etse	etsen
11	ense	ensa	ense
12	cötte	cötte	cötten
13	etkath
17	etadam
20	cötsel	cötselle	cötsellen
21	cötselen	cötsela	cötsele
30	kathsel	kathselle	kathsellen
40	pedersel	pederselle	pedersellen
60	sanamsel	sanamselle	sanamsellen
100	jagir	jagir	jagirne
101	jagiren	jagira	jagire
120	jagir cötsel	jagir cötselle	jagir cötsellen
300	kathagir	kathagir	kathagirne
800	asigir	asigir	asigirne
1000	irohal	irohalle	irohallen
10000	mengel	mengelle	mengellen
100000	adinal	adinalle	adinallen

• Note: Kod is an alternate pronunciation of cöt used by some speakers to distinguish 2 from 12.

Numerical Derivations

Ordinals	[number] + erid	asi + erid = asierid
	EXCEPT:	en + erid = nejrid
Fractions	[numerator]-[denominator] + eth	[en-]ets + eth = etseth
Frequency	[number] + rin	ho + rin = horin
Multiples	[number] -> [plural]	sanam -> saname
	EXCEPT:	en -> enham, aham, ejn
		cöt -> cöttam, cötes, cötin

Adjectives

Adjectives have a nominal (noun) form and a verbal (verb) form. Both forms must agree with the class of the words they modify.

• Nominal forms describe nouns, and precede those they adhere to.
• Verbal forms are the predicates of nouns that state the description of the object rather than passively describing them.

The following tables describe the decliensions/conjugations of adjectives, using the root garid (big) as an example. Note that there is no participle form of the adjectives; participles themselves are adjectives.

Nominal	I		II		III
	S	P	S	P	S	P
Nom/Acc	garid	garde	garde	gardes	gardë	gardën
Dat	garda	gardaj	gardi	gardis	garde	gardes
Gen	garids	gardes	garda	gardis	gardej	gardejn

Verbal (Present)	I	II	III
1s	garid
2sI (informal)	garde
2sII (formal)	Garden
3sI (masc/neut)	garid	garde	garden
3sII (fem)	gardej	gardja	garden
1p	garder
2p	gardend
3pI (masc)	garder	gardere	garderen
3pII (fem)	garderej	garderja	garderen
3pIII (neut)	garderi	gardere	garren

Past	[root] + ig + [conjugation]	garid + ig + er = gardiger
Perfect	[root] + it + [conjugation]	garid + it + er = garditer
Pluperfect	[root] + iget + [conjugation]	garid + iget + er = gardigeter
Progressive	[root] + ess[e] + [conjugation]	garid + ess + er = gardesser
Future	vir + [Present/Perfect]	vir + garder = virgarder
Supine	[root] + ant	garid + ant = gardant
Imperative (2sI)	[Pres 2sI] + enti!	garde + enti! = gardenti!
Imperative (2p)	[Pres 2p] + enti!	gardend + enti! = gáredenti!
Imperative (1p)	[Pres 1p] + enti!	garder + enti! = gárderenti!
Formal Imperative (2sII)	[Pres 2sII] + dikore!	Garden + dikore! = Gárdendikore!
Subjunctive	[root] + em[e] + [conjugation]	garid + em + er = gardemer
Gerundive	[root] + ens	garid + ens = gardens
Adverbial	[root] + ig	garid + ig = gardig
Comparative	[root] + ir + [conj/decl]	garid + ir + e = gardire
Superlative	[root] + iner + [conj/decl]	garid + iner + e = gardinere

Misc. Derivations

Causative	[root] + dapf	garid + dapf = gardapfer
Transitive/Self-Causative	ger + [causative]	ger + gardapfer = gergardapfer
Material	[root] + agra	dujk + agra = dujkagra -> dukag
Actor	[root] + eni	cöl + eni = cöleni
Feminine (honorary)	[root] + erge	cënd + erge = cënderge
Lack	[root] + zen	cün + zen = cünzen
Diminutive	[root] + pik	cün + pik = cümpik
Augmentative	[root] + gar	moj + gar = mojgar
Opposite	zë + [root]	zë + sine = zësine
Noun Participle	[root] + irin	gant + irin = gantirin
Grouping	[root] + cön	dampfe + cön = dampfecön
Specialist	[root] + er	zurah + er = zuraher
Essence/Adj. Gerundive	[root] + ens	moj + ens = mojens

Prepositions

Prepostions may take different cases based on context.

English	Zuraher	Accusative	Dative	Genitive
through	ö	✔
for	ver		✔
against	gig		✔
without	zege	✔
with	gesse	✔
around	oran	✔
about	jan		✔
until	tink	✔	✔
since	sën			✔
out	oz	✔
in	gren	✔
outside	ozirel		✔
inside	grenirel		✔
from	nag	✔	✔
except	exe	✔
by	an		✔	✔
at	er	✔	✔
toward	rejirel	✔
to	[rej]		✔
of	fan	✔
opposite	koge		✔
adjacent	are		✔
on (horiz.)	frad	✔
on (vert.)	wal	✔
off	hand	✔
behind	enter	✔
after	luj	✔		✔
up/over/above	awr	✔	✔
down/under/below	ur	✔	✔
before	nedre	✔
between	ni		✔
among (3-5)	mi		✔
among (6+)	gi		✔
as	wije		✔

Conjunctions

The class of the last conjuncted word determines that of the overall phrase.

and	i
but	var
or	do
if	hwe
else	hwezen
while	irend
yet	vajr
first	nerig
also	jern
then	algrig
last	lawig
instead	stal

Word Order and Sentence Structure

Basic Sentences

Subject-Predicate Sentences

For subject-predicate sentences, the word order is SVO (as in English).

E.g. Wa sker de thoma.

1s.NOM read.1s.PRES the.IIs book.ACC.

"I read the book."

Sentences with Indirect Objects and Subordinate Clauses

For sentences with indirect objects (such as Time, Manner, Place,...) and subordinate clauses, the word order is SOV, as in German.

E.g. Hu Kronfalka igite.

3sI.NOM Kronfalk.DAT go.3sI.PERF.

"He went to Kronfalk (Greenwood)."

Wa videmet en gant hu ho galdis nag nedre dange.

1s.NOM see.1s.SBJ.PERF a.Is man.ACC who.3sI five cat.Ip.ACC from before have.3sI.PAST.

"I may have seen a man who once had five cats."

Questions

Yes-No questions have the word order VSO. If a specific answer is needed, a query pronoun can be used.

E.g. Vin Dure en zuraherge?

be.2sII.PRES 2sII.NOM a.Is magician.female.ACC?

"Are you a sorceress?"

Eben Dure u vürrant?

can.2sII.PRES 2sII.NOM what.ACC cast.SPN

"What can you cast?"

Relative Clauses

Relative clauses are formed with either use of the relative pronoun aren, or a comma delimiting it from the main sentence.

E.g. Uris hejer, gowen i arev aredinere fan rutes vri.

1p.NOM believe.1p.PRES, air.NOM and sun.NOM holy.Ip.SPRL of element.PL.ACC be.3pI.PRES.

"We believe [that] air and sun are the holiest of elements."

Negation

Sentences can be negated by inserting the word ze before the word. If the verb is ver, it is simply replaced with the appropriately conjugated form of zer (to not be/do).

E.g. Wa ze a vorge!

1s.NOM not.1s.PRES a.IIs bird.ACC!

"I am not a bird!"

Noun Phrases

Noun phrases are head final, unless a subordinate clause is used; said clause then follows the head.

E.g. Des cötte searis hwerge timewa aredhejma awrgoptere....

the.IIp twelve.II pillar.IIp.NOM that.3pIII.NOM this.Dat tepmle.Is.DAT hold-up.3pIII....

"The twelve pillars that hold up this temple...."

Passive Sentences

Sentences can be made passive by using the main verb as a participle and conjugating the progressive form of ver.

E.g. Han veske hun nag zurkig cölendre.

3sIII.NOM be.3sI.PAST.PROG 3sI.DAT from previously speak.PART.

"It was previously mentioned by him."

Adjective Anaphora

In certain discourses, adjectives can be substituted with the particle zu.

E.g. Ur de-krainer? Wa zu.

who.Q.NOM be-the-strongest.3sI.PRES? 1s.NOM ANA.

"Who is the strongest? I am."

Dictionary

Swadesh List

English	Zuraher
one	en; a; e
two	cöt; cöte; cöten
three	kath
four	peder
five	ho
black	karej
white	lek
red; orange	lona
green	kron
yellow	majon
good	göd (benevolent); semke (delicious); vën (friendly); hirun (productive)
bad	büs (malevolent); slekte (disgusting); karnis (hostile); fal (unproductive)
new	ekte
old	zaril (age); aleg (ancient)
warm	verme
cold	frej
dry	darub
wet	heari
sharp	penner
dull
near	awrin
far	dawrin
big	garid/garde
small	piklin
long/tall	sear
short	stimpf
wide
narrow
thick	dück
thin	vitte
heavy	zënam
light(weight)	nam
few	sem
many	cön
some	sem
all	gon
dirty	fendirin
correct	vallo
rotten	slekte
smooth	arina
straight	owig
other	ern
earth	hemp
ice	naid
stone	öres
fire	kje
ashes	kjefend
smoke	kjejaru
dust	fend
salt
sand
day	arev zore -> arzor
night	sova zore -> sozor
year	passe
rain	sflu
snow	naidik
cloud	lekempik -> legnik
fog	lekens
wind	cün; jaru (archaic)
sky	zore
sun	arev
moon	sova
star	sovik
mountain	doma
woods	falek
lake
river
sea
road	menna
head	kath
neck	el
back	genz
belly	darrum; garid jarugor
hand	gran
leg	kalig
foot	end
skin	dender
ear	egur
eye	enze
hair	cölig
mouth	girin
nose	enem
tongue	lega
tooth	zuth
blood	lonstü
bone	stag
guts
heart	ersë
liver
meat	strampf
animal	kesta
bird	vorge
egg	iqë
feather
wing
dog	wane
fish	eska
worm
tail
tree	avori
flower	dromi
fruit
grass	dampfe
leaf
bark
seed
stick	tadre
root	utsu
human	argön
man	gant
woman	arge
child	vili
father	arida; riri
mother	mena; mene
wife/husband	rothe
fear	amini
name	imaji
rope
live	rafiher
die	siner
kill	karner
sleep	unurer
come
walk	gepper
float	irnalpikker -> irbiker
fly	irnaler
swim	sumver
turn	totser
stand	searer
sit	kesser
lie down	urkesser
fall	sopfer
eat	sener
drink	stür
bite	visser
blow	ozlejer
breathe	kuwant lejer -> kulejer
suck	grenlejer
vomit
see	viser
hear	öder
smell	enemer
know
think
say	cöler
laugh
count	njummer
play	alleger
hunt
sew
throw	forger
wash	hirer
wipe
fight
hit	kosser
cut/stab	penner
tie
dig
hold	gopter
give	hasser
push	ozgopter
pull	grengopter -> greker
rub	wamper
scratch	kritter
squeeze	kusser
burn	kje senant lejer
flow	kuwer
freeze	naidapfer
split
swell	gardapfer -> gadfer
and	i
because	raje
if	hwe
not	ze
at	er
in	gren
with	gesse
I	wa
you (sing.)	tü; Dure
he	hu; huwe; huwen
we	uris
you (pl.)	dure
they	hwer; hwere; hweren
this	tin
that	dan
here	awr
there	dawr
how	ara
what	u
where	egi
when	nagi
who	ur

Rosenfelder Extension

English	Zuraher
zero	zen
half
quarter
six	sanam
seven	adam
eight	asi
nine	ön
ten	ets
hundred	jagir
thousand	irohal
blue/cyan/indigo/purple	este
brown	karimajon -> karma
dark	karirens -> karns
light	lekrjens -> lerns
beautiful	moj
ugly	zëmoj
fast	sibon
slow	agübon
first	nerig
last	lawig
hard
soft
full	vol
empty
smart
stupid
real
fake
upper	awirin
lower	urrin
expensive
cheap
sweet
sour
strong	kraj
weak
different
same
young
hot	kalid
clean	sänt
wrong	erril
rough
crooked
glad	janna
happy	solirin
sad
tired
angry
crazy
careful
lucky	ebri
wise
foolish
healthy
sick
important
interesting
boring
wonderful
strange
funny
easy
difficult
alone
free
normal
special
probable
secret
air	cün
glass
iron
gold
silver
nature
world
land
week
month
yesterday
today
tomorrow
morning
afternoon
spring
summer/early autumn
autumn/winter
hill
farm
field	dampfecön
island
body	gor
lip
breast
butt
muscle
brain
cat	galdi
cow
chicken
horse
pig
mouse
monkey
lion
bug
grain
bread
branch
girl
boy
girlfriend
boyfriend
friend
baby
family
sister
brother
son
daughter
king	cënd
boss
leader
servant
god/goddess
devil
temple	aredhejm
holy	ared
evil
soul	rav
sin
city
street
tavern
house	hejm
room
wall
window
door
table
chair
bed
corner
school
class
lesson
teacher
test
food
lunch
dinner
wine
milk
clothes
pants	pasini
dress	falxe
shoe
hat
machine
tool
boat
clock
key
net
wagon
wheel
wire
box
bag
bottle
cup
plate
knife
music
art
magic	zurah
science
vacation
picture
game
language	cöldigar
word
book
pen
paper
page
idea
message
story
symbol
example
part
number	njum
manner
group
thing
system
list
event
reason
fact
space
time	zet
map
money
price
worth
debt
shop
honor
shame
war
peace
government
law
council
tax
crime
prison
minister
square
circle
line
edge
side
be	ver
seem
born
work
wake
dream
cook
use
grow	gardapfer
write
read
translate
create
study
learn
copy
love
hate
like
care
want
wish
marry
understand
believe
doubt
expect
remember
forget
hope
worry
regret
surprise
can
must
should
begin
finish
intend [to do]
habitually do
cause
mean
measure
place
touch
taste
answer
ask
thank
greet
lie
joke
call
offer
choose
leave
go	igir
follow
hide
run
roll
dance
kiss
smile
cry
point
annoy
hurt
destroy
trick
allow
meet
help
put
take
have
build
fold
add
buy
sell
need
get
lose
search
find
trade
keep
open
close
cover
but	var
or	do
through	ö
until	tinak
toward	rejirel
for	ver
without	zege
against	gig
on	frad (horizontal surfaces); wal (vertical surfaces)
about	jan
behind	enter
across	awr...ni
over	awr
under	ur
perhaps
indeed
thus
now
then	algrig
again
next
very
too
enough
please
thank you
you're welcome
welcome to...
hello
goodbye
yes
no	ze